• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2018

Objective: This study aimed to predict balance and gait abilities with the Trunk Impairment scales (TIS) in persons with stroke. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Sixty-eight participants with stoke were assessed with the TIS, Berg Balance scale (BBS), and Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) by a therapist. To describe of general characteristics, we used descriptive and frequency analyses, and the TIS was used as a predictive variable to determine the BBS. In the simple regression analysis, the TIS was used as a predictive variable for the BBS and FGA, and the TIS and BBS were used as predictive variables to determine the FGA in multiple regression analysis. Results: In the group with a BBS score of >45 for regression equation for predicting BBS score using TIS score, the coefficient of determination ($R^2$) was 0.234, and the $R^2$ was 0.500 in the group with a BBS score of ${\leq}45$. In the group with an FGA score >15 for regression equation for predicting FGA score using TIS score, the $R^2$ was 0.193, and regression equation for predicting FGA score using TIS score, the $R^2$ was 0.181 in the group of FGA score ${\leq}15$. In the group of FGA score >15 for regression equation for predicting FGA score using TIS and BBS score, the $R^2$ was 0.327. In the group of FGA score ${\leq}15$ for regression equation for predicting FGA score using TIS and BBS score, the $R^2$ was 0.316. Conclusions: The TIS scores are insufficient in predicting the FGA and BBS scores in those with higher balance ability, and the BBS and TIS could be used for predicting variables for FGA. However, TIS is a strong predictive variable for persons with stroke who have poor balance ability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.1257-1262
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• 2002

The objective was to identify the appropriate form of progesterone, which exhibits compact reproductive responses in Awassi ewes during mid to late seasonal anestrous period. Forty-eight Awassi ewes were randomly allocated into four groups to be treated with 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP), 30 mg fluorogestone acetate (FGA), 40 mg FGA, or 600 mg progesterone sponges. After a 12 day period, sponges were removed and ewes were administered i.m. with 600 IU PMSG (d 0, 0 h). Five harnessed Awassi rams were turned-in with the ewes to detect heat. Ewes were checked for breeding marks at 6 h intervals for 5 days. Blood samples were collected from all ewes for analysis of progesterone concentrations. Pretreatment (d -13 and -12) progesterone concentrations were ${\leq}0.2ng/mL$ among all ewes and were indicative of seasonal anestrous period. On d 0, progesterone concentrations were elevated to $1.4{\pm}0.1ng/mL$ in ewes received progesterone sponges only and were higher (p<0.0001) than those (${\leq}0.2ng/mL$) administered MAP or FGA sponges. Progesterone concentrations returned to their basal values of <0.2 ng/mL within 24 h of sponge removal and were similar (p>0.1) among all ewes. Incidence of estrus was similar (p>0.1) among the four groups and occurred in 75% (9/12), 82% (9/11), 67% (8/12) and 58% (7/12) of the ewes receiving MAP, 30 mg FGA, 40 mg FGA and progesterone sponges, respectively. Estrous responses occurred 14.7, 20 and 13.6 h earlier in progesterone-sponge-treated ewes than those of MAP- (p<0.04), 30 mg FGA- (p<0.01) and 40 mg FGA-treated (p=0.06) ewes, respectively. Induced estrus conception rates were 50% (6/12), 55% (6/11), 50% (6/12) and 42% (5/12), out of which 4/6, 4/6, 3/6 and 3/5 lambed 151 days following d 0, and were similar (p>0.1) among ewes of the four treatment groups. Ewes that returned to estrus 16 to 20 days following d 0 were 5/12, 5/11, 6/12 and 4/12 ewes treated with MAP, 30 mg FGA, 40 mg FGA and progesterone sponges, respectively, and all lambed 169 days later. Overall lambing rates were 75% (9/12), 82% (9/11), 75% (9/12) and 58% (7/12) ewes treated with MAP, 30 mg FGA, 40 mg FGA and progesterone sponges, respectively. Results demonstrate that applications of MAP, 30 mg FGA, 40 mg FGA and progesterone sponges Awassi ewes were equally effective in induction of estrus and tended to favor both types of FGA and MAP in overall lambing rates over progesterone sponges during the seasonal anestrous period.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.602-607
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• 2017

Background: Panax ginseng is a traditional herb used for medicinal purposes in eastern Asia. P. ginseng contains various ginsenosides with pharmacological effects. In this study, floralginsenoside A (FGA), ginsenoside Rd (GRD), and ginsenoside Re (GRE) were purified from P. ginseng berry. Methods: Chemical structures of FGA, GRD, and GRE were determined based on spectroscopic methods, including fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy, ID-nuclear magnetic resonance, and infrared spectroscopy. Inhibitory activities of these compounds on melanogenesis were studied by measuring the expression of protein and melanin content in the melan-a cell line. This inhibitory activity was confirmed by observing pigmentation and tyrosinase activities of zebrafish. Results: GRD, GRE, and FGA were not cytotoxic at concentrations less than $20{\mu}M$, $80{\mu}M$, and $160{\mu}M$ in melan-a cells, respectively. GRD, GRE, and FGA inhibited melanin biosynthesis in melan-a cells by 15.2%, 22.9%, and 23.9% at $20{\mu}M$, $80{\mu}M$, and $160{\mu}M$, respectively. FGA was observed to display the most potent inhibitory effect. In addition, FGA decreased microphthalmia-associated transcription factor protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, FGA induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation level in melan-a cells. In addition, melanin pigment content and tyrosinase activity in zebrafish treated with FGA at $160{\mu}M$ were reduced. Conclusion: FGA showed the most potent inhibition of melanogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo studies. This study suggests that FGA purified from P. ginseng may be an effective melanogenesis inhibitor.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2009

Fibrinogen alpha chain (FGA), a subunit of fibrinogen, might be a potential player for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), since the plasma levels of fibrinogen is known to be related to the incidence of T2DM. To elucidate the potential role of FGA in T2DM, we investigated whether FGA genetic variations are relevant in T2DM in the Korean population. Seven FGA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in Ansung and Ansan cohorts (474 T2DM subjects and 470 normal controls) in Korea. The association between SNPs and T2DM was determined by logistic regression analysis. Genetic relevance of SNPs to T2DM-related phenotypes was investigated by multiple linear regression analysis. Statistical analysis revealed that among seven FGA SNPs, significant associations with T2DM were observed in FGA rs2070011 (p=0.013-0.034, OR=0.72${\sim}$0.79), rs6050 (p=0.026${\sim}$0.048, OR=1.24${\sim}$1.37), and rs2070022 (p=0.016${\sim}$0.039, OR=0.70${\sim}$0.72). Two SNPs, rs2070011 and rs6050, also showed significant association with T2DM-related phenotypes such as triglyceride (p=0.005${\sim}$0.011 for rs2070011 and p=0.003${\sim}$0.008 for rs6050), total cholesterol (p=0.01 for rs2070011 and p=0.024 for rs6050) and fasting glucose (p=0.035${\sim}$0.036 for rs2070011 and p=0.048 for rs6050) in 470 normal controls. Our association study implies that FGA might be an important genetic factor in T2DM pathogenesis in the Korean population by affecting plasma lipid and glucose levels.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2016

Background: The Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) was developed to measure of gait-related activities. The FGA was translated in Korean but only a few psychometric characteristics had been studied. Objects: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of FGA scale using Rasch analysis. Methods: The study included 120 patients with stroke (age range=30~83 years; mean${\pm}$standard deviation=$58.3{\pm}11.1$). The FGA and Berg Balance Scale were performed, and were analysed for dimensionality of the scale, item difficulty, scale reliability and separation, and item-person map using Rasch analysis. Results: The 4 rating scale categories of FGA were satisfied with optimal rating scale criteria. The most items of the FGA showed sound item psychometric properties except 2 items ('gait with the horizontal head turns', and 'gait with narrow base of support'), and the 2 misfit items were excluded for all further analyses. The 8 items were arranged in order of difficulty. The most difficult item was 'gait with eyes closed', the middle difficult item was 'gait level surface', and the easiest item was 'gait with vertical head turns.' A person separation reliability was .93 and the person separation index was 3.57. Conclusion: This study suggests that the 8-item Korean FGA are valid measure of assess the gait-related balance performance, and to set the goal of rehabilitation plan in patient with stroke.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.38-43
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• 1981

본 논문에서는 4개의 연산증폭기와 저항을 사용하여 비반전 유한이득증폭기를 구성하고 이를 능동 RC여파기에 응용하였다. 연산증폭기 GB적의 영향이 3차까지 무시될 수 있도록 하여. 3개의 연산증폭기를 사용한 경우보다 사용주파수범위를 확장할 수 있었다. 또한 극점주파수 100KHz인 대역통과여파기에 응용한 경우 여파기의 동작이 안정하고 이득특성은 이론치와 비교하여 그 오차가 최대 2%이내 임을 실험으로 확인하였다.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2022

PURPOSE: A gait assessment is an important component of the rehabilitation process, and observational gait assessment (OGA) is used routinely in clinical settings. This study examined the association of OGA tools with the independent walking ability in stroke patients to determine a cutoff value of the OGA tool according to independence levels of stroke patient gait. METHODS: Two hundred ten hemiparetic stroke patients participated in the study. The independence of gait was identified using the Functional Ambulation Category (FAC) classifications. The walking ability was assessed using OGA tools (Rivermead Visual Gait Assessment [RVGA], Wisconsin Gait Scale [WGS], Tinetti Gait Scale [TGS], and Functional Gait Analysis [FGA]). RESULTS: Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that among the OGA tools, the FGA correlated with the FAC. The FGA explained approximately 77% of the variance in FAC. In distinguishing the independence levels, the cutoff values were as follows: between FAC 1 and FAC 0 was .5 points; between FAC 2 and lower levels, 5.5; between FAC 3 and lower levels, 11.5; between FAC 4 and lower levels, 14.5; and between FAC 5 and lower levels, 18.5. Items 1, 2, 3, and 10 were identified as explaining most of the variance in the FGA in the stepwise multiple regression. CONCLUSION: The present study found that the FGA is an assessment tool related to the level of gait independence after stroke. Furthermore, the FGA total score can serve as an index of the increase in independence level after stroke.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.247-255
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• 2019

본 연구는 만성 뇌졸중 환자에게 키네시오테이핑과 경피신경전기자극을 결합 적용하여 단일방법과 비교하기 위함이다. 본 연구는 뇌졸중환자 29명을 대상으로 테이핑군(10명), 경피신경전기자극군(10명), 테이핑과 경피신경전기자극 결합한 결합군(9명)으로 나누었다. 중재기간은 4주간 주 5회, 30분씩 실시하였다. 평가에는 Timed Up & Go(TUG)와 Berg balance Scale(BBS)를 이용하여 균형평가를 실시하였고 보행 평가는 Functional Gait Assessment(FGA)와 10-metre walk test를 이용하였다. 삶의 질 평가는 EuroQol-5 dimension (EQ-5D)를 이용하였다. 연구결과 세 군 모두에서 TUG, BBS, FGA, 10 meter walk test, EQ-5D에 유의한 개선이 나타났다(p<.05). 세 군간 중재효과 비교에서 결합군이 나머지 두 군보다 FGA에 유의한 증가를 보였다. 본 연구를 통해 경피신경전기자극과 테이핑 결합이 단일적용 보다 FGA에 더욱 효과적인 것을 알 수 있었다. 하지만 FGA를 제외하고 다른 변수간에 차이가 없었으므로 앞으로의 연구에서는 더 많은 대상자 수와 중재기간이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.64-73
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• 2011

After stroke, many people have problems with balance during movement. Balance is essential for the optimal functioning of the locomotor system and the performance of many activities of daily living. The Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) is a clinical tool for evaluating balance ability during walking. The test consists of ten tasks, seven tasks of the Dynamic Gait Index and three additional tasks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and internal consistency of data obtained with the Korean version of the FGA when used with people after suffering a stroke. One-hundred participants, at least three months poststroke and able to walk at least six meters with or without a walking aid, participated in the study (age range=30~83 years; $mean{\pm}SD=58.8{\pm}10.9$). Two physical therapists and two physical therapy students rated the FGA. Intrarater and interrater reliability of the FGA were assessed using kappa statistic and intraclass correlation coefficients (2,1). The internal consistency of the FGA was assessed using the Cronbach alpha. The Cronbach alpha was good (${\alpha}$=.86~.93). The intrarater (intraclass correlation coefficient=.92~.95) and interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=.91, .95) of the total scores administered by the therapists and students were good, whereas the reliability for single item scores when administered by the physical therapists was moderate to good (kapa value=.42~.97). This study found that intrarater and interrater reliability for total FGA scores and internal consistency were good. Therefore, the Korean version of the FGA can be used as a reliable tool to assess the functional gait performance of patients after stroke.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2011

Balance is a complex motor skill that depends on interactions between multiple sensorimotor processes and environmental and functional contexts. Many rehabilitation specialists believe that balance assessment under multitask conditions may be a more sensitive indicator of balance problems and falls than balance assessment in a single-task context. Functional Gait Assessment has many tasks that allow for testing under multitask conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the concurrent validity between the Functional Gait Assessment (FGA), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and Timed "Up & Go" Test (TUG) in patients with stroke. One hundred and five participants with at least 3 months post stroke and able to walk at least 6 m with or without a mono cane, participated in this study. Concurrent validity between the FGA, BBS, and TUG was assessed using Spearman rank order correlation. The FGA correlated with the BBS (r=.80, p<.01) and TUG (r=-.77, p<.01). The good and moderate correlation between the FGA, BBS, and TUG establishes the concurrent validity of the FGA in patients with stroke. These measures provide clinicians with valuable information about patients' functional balance capabilities.