• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2007

The vertebrate upper lip forms from initially freely projecting maxillary, medial nasal, and lateral nasal prominences at the rostral and lateral boundaries of the primitive oral cavity. These facial prominences arise during early embryogenesis from ventrally migrating neural crest cells in combination with the head ectoderm and mesoderm and undergo directed growth and expansion around the nasal pits to actively fuse with each other. Initial fusion is between lateral and medial nasal processes and is followed by fusion between maxillary and medial nasal processes. Fusion between these prominences involves active epithelial filopodial and adhering interactions as well as programmed cell death. Slight defects in growth and patterning of the facial mesenchyme or epithelial fusion result in cleft lip with or without cleft palate, the most common and disfiguring craniofacial birth defect. This review will summarize the current understanding of the basic morphogenetic processes and molecular mechanisms underlying upper lip development.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.581-586
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• 2023

Recently a drama that features a lawyer with autism spectrum disorder has attracted a lot of attention, raising interest in the difficulties faced by people with autism spectrum disorders. If the Autism spectrum gets detected early and proper education and treatment, the prognosis can be improved, so the development of the treatment is urgently needed. Drugs currently used to treat autism spectrum often have side effects, so Digital Therapeutics that have no side effects and can be supplied in large quantities are drawing attention. In this paper, we introduce 'AEmotion', an application and a Digital Therapeutic that provides emotion and facial expression learning for toddlers with an autism spectrum disorder. This system is developed as an application for smartphones to increase interest in training autistic children and to test easily. Using machine learning, this system consists of three main stages: an 'emotion learning' step to learn emotions with facial expression cards, an 'emotion identification' step to check if the user understood emotions and facial expressions properly, and an 'expression training' step to make appropriate facial expressions. Through this system, it is expected that it will help autistic toddlers who have difficulties with social interactions by having problems recognizing facial expressions and emotions.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.37
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• pp.221-245
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• 2014

With the success of the world's first 3D computer animated film, "Toy Story" in 1995, industrial development of 3D computer animation gained considerable momentum. Consequently, various 3D animations for TV were produced; in addition, high quality 3D computer animation games became common. To save a large amount of 3D animation production time and cost, technological development has been conducted actively, in accordance with the expansion of industrial demand in this field. Further, compared with the traditional approach of producing animations through hand-drawings, the efficiency of producing 3D computer animations is infinitely greater. In this study, an experiment and a comparative analysis of markerless motion capture systems for facial expression animation has been conducted that aims to improve the efficiency of 3D computer animation production. Faceware system, which is a product of Image Metrics, provides sophisticated production tools despite the complexity of motion capture recognition and application process. Faceshift system, which is a product of same-named Faceshift, though relatively less sophisticated, provides applications for rapid real-time motion recognition. It is hoped that the results of the comparative analysis presented in this paper become baseline data for selecting the appropriate motion capture and key frame animation method for the most efficient production of facial expression animation in accordance with production time and cost, and the degree of sophistication and media in use, when creating animation.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.184-199
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• 1996

The challenges to achieve three dimensional facial proportionality and occusal stability in many patients with complex dentofacial deformity have been met by the development and use of the maxilla, mandible, and chin surgery techniques in combination with efficient orthodontic treatment. There is a clinical, biological, and biomechanical foundation for simultaneous surgical repositioning of the maxilla, mandible, and chin in a significant proportion of adult and adolescent patients. A combination of the surgical and orthodontic approach may provide increased treatment efficiencies and optimal esthetic results. Art and science to determine the treatment objectives, specifically, the desired soft tissue changes are firstly established by using the clinician's "esthetic sense" of the facial beauty and proportion aided to a few cephalometric guidelines. In this sense, the dependence on the clinician's "esthetic eye" by Dr. Bell is more important in analyzing the facial proportion than the satisfaction of rigid cephalometric norms. The purpose of this article was to elucidate the indication for simultaneous surgical repositioning of the maxilla, mandible, and chin, and to describe the clinical cephalometric analysis for orthognathic surgery. Representative 6 case reports were presented and discussed to illustrate the esthetic, orthodontic, and surgical treatment objectives with long-term follow-up.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.288-292
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• 2012

Objective : Microvascular decompression (MVD) for hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a safe and effective treatment with favorable outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of delayed cranirve (VI, VII, and VIII) palsy following MVD and its clinical courses. Methods : Between January 1998 and December 2009, 1354 patients underwent MVD for HFS at our institution. Of them, 100 patients (7.4%) experienced delayed facial palsy (DFP), one developed sixth nerve palsy, and one patient had delayed hearing loss. Results : DFP occurred between postoperative day number 2 and 23 (average 11 days). Ninety-two patients (92%) completely recovered; however, House-Brackmann grade II facial weakness remained in eight other patients (8%). The time to recovery averaged 64 days (range, 16 days to 9 months). Delayed isolated sixth nerve palsy recovered spontaneously without any medical or surgical treatment after 8 weeks, while delayed hearing loss did not improve. Conclusion : Delayed cranial nerve (VI, VII, and VIII) palsies can occur following uncomplicated MVD for HFS. DFP is not an unusual complication after MVD, and prognosis is fairly good. Delayed sixth nerve palsy and delayed hearing loss are extremely rare complications after MVD for HFS. We should consider the possibility of development of these complications during the follow up for MVD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2012

Noonan syndrome is characterized by short stature, typical facial dysmorphology, and congenital heart defects. The main facial features of Noonan syndrome are hypertelorism with down-slanting palpebral fissures, ptosis, and low-set posteriorly-rotated ears with a thickened helix. The cardiovascular defects most commonly associated with this condition are pulmonary stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Other associated features are webbed neck, chest deformity, mild intellectual deficit, cryptorchidism, poor feeding in infancy, bleeding tendency, and lymphatic dysplasias. The patient is a 10-year-old boy. He had experienced repeated febrile convulsions. He had typical facial features, a short stature, chest deformity, cryptorchidism, vesicoureteral reflux, and mental retardation. His language and motor development were delayed. When he went to school, it was difficult for him to pay attention, follow directions, and organize tasks. He also displayed behavior such as squirming, leaving his seat in class, and running around inappropriately. Clinical observation is important for the diagnosis, so we report a patient who was diagnosed with Noonan syndrome, mental retardation, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.37
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• pp.4.1-4.6
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• 2015

Osteochondroma is rarely reported in the maxillofacial region; however, it is prevalent in the mandibular condyle. This slowly growing tumor may lead to malocclusion and facial asymmetry. A 39-year-old woman complained of gradual development of anterior and posterior unilateral crossbite, which resulted in facial asymmetry. A radiological study disclosed a large tumor mass on the top of the left mandibular condyle. This bony tumor was surgically removed through condylectomy and the remaining condyle head was secured. Subsequently, bimaxillary orthognathic surgery was performed to correct facial asymmetry and malocclusion. Pathological diagnosis was osteochondroma; immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor exhibited a conspicuous expression of BMP-4 and BMP-2 but rarely expression of PCNA. There was no recurrence at least for 1 year after the operation. Patient's functional and esthetic rehabilitation was uneventful.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.521-531
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• 2015

Facial rejuvenation procedures can be roughly divided into face lift surgery and nonoperative, less invasive procedures, such as fat grafts, fillers, botulinum toxin injections, thread lifts, or laserbrasion. Face lift surgery or rhytidectomy is the procedure most directly associated with rejuvenation, due to its fundamental ability to restore the anatomical changes caused by aging. Various methods of face lift surgery have been developed over the last hundred years, thanks to advances in the understanding of facial anatomy and the mechanisms of aging, as well as the dedication of innovative surgeons. However, no generally applicable standard method exists, because the condition of each patient is different, and each operative method has advantages and disadvantages. Specific characteristics of the skin of Asians and their skeletal anatomy should be considered when determining the operative method to be used on Asian patients. Plastic surgeons should improve their ability to analyze the original aesthetic properties and problem areas of each patient, drawing on scientific knowledge about the aging process, and they should develop the skills necessary to perform various rejuvenative techniques. In the present article, we reviewed various face lift procedures and the current methods of modified double plane face lift, based on our clinical experience of over 30 years.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.75-80
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• 2021

Artificial intelligence is becoming an important part of our lives providing incredible benefits. In this respect, facial expression recognition has been one of the hot topics among computer vision researchers in recent decades. Classifying small dataset of low resolution images requires the development of a new small scale deep CNN model. To do this, we propose a method suitable for small datasets. Compared to the traditional deep CNN models, this model uses only a fraction of the memory in terms of total learnable weights, but it shows very similar results for the FER2013 and FERPlus datasets.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.261-267
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• 2022

Purpose: With the increasing number of polytrauma patients treated at high-level trauma centers, plastic surgery has entered the specialty of traumatology. Plastic surgeons specialize in the simultaneous surgical care of patients with facial or hand trauma and soft tissue injuries requiring microsurgery. The purpose of this study was to introduce the role of plastic surgery in a high-level trauma center. Methods: Between January 2020 and December 2020, 5,712 patients with traumatic injuries were admitted to the emergency department of a tertiary hospital. Of these 5,712 patients, 1,578 patients were hospitalized for surgical treatment and/or critical care. Among the 1,578 hospitalized trauma patients, 551 patients (35%) required at least one plastic surgery procedure. The patient variables included age, sex, etiology, the injured area, and injury characteristics. We also retrospectively investigated surgical data such as the duration of the operation, hospital stay, length of time from injury to surgery, and collaboration with other departments. Results: The most common injury referred to plastic surgery was facial trauma (41%), followed by hand trauma (36%), and soft tissue injuries requiring microsurgery in various parts of the body other than the hand (7%). The majority of facial and hand traumas were concomitant injuries. Sixteen percent of patients underwent collaborative surgical management for polytrauma involving both plastic surgery and another department. Conclusions: The role of plastic surgery in multidisciplinary teams at high-level trauma centers has become increasingly important. The results of this study may help in the development of multidisciplinary trauma team strategies and future workforce planning.