• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.187-191
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• 1994

A mixed forest community in Tokyusan was studied to determine the adequate plot area of tree stratum for investigating forest community structure. Nineteen nested plots were set up in the studied forest community, and species-area curve and performance curve were established. According to species-area curve, the minimum plot area where a given percentage increase in plot area produced less than the same percentage increase in number of species was 500$m^2$. The minimum plot area where a given percentage increase in plot area produced less than the half of the percentage increase in number of species was 1,000$m^2$. According to performance curve of the importance values of the major species, the minimum plot area where the importance value of the major species was distinguished from each other was 900$m^2$, and the minimum plot area was 500$m^2$ except for a big tree of Pinus densiflora distributed unexpectedly. According to performance curve of species diversity, the minimum plot area was 400$m^2$. Similarity indices between plot area above 900$m^2$ and total plot area were more than 90% and similarity indices between plot area above 400$m^2$ and total plot area were more than 85%. It may be as a conclusion that minimum plot area was generally about 500$m^2$ and in case of requiring more accuracy, minimum plot area was about 1,000$m^2$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.3
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• pp.315-321
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• 1988

To investigate and analyze the change in the forest community structure between non-attacked time(in 1980) and severly damaged time(in 1987) by pine gall midge, Thecodoplosis japonensis, four plots with five subplots were sampled at Cheongwon-gun of Chungcheungbuk-do. The total number of woody species per 0.2ha changed 32 in 1980 to 53 in 1987. According to the damage increasing, the importance value of the genus Quercus as a substituting species has sprung up. Especially the importance value of Quercus serrata and Q. aliena singnificantly increased in the heavily insect infested forest. As to changes of forest community structure during 7 years, diversity of investigation structure has increased. The similarity indices between 1980 and 1987 were 52.9% and 49.7% in the understory and shrub stratum, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.228-242
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• 2016

This research was conducted for understanding the evergreen forest community structure of the Bijin Island. The island was worth of vegetational value because of the representative warm temperate species such as Castanopsis cuspidata was distribute there. According to the results of community classification by TWINSPAN and DCA, the Bijin Island evergreen forest were classified by 9 communities, such as C. cuspidata, C. cuspidata-Pinus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea-Camellia japonica, Platycarya strobilacea, Quercus serrata-Decidus broad-leaved, Alnus firma, P. thunbergii. Due to the C. cuspidata, N. sericea, Ca. japonica etc. were still dominated at canopy and under-canopy layer, so the evergreen forest will be sustain current conditions for a while if there is no artificial disturbances that were caused by human. Pl. strobilacea community will be expected to replace N. sericea and also Q. serrata-Decidus broad-leaved community will be changing caused by mutual competition. Normally, in the way of the succession process of the warm temperate forest, P. thunbergii will be expect via deciduous broad-leaved to evergreen forest such as Machilus thunbergii, C. cuspidata var. sieboldii, and N. sericea. In case of species diversity index, P. thunbergii comm.(1.2739), Q. serrata-Decidus broad-leaved comm.(1.2325), Decidus broad-leaved comm.(1.1807), and A. firma comm.(1.0854) are relatively high, while C. cuspidata and N. sericea-Ca. japonica that was dominated by evergreen species at canopy layer and P. thunbergii that was damaged by fire are relatively low(0.7380~0.8416). Soil pH was 4.72~6.33, electric conductance was 0.035~0.128dS/m, and content of organic matter was 3.4~17.4%.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 1993

This study was conducted to increase to increase the plant species diversity, which was based on the analysis of plant community structure and the survey of human's disturbance degree in Mt. Yongma and Mt. Acha urban nature park, Seoul. The plant community were divided into four groups by TWINSPAN and DCA. These groups were Pinus rigida-P. densiflora community, Quercus mongolica-Q.aliena-Q.accutissima community, Robinia pseudoacaia-Q.accutissima-Poplus${\times}$albaglandulosa community and R.pseudoacacia community. The successional trends of tree species seems to be from P.densiflora, P.rigida, Sorbus alniflora to Q.mongolica, Q.aliena and from P.${\times}$albaglandulosa, R.pseudoacacia, through Q.accutissima, to Q. mongolica, Q.aliena. The species diversity of plant community was high in natual plant community but was low in artificial planting community respectively. Number of species, number of species individuals, indices of species diversity was lowered and soil hardness was increased by the user's trampling, undercutting work and planting P.koraiensis after thinning. In the basis of study results, we proposed the management plan for the urban forest.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.249-259
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• 2007

This study was carried out the analysis of forest vegetation structure using the phytosociological methods by Braun-Blanquet from April to November in 2006. The results were summarized as follows. The forest vegetation was classified into 23 communities and 3 forest ecosystem types such as slope forest type, valley forest type and artificial forest type. By the actual vegetation map, Quercus mongolica forest was widely distributed in the area and Pinus densiflora forest and Quercus variabilis forest in the southern parts of the slope and valley forest mainly in valley area, respectively. The importance value in the Q. mongolica forest and artificial forest was absolutely high for the species dominated in tree layer. The typical valley species of Lindera erythrocarpa and Styrax japonica were abundantly occupied in the all layers. Species diversity indices of Alnus hirsta forest was the lowest as 0.2191, and that of valley forest was about 0.9, the highest among the all forest types.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.81 no.3
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• pp.214-223
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• 1992

To investigate the structure of the plant community of Mt. Jookyup area in Kwangnung forest, thirty-seven plots were set up by the clumped sampling method. The classification by TWINSPAN and two kinds of multivariate ordination(RA, DCA) were applied to the study area in order to classify them into several groups based on woody plants and environmental variables. The classification have been successfully overlayed on an ordination of the same data using DCA. The plots can be classified into five groups by TWINSPAN and DCA. The successional trends of tree species by both techniques seem to be expected two ways in the canopy layer. The first is from Pinus densiflora to Carpinus laxiflora and the second is from Pinus densiflora through Quercus mongolica to Carpinus laxiflora. In the understory layer, it was expected that Rhododendron mucronulatum ${\rightarrow}$Lindera obtusiloba, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa, Viburunum erasum, Styrax obassia${\rightarrow}$Euonymus sachalinensis, Sorbus alnifolia. As the result of the analysis for the relationship between the stand scores of DCA and environmental variables, they had a tendency to increase significantly from the P. densiflora community to Quercus spp. community that was soil pH, total nitrogen, available phosphate and exchangeable potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.312-326
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to provide data for conservation and ecological management of Pinus densiflora forest by analyzing ecological characteristics and the change of Pin us densiflora community structure for fifteen years in Namsan(Mt.). The actual vegetation of Pinus densiflora forest was divided into total six types and fifteen detail types. According to the results of TWINSPAN analysis of Pinus densiflora forest, there were fourty-four plots(unit: 400 m') and it was classified into five community types. The dominant species were Pinus densiflora in canopy layer, Styrax japonica in the understory layer and Stephanandra incisa with Rhododendron mucronujatum in the shrub layer. The index of shannon's diversity was from 1.5980 to 1.1485 per $400m^2$and the range of species number was from seventeen to twenty-two. As a result of the change of Pin us densinora forest structure, the importance percentage(1.p.) of Pinus densi. nora$(I.P.:\;77.9\%\rightarrow50.6\%) was decreased, Styraxjaponica$(I.P.:\;5.3\%\rightarrow22.6\%), Prunus sargen $(I.P.:\;1.5\%\rightarrow9.2\%) and Stephanandra incisa$(I.P.:\;3.5\%\rightarrow7.7\%) were increased for fifteen years. Based on standard of $2,000m^2$unit area, shannon's diversity changed 1.1719 into 0.8829 and species number changed thirty-four into twenty-one.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.79-90
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• 1994

This survey was ocnducted to investgate changes of the plant community structure from 1972 to 1993 in forest of Mt. Kwanak and thirty-five plots that the size of each plot was 10m${\times}$10m(100㎡) were set up and the vegetation analysis was caried out. By the TWINSPAN analysis, the plant community of survey area were divied into Quercus mongolica, Q. mongolica-Pinus densiflora(1), Q. mongolica-P. densiflora(2), Q. acutissima community. The successional trends of the woody species were seemed to be from P. densiflora, Sorbus alnifolia to Q. mongolica in the canopy layer. But the successional trends in the understory and shrub layer were difficult to suppose. The forest vegetation of Mt. Kwanak from 1972 to 1993 was severely decreased in species number and individuals. The sensitive species for the environmental pollution were selected, and the tolerant plants for the acid soil were increased. In comparision with the DBH class distribution from 1972 to 1993, it shows that the ecological succession has stopped. In the analysis of soil characteristics, soil acidification has taken place over last twenty-two years(from pH=5.40 to pH=4.53). The concentration of K+, Ca++ was severly decreased(from K+=0.60m.e./100g to K+=0.06m.e./100g, from Ca++=3.20m.e./100g to Ca++=0.63m.e./100g), which also could seemed to be cause of plant community decline.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.3
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• pp.275-287
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to analyze forest vegetation type classification and relationships between the type and environment factor in Mt. Dutasan. Data were collected by total of forty six plots using Z-M phytosociological method from June to October, 2016, and analyzed by vegetation classification, canopy layer structure and relationships between vegetation unit and environment factor using coincidence methods. As a result of vegetation type classification, Quercus mongolica community group was classified at a top level of vegetation hierarchy that was classified into Rhododendron schlippenbachii community and Betula costata community. R. schlippenbachii community was divided into Lychnis cognata group and R. schlippenbachii typical group. L. cognata group was subdivided into Veratrum oxysepalum subgroup and L. cognata typical subgroup. B. costata community was divided into Fraxinus mandshurica group and Betula schmidtii group. F. mandshurica group was subdivided into Weigela subsessilis subgroup and Cimicifuga heracleifolia subgroup. Therefore the forest vegetation was composed of six vegetation units with two kinds of bisected species groups and fourteen species groups. As the result of an analysis of canopy layer structure, there were two kinds of structures with monotonous structures V. oxysepalum subgroup (vegetation units 1), L. cognata typical subgroup (vegetation units 2), W. subsessilis subgroup (vegetation units 4) and complicated structures R. schlippenbachii typical group (vegetation units 3), C. heracleifolia subgroup (vegetation units 5), Betula schmidtii group (vegetation units 6). The vertical layer structure of vegetation unit 5 was the most developed and vegetation unit 6 had the lowest coverage of herb layer. According to the correlation between vegetation unit and environmental factor, R. schlippenbachii community (vegetation units 1~3) and B. costata community (vegetation units 4~6) were classified based on 1,100 m of altitude, middle slope, twenty of slope degree, twenty percents of bare rock and thirty centimeters of DBH in tree layer. R. schlippenbachii community (vegetation units 1~3) showed positive correlation with altitude, topography and B. costata community (vegetation units 4~6) showed negative correlation tendency with them.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.907-916
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics of vegetation structure, vegetation succession, and species diversity of artificially planted Chamaecyparis obtusa (CO) stands. The study was carried out by performing vegetation survey for eight CO stands located in Jeollanam-do Province, Korea. Analysis on vegetation classification and ordinations of the stands was conducted using the data from the vegetation survey, and as a result, the stands were classified into five types of communities. Community I showed a considerably lower index of species diversity when compared to other communities because the canopy of the dominant CO was so highly dense that the low-height vegetation was not able to develop or the low-height vegetation almost disappeared due to elimination of weed trees. Meanwhile, the Community II - IV had relatively higher indices of species diversity because various native tree species mixed with the low-height vegetation and competed with each other in the understory and shrub layers to some degree of stability or in their early stage of vegetation development. Community V, lastly, showed higher use intensity as a recreational forest, thus developing simpler vegetation structure on account of artificial intervention. There was positive correlation between photosynthetically active radiation entering the forest floor, number of observed species and index of species diversity. Such characteristics of vegetation structure in CO stands are closely associated with forest management and prescription for planting reforestation, thinning, and brush cutting in the past. There was a slight difference in vegetation structure and species diversity by communities, based on rotation time of the vegetational succession, process of disturbance frequency and disturbance, development, and maturity by planting CO stands. However, when compared to natural forests, the CO stands showed simpler vegetation structure. Because artificial forests are vulnerable in ecosystem service with lower species diversity, a drive for ecological management is needed for such forests to change into healthy ecosystems that can display functions of public benefit.