• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.233-238
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• 2010

In this paper, we applied the forward and backward error recovery techniques to a reduced instruction set computer (risc) processor to develop two fault-tolerant processors, namely, fetch redundant risc (FRR) processor and a redundancy execute risc (RER) processor. To evaluate the fault-tolerance capability of three target processors, we developed the base risc processor, FRR processor, and RER processor in SystemC hardware description language. We performed fault injection experiment using the three SystemC processor models and the SystemC-based simulation fault injection technique. From the experiments, for the 1-bit transient fault, the failure rate of the FRR, RER, and base risc processor were 1%, 2.8%, and 8.9%, respectively. For the 1-bit permanent fault, the failure rate of the FRR, RER, and base risc processor were 4.3%, 6.5%, and 41%, respectively. As a result, for 1-bit fault, we found that the FRR processor is more reliable among three processors.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.125-134
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• 2019

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of stabilization exercise and breathing exercise on the flexion relaxation phenomenon (FRP) and respiratory parameters in patients with chronic low back pain. Methods : We randomly allocated 30 chronic low back pain patients (CLBP) to a stabilization exercise (SE) group (n=15) and a breathing exercise (BE) group (n=15). FRP was measured using surface electromyography (SEMG). Thoracic excursion was measured with a cloth tape measurement technique. The SE group participated in a stabilization exercise program and the BE group participated in a breathing exercise program three times a week for 12 weeks. The data was analyzed using paired t-tests for comparisons of flexion relaxation ratio (FRR) and respiratory variables. Independent t-tests were used for comparison of inter-group FRR and respiratory variables. The significance level was set at .05. Results : FRP variables-ES FRR (Flex/MVF), ES FRR (Ext/MVF), MF FRR (Flex/MVF), and MF FRR (Ext/MVF) values-increased significantly after exercise in both the SE and BE groups (p<.05). The thoracic excursion measurements after exercise increased significantly in both groups (p<.001). VAS values decreased significantly in both groups (p<.001). There were no significant differences between the two groups in FRP variables-ES FRR (Flex/MVF), ES FRR (Ext/MVF), MF FRR (Flex/MVF), and MF FRR (Ext/MVF)-or VAS values after exercise (p>.05). For thoracic excursion after exercise, the BE group was significantly higher than the SE group (p<.001). Conclusion : We found that FRP and respiratory variables increased significantly after SE and BE for 12 weeks in CLBP. Thoracic excursion-a respiratory variable-suggests that treatment was more effective in the BE group than the SE group.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.85-92
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• 2002

This paper proposes the cell scheduling algorithm proper to high-speed ATM switch. The proposed algorithm is the VRR(Variable weight Round Robin) combined the FRR to variant QLT. The FRR performs the cell service of the fixed weight by each buffer. So, FRR don't support the QoS of ATM service classes although it is easy to implement a high speed switch. VRR uses the method expaned to variable weight according to buffer state as well as schedules the cell according the Fixed weight based FRR. The simulation to evaluate the proposed algorithm was done by AweSim arid Visual C++. The result graphs show that the proposed algorithm is excellent, especially in the aspect of cell loss. This area is engaged by English Abstract.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.378-382
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects of forward head posture on the flexion-relaxation ratio (FRR) and muscle activity during sustained neck flexion and to investigate the correlation between craniovertebral angle and FRR. Methods: Nineteen subjects participated in this study and were allocated to a forward head posture (FHP) group or a non-forward head posture (NFHP) group. Craniovertebral angle (CVA) and FRR were measured in all subjects, and all participants performed a standardized cervical flexion-extension movement in two phases: Phase I, sustained cervical full flexion for 5s; and Phase II, cervical extension with the return to the starting position for 5s. The value of CVA has calculated three times, and the value of FRR was measured three times in order to obtain the mean value. Results: FRR values in the FHP and NFHP group were significantly different (p<0.05). Phase I was significantly different, but the Phase II was not significantly different between the FHP and NFHP group (p>0.05). There was a significant correlation between the muscle activity of Phase I and CVA (p<0.05). However, FRR and the muscle activity of the Phase II were not a significant correlation with the CVA (p>0.05). Conclusion: FHP increases the muscle activity of the cervical erector spinae during sustained neck flexion and reduces FRR, which can cause fatigue in the cervical erector spinae. In addition, for those with a smaller CVA, muscle activity of the cervical erector spinae is increased during sustained neck flexion, which can increase neck muscle tension.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.407-415
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• 2018

This study analyzed the role of dams for the flood control by the observed and simulated hourly flood discharge data. The study area was the Nakdong river basin with Andong and Imha dams. For the analysis 31 flood events from 1997 to 2010 were selected. In the analysis of the flood reduction rate (FRR) of dam itself, the FRR was not decreased with higher size of floods which is not as we expected. In order to see the trend of flood reduction rate depending on the flood size, flood discharge volume presents it better than peak flood discharge. In the comparison of the flood reduction effects of the two dams, Andong dam has 7% larger flood reduction influence at the Sungju gauging station (SGS) located farthest from the selected watershed. Comparing the ratio of the watershed area based on the covered size of the SGS, the FRR of dam is smaller than the area rate. The impact of FRR of dam showed that the FRR fell below 10% when reaching the size of watershed area corresponding to 8.5 times of the size of watershed area of the dam which is larger than Namhan river basin (7 times).

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1981-1991
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• 2020

Background: Although various exercises have been performed for patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP), the effects of these exercises including joint mobilization, gym ball exercises, and breathing exercises on flexion relaxation ratio (FRR) have not been compared. Objective: To compare the effects of joint mobilization, gym ball exercises, and breathing exercises on the flexion relaxation phenomenon (FRP) and pain in patients with chronic low back pain. Design: Randomized pretest-posttest control group design. Methods: Thirty-six patients with chronic low back pain who were undergoing rehabilitation at a rehabilitation center were included. The patients were randomly divided into three groups: joint mobilization group (JMG; n=12), gym ball exercise group (GBG; n=12), and breathing exercise group (BEG; n=12). The exercises were performed for 40 minutes a day, twice a week, for a total of 12 weeks. Results: There were no significant differences in FRR between the three groups (P>.05). Significant decreases in the modified visual analog scale (MVAS) scores after intervention between the groups were found (P<.05). The GBG was significantly decreases from the JMG in the MVAS (P<.05). However, there were significant improvements between the pre- and post-interventional findings on FRR and MVAS in the three groups (P<.05). Conclusion: We demonstrated that intervention using joint mobilization, gym ball exercises, and breathing exercises improve FRP and pain in patients with CLBP.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.77 no.5
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• pp.661-672
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• 2021

In this article, the role of spans number and length in fire-resistance ratings (FRRs) of fireproofed steel frames are investigated. First, over a span-lengthening scenario, two one- and three-bay frames under the ISO834 fire are examined. It is shown that the FRRs of the frames rely highly on the changes made on their span length. Second, a building designed for three spans number of three, four, and five under natural fire is investigated. The beams are designed for two load-capacity-ratios (LCRs) of optimum and ultimate. The fire curves are determined through a probabilistic-based approach. It is shown that the structural vulnerability vastly increases while the number of spans decreases. The results show that for an optimum LCR, while the five-span frame can meet the required FRR in 87% of the fire scenarios, the four- and three-span frames can meet the required FRR in only 56%, and 50% of the fire scenarios, respectively. For an ultimate LCR, the five-, four- and three-span frames can meet the required FRR in 81%, 50%, and 37.5% of the fire scenarios, respectively. Functional solutions are then proposed to resolve the insufficiencies in the results and to rectify the application of the standard-based FRRs in the cases studied. The study here highlights how employing current standard-based FRRs can endanger structural safety if they are not connected to structural characteristics; a crucial hint specifically for the structural engineering community who may be not well familiar with the fundamentals of performance-based approaches.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.175-181
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• 2009

In this paper, we introduce the implementation of the security system using iris recognition. This system acquires images with infrared camera and extracts the 2D code from a infrared image which uses scale-space filtering and concavity. We examine the system by (i) extract 2D code and (ii) compare the code that stored on the server (iii) mearsure FAR and FRR using pattern matching. Experiment results show that the proposed method is very suitable.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.268-284
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• 2017

The dorsal hand vein biometric system developed has a main objective and specific targets; to get an electronic signature using a secure signature device. In this paper, we present our signature device with its different aims; respectively: The extraction of the dorsal veins from the images that were acquired through an infrared device. For each identification, we need the representation of the veins in the form of shape descriptors, which are invariant to translation, rotation and scaling; this extracted descriptor vector is the input of the matching step. The optimization decision system settings match the choice of threshold that allows accepting/rejecting a person, and selection of the most relevant descriptors, to minimize both FAR and FRR errors. The final decision for identification based descriptors selected by the PSO hybrid binary give a FAR =0% and FRR=0% as results.

• Proceedings of the Korea Multimedia Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.261-264
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• 2003

얼굴인식은 동일 사람의 얼굴이라도 조명변화나 얼굴 표정변화에 따라 매우 다른 영상들로 나타나기 때문에 매우 어려운 문제이다. 본 논문에서는 조명변화에도 강인하고 얼굴영상에 대해 높은 얼굴 인식률을 얻기 위해 2D-HMM(Hidden Markov Model) 얼굴인식 방법을 제안하고 실험하였다. 제안된 방법은 조명변화에 대해서 조명변화 함수인 $\delta$(delta) 함수를 0, 40, 60, 80으로 변화해 가면서 이미지 보정을 실험하였으며, 계산의 복잡성을 줄이고 얼굴영상에 대한 높은 인식률을 얻기 위해 기존의 픽셀값 대신에 2D-DCT 계수를 관측벡터로 사용하였다. 시스템의 성능을 평가하기 위해 정량적 평가방법은 FAR(False Accpt Rate)와 FRR(False Reject Rate)를 측정하여 비교하였으며, 기존의 얼굴인식 방법인 PCA, 1차원 HMM과 비교분석하였다. 실험결과 2D-HMM의 경우 FAR(False Accept Rate)가 5.08%로 ID-HMM 5.18%, PCA 10.16%보다 높은 성능을 보였으며, FRR(False Reject Rate)의 경우에도 0.01%로 10.16%인 PCA보다 좋은 성능을 보였다. 이로서 조명변화에 대해서는 PCA보다 2D-HMM 얼굴인식 방법이 우수함을 알 수 있었다.