• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.295-302
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• 2018

Face recognition (FR) has been widely used in various applications, such as smart surveillance systems, immigration control in airports, user authentication in smart devices, and so on. FR in well-controlled conditions has been extensively studied and is relatively mature. However, in unconstrained conditions, FR performance could degrade due to undesired characteristics of the input face image (such as irregular facial pose variations). To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a new method for determining if an input image is suitable for FR. In the proposed method, for an input face image, reconstruction error is computed by using a predefined set of reference face images. Then, suitability can be determined by comparing the reconstruction error with a threshold value. In order to reduce the effect of illumination changes on the determination of suitability, a preprocessing algorithm is applied to the input and reference face images before the reconstruction. Experimental results show that the proposed method is able to accurately discriminate non-frontal and/or incorrectly aligned face images from correctly aligned frontal face images. In addition, only 3 ms is required to process a face image of $64{\times}64$ pixels, which further demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed method.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2023

Biometric authentication has become an essential part of modern-day security systems, especially in financial institutions like banks. A face recognition-based ATM is a biometric authentication system, that uses facial recognition technology to verify the identity of bank account holders during ATM transactions. This technology offers a secure and convenient alternative to traditional ATM transactions that rely on PIN numbers for verification. The proposed system captures users' pictures and compares it with the stored image in the bank's database to authenticate the transaction. The technology also offers additional benefits such as reducing the risk of fraud and theft, as well as speeding up the transaction process. However, privacy and data security concerns remain, and it is important for the banking sector to instrument solid security actions to protect customers' personal information. The proposed system consists of two stages: the first stage captures the user's facial image using a camera and performs pre-processing, including face detection and alignment. In the second stage, machine learning algorithms compare the pre-processed image with the stored image in the database. The results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of using face recognition for ATM authentication, which can enhance the security of ATMs and reduce the risk of fraud.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.4 no.7
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• pp.291-296
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• 2015

In this paper, we propose a new confidence measure using pixel selection for eye detection and design a hybrid eye detector. For this, we produce sub-images by applying a pixel selection method to the eye patches and construct the BDA(Biased Discriminant Analysis) feature space for measuring the confidence of the eye detection results. For a hybrid eye detector, we select HFED(Haar-like Feature based Eye Detector) and MFED(MCT Feature based Eye Detector), which are complementary to each other, as basic detectors. For a given image, each basic detector conducts eye detection and the confidence of each result is estimated in the BDA feature space by calculating the distances between the produced eye patches and the mean of positive samples in the training set. Then, the result with higher confidence is adopted as the final eye detection result and is used to the face alignment process for face recognition. The experimental results for various face databases show that the proposed method performs more accurate eye detection and consequently results in better face recognition performance compared with other methods.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

Recently, the development of underground space has been accelerated with rapid urbanization, and it is significantly important for safe construction to accurately understand the geological conditions of the section when excavating rocks. In this paper, a boring alignment tracking and geological exploration system have been developed to identify the geological conditions beyond the excavation face by utilizing a MSP method that bores a large empty hole to reduce blast-induced vibration. The major advantage of the proposed exploration system is that we can obtain the ground condition of 50 m ahead of the excavation face through exploration along blast cut-holes drilled for the NATM tunnel construction. In addition, we introduce several case histories regarding the assessment of the geological conditions beyond the tunnel face by monitoring the inside of large empty holes using the proposed hole exploration system.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.269-273
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• 2022

Naso-orbito-ethmoidal (NOE) fractures are complicated fractures of the mid-face. The treatment of NOE fractures is challenging and a comprehensive treatment strategy is required. We introduce a case of NOE fracture treated with open reduction and suspension sutures. A 28-year-old woman presented with a unilateral NOE fracture. To reduce the frontal process of the maxilla, a suspension suture was made by pulling the fragment using a double arm suture via a transcaruncular incision. The suture thread was placed in the horizontal plane. Another suspension suture on the inferior orbital rim assisted reduction procedure, and they passed through the overlying skin. The reduction alignment could be finely adjusted by tightening the transcutaneous suture threads while checking the degree of bone alignment through the subciliary incision. The two suture threads were suspended using a thermoplastic nasal splint. An additional skin incision on the medial canthal area, which would have resulted in a scar, could be avoided. Four months postoperatively, computed tomography showed an accurate and stable reduction. The patient was satisfied with her aesthetic appearance, and functional deficits were not present.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.22-33
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• 2005

In this paper. we propose an image registration algorithm based on variable-sized blocks of ellipsoidal prototype model which is similar in shape to human face. While matching blocks, the existing cylindrical prototype model which only takes into account left and right curvature can accomplish a correct alignment on left and right images. But, registration errors are produced from up and down images because the cylindrical prototype model not reflects characteristics of head shape and jaw structure of human. The proposed method is a block matching algorithm which uses variable-sized blocks with considering left-right and up-down curvature of ellipsoidal face model and can correctly align images by using the correlation between them. We then adapt image mosaic technique to generate a face texture from aligned images. For this purpose, we stitch them with assigning linear weights according to the overlapped region and remove ghost effects to make more realistic facial texture.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2004

Tooth is the most important element in esthetic consideration on facial area. Tooth alignment which is in harmony with gingiva, lips, and face is also key element. The purpose of this study was to give a clinical discipline for restoration of gingival contour, which contains a ratio of maxillary 6 anterior teeth, research for gingival contour etc., in case of rehabilitation of maxillary anterior teeth. 300 Dankook university dental school students ,who is their twenties and free from periodontitis, participate in this study. The result was from each 70 males and females who had normal occlusion and tooth alignment. Length, width and length/width ratio of maxillary 6 anterior teeth were 0.74-0.81 in male, 0.81-0.84 in female. There was significant difference between male and female. The most deepest position of gingiva in maxillary central incisor and canine was located in distal part of teeth and maxillary lateral incisor was middle portion. In maxillary central incisors, gingival line of the most deepest point appeared significant difference between male and female (p<0.01) whereas there was no difference in lateral incisors and canines. Distance between interdental papilla apex and the most deepest portion appeared significant difference between male and female. Distance of the deepest position of gingiva is statistically significant except maxillary central incisors and lateral incisors. Standard deviation and mean of the width of labio-lingual were measured in cervical area and there was a significant difference both male and female.(p<0.01) From this result, we could get the mean of maxillary anterior gingival line and these results have great value in clinical guidance in studying maxillary anterior teeth.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1852-1861
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• 2016

Drowsy driving is a significant factor in traffic accidents, so driver drowsiness detection system based on computer vision for convenience and safety has been actively studied. However, it is difficult to accurately detect the driver drowsiness in complex background and environmental change. In this paper, it proposed the driver drowsiness detection algorithm to determine whether the driver is drowsy through the measurement standard of a yawn, eyes drowsy status, and nod based on facial features. The proposed algorithm detect the driver drowsiness in the complex background, and it is robust to changes in the environment. The algorithm can be applied in real time because of the processing speed faster. Throughout the experiment, we confirmed that the algorithm reliably detected driver drowsiness. The processing speed of the proposed algorithm is about 0.084ms. Also, the proposed algorithm can achieve an average detection rate of 98.48% and 97.37% for a yawn, drowsy eyes, and nod in the daytime and nighttime.

• Proceedings of the International Microelectronics And Packaging Society Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.261-278
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• 2003

Concepts.Wafer-Level Chip-Scale Concept with Handling Substrate.Low Accuracy Placement Layout with Isolation Trench.Possible Pitch of Interconnections down to $10{\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ (Sn-Grains).Wafer-to-Wafer Equipment Adjustment Accuracy meets this Request of Alignment Accuracy (+/-1.5 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$).Adjustment Accuracy of High-Speed Chip-to-Wafer Placement Equipment starts to meet this request.Face-to-Face Modular / SLID with Flipped Device Orientation.interchip Via / SLID with Non-Flipped Orientation SLID Technology Features.Demonstration with Copper / Tin-Alloy (SLID) and W-InterChip Vias (ICV).Combination of reliable processes for advanced concept - Filling of vias with W as standard wafer process sequence.No plug filling on stack level necessary.Simultanious formation of electrical and mechanical connection.No need for underfiller: large area contacts replace underfiller.Cu / Sn SLID layers $\leq$ $10{\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in total are possible Electrical Results.Measurements of Three Layer Stacks on Daisy Chains with 240 Elements.2.5 Ohms per Chain Element.Contribution of Soldering Metal only in the Range of Milliohms.Soldering Contact Resistance ($0.43\Omega$) dominated by Contact Resistance of Barrier and Seed Layer.Tungsten Pin Contribution in the Range of 1 Ohm

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.2115-2127
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• 2021

Although significant progress has been made in synthesizing visually realistic face images by Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), there still lacks effective approaches to provide fine-grained control over the generation process for semantic facial attribute editing. In this work, we propose a novel cross channel self-attention based generative adversarial network (CCA-GAN), which weights the importance of multiple channels of features and archives pixel-level feature alignment and conversion, to reduce the impact on irrelevant attributes while editing the target attributes. Evaluation results show that CCA-GAN outperforms state-of-the-art models on the CelebA dataset, reducing Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) and Kernel Inception Distance (KID) by 15~28% and 25~100%, respectively. Furthermore, visualization of generated samples confirms the effect of disentanglement of the proposed model.