• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.147-155
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• 1998

Dietary levels of fermented poultry manure(FPM) 0%, 5%, 10% and 20% were included in experimental diets. It is to examine the effects of diets containing different levels of FPM on the performance of broiler chicks, including the nutrient availabilities, compared with that of the commercial diet. In order to evaluate the nutritive value of FPM, feeding and metabolism trials were conducted with a total of 160 broiler chicks for a period of 4 weeks. Contents of CP, crude fat, crude ash, crude fiber and NFE of FPM were 19.43, 2.43, 15.44, 16.57 and 38.31 %, respectively. Although there were no statistical difference in the body weight gain among treatments, weight gain achieved by the group fed diets of 5% substitution of FPM was slightly better than others. The amount of feed intake was significantly higher for FPM included groups than for control group, especially in the group fed diets of 10% substitution of FPM. The feed efficiency tended to be better for the control group than the FPM groups. The feed efficiency tended to get worse as the levels of FPM increased. The digestibility of DM, CP and NFE tended to be similar among treatments, especially it was lower for the group fed diets of 20% substitution of FPM compared with that of another groups. In conclusion, up to 10% substitution of FPM to the diet can be utilized effectively as a broiler feed ingredient, without adversely affecting growth performance.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.931-940
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• 2001

In this paper, I propose Fuzzy Policing Mechanism(FPM) over ATM networks for the control of traffic which is unpredictable and bursty source. The FPM is consist of counter, subtracter and Fuzzy Logic Controller(FLC). The FLC is divided to fuzzifier, inference engine and defuzzifer The output of FLC inputs to the subtractor and it controls the counter. The counter works as a switch in transmission of cells. In simulation, I compared the FPM with the Leaky Bucket algorithm(LBM) in cell loss probability and performance characteristics. As a result, FPM gives lower cell loss probability than that of LBM and has good response behavior The FPM efficiently controls the transmission of packets which are variable traffic source and, it also has good selectivity.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.6_2
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• pp.1891-1900
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• 2021

Fine particulate matter (FPM; diameter ≤ 2.5 ㎛) is frequently found in metropolitan areas due to activities associated with rapid urbanization and population growth. Many adolescents spend a substantial amount of time at school where, for various reasons, FPM generated outdoors may flow into indoor areas. The aims of this study were to estimate FPM concentrations and categorize types of FPM in schools. Meteorological and chemical variables as well as satellite-based aerosol optical depth were analyzed as input data in a random forest model, which applied 10-fold cross validation and a grid-search method, to estimate school FPM concentrations, with four statistical indicators used to evaluate accuracy. Loose and strict standards were established to categorize types of FPM in schools. Under the former classification scheme, FPM in most schools was classified as type 2 or 3, whereas under strict standards, school FPM was mostly classified as type 3 or 4.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.670-686
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• 1995

This paper provides an improvement on our previous study ［1］ for multi-fault diagnosis in real time in large-scale systems. In the method, fault propagation probability(FPP) and fault propagation time(FPT) in a fuzzy sense are additively used to describe the fault propagation model(FPM) in more practical manner. A modified fault diagnosis procedure is also given. This method is applied for diagnosis of the primary system in the Kori nuclear power plant unit 2 under a transient condition in case of unit value of FPP on each branch of the FPM.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1275-1287
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• 1994

Heat transfer performance improvement by fin and grooves is studied for condensation of R-11 on integral-fin tubes. Eight tubes with trapezoidal shaped integral-fins having fin densities from 748 to 1654 fpm and 10, 30 grooves are tested. A plain tube having the same diameter as the finned tubes is also tested for comparison. R-11 condenses at saturation state of $32^{\circ}C$ on the outside tube surface cooled by inside water flow. All of test data ate taken at steady state. Beatty and Katz's, Rudy's and Webb's theoretical models are used to predict the R-11 condensation coefficient of tubes having 748, 1024 and 1299 fpm. The predicted value by Betty and Katz's model is within 10% of experimental values in this study at fpm<1024 and Rudy's model predicted the experimental data at fpm>1024 within 15%. The tube having fin density of 1299 fpm and 30 grooves has the best overall heat transfer performance. This tube shows the overall heat transfer coefficient of 11500 $W/m^{2}K$,/TEX> at coolant velocity of 3.0m/s.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 2018

Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) is a recently proposed computational imaging method that achieves both high resolution (HR) and wide field of view. In the FPM framework, a series of low-resolution (LR) images at different illumination angles is used for high-resolution image reconstruction. On the basis of previous research, image noise can significantly degrade the FPM reconstruction result. Since the captured LR images contain a lot of dark-field images with low signal-to-noise ratio, it is very important to apply a noise-reduction process to the FPM raw dataset. However, the thresholding method commonly used for the FPM data preprocessing cannot separate signals from background noise effectively. In this work, we propose an improved thresholding method that provides a reliable background-noise threshold for noise reduction. Experimental results show that the proposed method is more efficient and robust than the conventional thresholding method.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 2022

Molar incisor malformation (MIM) has been introduced as a new type of dental anomaly. Currently, the morphological and histological characteristics of MIM are known; however, its etiology has not been clearly identified. To date, the long-term prognosis of first permanent molars (FPM) affected by MIM has rarely been reported, and few treatment guidelines have been established. The purpose of this case report was to present guidelines for the extraction of FPM affected by MIM, depending on the presence of the third molar. In patients with a third molar, spontaneous mesial shift of the posterior molars might be induced by extracting the FPM at an appropriate time, that is, when the second permanent molar is at an early furcation stage of the tooth. However, it is recommended that FPM be preserved for as long as possible if a third molar does not exist. When an FPM needs to be extracted, it is suggested to consider space maintenance.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.298-309
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• 1995

Low-fin tubes are widely used to enhance condensation heat transfer. In this study, condensation heat transfer experiment was conducted on the low-fin tube using R-11. Three different fin densities-787 fpm (fins per meter), 1102 fpm. 1378 fpm-were tested. The results show that low-fin tube enhances the condensation heat transfer considerablely. The enhancement increases as the fin density increases. It was also found that the fin shape and height have a significant effect on the condensation heat transfer coefficient. Slender or high fins showed a higher condensing heat transfer coefficient compared with fat, low fins. For the tube with 1378 fpm, however, excessive fin height decreased the condensing heat transfer coefficient. The reason may be attributed to the increasing condensate retention angle as the fin density increases. The experimental data are compared with existing prediction models. Results show that Webb's surface tension model predicted the data best (within ${\pm}20%$), which confirms that surface tension plays the major role in low-fin tube condensation.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.151-165
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• 1996

Relation between condensate retention and heat transfer performance is studied for condensation of CFC-11 on horizontal integral-fin tubes. Eight tubes with trapezoidally shaped integral fin density from 738fpm to 1654fpm and 10, 30 grooves are tested. The liquid retention angles are measured by the height gauge, and each tube is tested under static(non-condensing) condition (CFC-11, water) and under dynamic(condensing) condition (CFC-11). The analytical model predicts the amount of liquid retention on a horizontal integral-fin tubes within＋10 percent over most of the data. Average retention angle increases as both surface tension-to-density ratio($\sigma/\rho$) and fin density(fpm) increase, The tube having a fin density of 1299~1654fpm has the best heat transfer performance. The amount of surface flooding must keep below of 40 percent for best heat transfer performance at condensation. The tube having low number of fin density must be used for fluids having high values of $\sigma/\rho$(water, (TEX)$NH_3$, ect.) and the tube having high number of fin density must be used for the fluid having low values of $\sigma/\rho$(R-11, R-22, etc.)

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.1445-1452
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• 2023

Objective: This study was performed to evaluate the quality characteristics of pork sausage (PS) with sea tangle extract (STE) and rapid chilled pre-rigor muscle (RCPM) for the development of reduced-salt low-fat sausage. Methods: Pre- and post-rigor pork ham muscles were prepared to process PSs. Positive control (reference, REF) using post-rigor muscle were manufactured at a regular-salt level of 1.5%. Fresh and rapid-chilled pre-rigor muscle (FPM and RCPM) were used to manufacture reduced-salt sausages with 0.8% salt. Reduced-salt PSs were prepared with four treatments: FT1 (FPM alone), FT2 (FPM with 5% STE), RT1 (RCPM alone), and RT2 (RCPM with 5% STE). The physicochemical and textural properties of the sausages with reduced-salt levels and RCPM combination were measured to determine if the characteristics of RCPM were similar to those with FPM. Results: The pH values of PS with FPM and RCPM were higher than those of REF with post-rigor muscle. Color values (L^*, a^*, b^*) were not affected by different rigor-states and salt addition level. Textural properties of reduced-salt PSs were similar to those of REF due to the improved functionalities of pre-rigor muscle. RT2 had lower expressible moisture (%) than other treatments with post-rigor muscle and RCPM except for RT1. Conclusion: The addition of STE and RCPM to reduced-salt PS increased the water-holding capacity, which was lower than those of PS with STE using RCPM but similar to those of regular-salt sausage.