• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.61-85
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• 1968

The experiment was carried out on eight healthy male subjects of 19-22 years old and they were maintained The experiment was carried out on eight healthy male subjects of 19-22 years old and they were maintained under the rice diet, the general mixed diet and the high animal protein diet for 7 days of each experimental period, respectively. The composition of each diet was indicated in Table 3. The allowance' of each nutrient per head per day in each diet were as follows. a) In the rice diet; protein:139.5 g (animal source:64.6 g, vegetable source:74.9 g), fat:25.3 g (animal source:11.3 g, vegetable source:14.0 g), carbohydrate: 644.0 g, calcium:982.3 mg, phosphorus: 2369.2mg, thiamine:2.1 mg, riboflavin: 1.6 mg, and 3211 Cal. b) In the general mixed diet; protein: 97.4g (animal source: 10.5 g, vegetable source: 86.9 g), fat:40.3 g (animal source:7.1 g, vegetable source:33.2 g), carbohydrate:620.7 g, calcium:887.1m g, phosphorus:2200.8m g, thiamine: 1.8m g, riboflavin:1.9m g, and 3158 Cal. c) In the high animal protein diet; protein: 135.6 g (animal source:68.8 g, vegetable source:66.8 g), fat:32.5g (animal source:17.9 g, vegetable source:14.6 g), carbohydrate:930.9 g, calcium: 626.0 mg, phosphorus: 1998.9 mg, thiamine: 1.5 mg, riboflavin: 1.5 mg, and 3194 Cal. The absorption rates of protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, phospherus, thiamine and riboflavin in each diet were observed. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The absorption rates of protein and fat in the rice diet were 88.t % and 71.3.%. 2. The absorption rates of protein and fat in the general mixed diet were 83.4% and 86.4%. 3. The absorption rates of protein and fat in the high animal protein diet were 86.8% and 82.4%. 4. The nitrogen balances in the rice, the general mixed and the high animal protein diet groups were +5.7g, +2.3g and +4.0g respectively. 5. The absorption rates of carbohydrate in each diet were all above 95 % and so seemed to be almost completely absorbed except the cellulose in the diets. 6. The calory utilization rates in each diet were all above 93 %. 7. The minimum absorption rates of protein, fat and calory were 83.8%, 63.3%, and 89.7% in the rice diet, 80.0%, 80.9% and 85.9%, in the general mixed diet and 83.6%, 75.7% and. 89.3 % in the high animal protein diet respectively. Therefore, it is assumed that these data might be significant in practical use. 8. The protein absorption rates of the rice diet (88.1 %) was better than that of the general mixed diet (83.4 %). 9. The fat absorption rates of the general mixed diet and the high animal protein diet (86.4% and 82.4%) were signficantly better than that of the rice diet (71.3%). 10. The calcium absorption rates of each diet, rice diet, the general mixed diet and the high animal protein diet were 41.6%, 36.0%, and 27.7%, respectively. 11. The phosphorus absorption rates of each diet were 51.4%, 56.0% and 52.3%, respectively.12. The phosphorus absorption rate seemed better than that of calcium. 13. The thiamine absorption rates of each diet seemed 27.0 %, 42.9 % and 29.5 %, respectively. 14. The riboflavin absorption rates of each diet seemed above 30.6%, 27.1%, and 39.3% respectively. 15. The excretion amounts of thiamine or riboflavin were much more than the amounts ingested of the both vitamins. Therefore, the certain amount of both vitamins seemed to synthesize in the intestine.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.411-423
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to develop new meal planning tools for a nutritionally balanced diet. Methods: Based on the food exchange list for diabetes, we adjusted the food group classification system to reflect the suggested nutritional factors for chronic disease prevention and health promotion. We developed a nutritionally balanced dietary profile for adults and compared it with the dietary reference intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) and the food pattern recommended by the Korean Diabetes Association. Results: The newly developed menu planning tools are the LOHAS food exchange table and the LOHAS food pattern. Our recommended daily 1,800 kcal dietary composition for adults is as follows: The carbohydrate food group consists of 4 'whole grains', 3 'refined grains', 2 'sugars', 9 'vegetables', 3 'starchy vegetables', 2 'fruits' and 1 'high sugar fruits'. The protein food group includes 3 'plant protein foods', 3 'animal protein foods (low-fat)', and 1 'animal protein foods (high-fat)'. The fat food group consists of 2 'oils and nuts' and 1 'solid fats'. The total number of calories is estimated at 1,840 kcal and the energy ratio is 62% carbohydrate, 18% protein, 20% fat, 6.8% saturated fat and 13.2% sugars. Using the LOHAS food exchange table, it is possible to estimate values of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, dietary fiber, and sugars besides carbohydrate, protein and fat. It is also possible to compose a dietary design considering carbohydrate, sugars, saturated fat and dietary fiber. The LOHAS food pattern provides benefits for the management of both institutional food services and individual meals, as it can help reduce the levels of saturated fat and sugar intake and help develop healthy meals rich in unsaturated fats and dietary fiber. Conclusions: The LOHAS food exchange table and LOHAS food pattern are expected to be practical tools for designing and evaluating nutritionally balanced diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.311-317
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• 1998

A total of 1033 Brown Swiss and 610 Canadienne cows were phenotyped for the genetic variants ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein, ${\beta}$-casein, ${\kappa}$-casein, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin. In Brown Swiss, frequency distributions were: 97.3% B and 2.7% C variant of ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein; 31.6% $A^1$, 51.8% $A^2$, 0.5% $A^3$ and 16.1% B variant of ${\beta}$-casein; 70.4% A, 29.3% B, and 0.3% C variant of ${\kappa}$-casein; 41.7% A and 58.3% B variant of ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin; and 100% B variant of ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin. Corresponding frequencies in Canadienne for those five milk proteins were: 98.6 and 1.4%;58.5, 33.5, 0.08 and 7.9%; 78.8, 21.1 and 0.1%, 42.4 and 57.6%; and 100%. Analysis of variance by least squares showed possible association between milk protein phenotypes and some lactational production traits. There were no significant association of phenotypes of ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein, ${\beta}$-casein and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin with milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, fat percentage and protein percentage in both breeds during the three lactations. In the Brown Swiss, ${\kappa}$-casein phenotype was associated with 305-day fat yield and protein yield during the first lactation. ${\kappa}$-Casein AB was associated with higher milk, fat and protein yield during the second lactation. During the third lactation, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin AA in Canadienne cows was associated with higher protein content in the milk (3.70%) when compared to phenotypes AB (3.54%) and BB (3.64%).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.527-539
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• 1993

To investigate the effects of crude protein and thyroxine on growth performance, nutrient utilizability, carcass composition, the content of total fat and cholesterol in leg muscle, breast muscle and liver, and caloric efficiency in broiler chicks. The experiment involved 3 levels of dietary crude protein (1-3 weeks: 20, 23, 26%; 4-6 weeks: 17, 20, 23%) and 3 levels of thyroxine (0.0, 1.5, 3.0 mg/kg). In the starting period (1-3 weeks), body weight gain of chicks fed diets containing 26% crude protein and 1.5 mg/kg thyroxine was higher than any other groups, and among thyroxine levels, 3.0 mg/kg thyroxine groups were lower. The best feed efficiency was obtained at 26% crude protein with no thyroxine supplemented or 1.5 mg/kg thyroxine supplemented groups. In the finishing period (4-6 weeks) the highest body weight gain was obtained at 23% crude protein with no thyroxine supplemented group. Feed intake of 17% crude protein with 1.5 mg/kg thyroxine supplemented group was higher than those of the other groups. It was found that the utilizability of crude protein in the starting period, showed the best utilizability at 20% crude protein with 1.5 mg/kg thyroxine group. Increasing crude protein level from 17 to 23%, utilizability of crude fat was decreased. The carcass composition was significantly (p<0.05) influenced by crude protein and thyroxine. Increasing thyroxine level from 0.0 to 3.0 mg/kg, crude protein content was increased whereas, crude fat content was decreased. Chicks fed diet containing 1.5 mg/kg thyroxine showed the lowest total fat content in liver tissue. In breast muscle, it was significantly (p<0.05) affected by crude protein and thyroxine. Present data revealed that the cholesterol content was increased for the chicks fed 3.0 mg/kg thyroxine. It the caloric efficiency, chicks fed a diet containing 20% crude protein with no thyroxine supplementation showed the highest caloric efficiency and the lowest efficiency was from 23% crude protein group with 1.5 mg/kg thyroxine. From this study it may be concluded that crude fat content of carcass could be successfully reduced by dietary supplementation of thyroxine, whereas crude protein content was increased.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.117-125
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• 1980

섭취된 단백질이 성장하는 쥐의 체내에서 이용되는 효율을 알고, 지방 섭취량이 단백질 대사에 어떤 영향을 주는지 알기 위해서 생후 6주되고 평균 체중이 약 106g 정도되는 Sprague-Dawley 계 albino rat 숫컷 51마리를 사용하여 (3 마리는 개시시 도체분석에 사용하고, 48마리는 사양시험에 사용하였음) 시험 사료의 에너지 수준은 M.E.가(價)가 4000Kca1/kg으로 모두 같게 하되 단백질 공급 수준은 저단백질구(10%), 중단백질구(20%), 고단백질구(30%)로 하고, 지방 급여 수준은 각 단백질 수준마다 총 에너지의 20%(저지방구), 40%(고지방구)로 정하고 나머지 에너지는 전분과 포도당으로 보충한 6종의 사료처리구에 대한 사양시험, 대사시험 및 도체분석 시험을 실시했던바 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 증체량은 사료의 단백질 수준을 증가시킬 경우 저지방구에서는 증가했으나 고지방구에서는 오히려 감소되있다. 사료 효율은 저지방구에서는 단백질 공급수준을 높일수록 증가되었으나 고지방구에서는 일정한 경향을 찾을 수 없었다. 단백질 효율에 있어서는 저단백질구의 그것이 높았는데 특히 저단백질 고지방구(LPHO)의 단백질 효율이 가장 높았으며 단백질 수준이 높아질수록 지방의 공급량에 관계없이 저하되었다. 2) 고형물, 단백질 총탄수화물의 소화율은 같은 수준의 단백질을 공급하는 경우 고지방구의 것보다 저지방구의 것이 높았으며, 단백질 급여 수준이 높을수록 고형물과 탄수화물의 소화율은 약간 감소되었으나, 단백질의 소화율은 오히려 약간 증가되었다. 지방의 소화율은 사료의 단백질이나 지방의 급여 수준에 큰 영향을 받지 않고 모두 높았다. 3) 질소 이용률에 있어서는 중단백질구(20%)인 경우 저지방구가 가장 높았으나, 고지방구는 가장 낮았다. 사료단백질 20%까지는 저지방 수준인 경우 질소이용률이 뚜렷하게 높은 것을 알 수 있었으나 고단백질구(30%)에서는 지방의 급여량에 따른 차이를 볼 수 없었다. 4) 에너지 섭취량은 사료의 단백질과 지방 수준에 따라서 영향을 받았다. 각 처리구별로 에너지의 대사율을 비교해 보면, 첫째로 사료의 단백질 수준이 높아질수록 에너지 대사율은 약간씩 낮아졌고, 둘째로 같은 단백질 수준에서는 저지방구의 에너지 이용률이 고지방구의 그것보다 훨씬 높았다. 5) 체성분은 시험 개시시 체조성에 미하여 체수분은 감소되었고 체단백질과 체지방은 모두 증가되었다. 단백질 공급 수준이 높아질수록 체수분은 높았고, 체단백질과 체지방은 모두 낮은 경향이 있었다. 단백질 수준이 같을 경우 고지방구의 체수분은 저지방의 그것보다 높았으며 체단백질과 체지방은 오히려 고지방구에서 낮은 경향을 보였다. 6) 이상에서 설명한 실험결과를 종합하여 볼 때 성장하는 흰쥐의 경우 단백질 20%, 지방 20%, 탄수화물 60%로 구성된 식이가 가장 이상적인 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.3-11
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• 1994

This study was carried out to examine how dietary protein and calcium levels in rats fed fat-enriched diet affect the total lipid and cholesterol contents of blood and tissues. Male Sprauge-Dawley rats weighing approximately 200g were fed six purified diets which contained 18%(w/w) beef tallow, 1% (w/w) cholesterol, two source of protein, casein or isolated soy protein (ISP) and three levels of dietary calcium, 0.1%, 0.4% and 1.0%, first, for four weeks, and second, for eight weeks. The contents of the total lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride in blood, liver, heart and feces were determined. After four weeks feeding serum lipid and cholesterol concentrations significantly decreased in rats fed 1.0% (w/w) level calcium, regardless of dietrary protein sources. After eight weeks, these concentrations were significantly lower in the rats fed soy protein than in casein-fed rats. As dietary calcium level increased serum and tissue lipid and cholesterol contents were decreased and fecal lipid excretion increased. It is concluded that hypolipidemic and/or hypocholesterolemic effects of soy protein and calcium were partly due to decrease in lipid absorption.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.685-693
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• 1996

A total of 3,610 Ayrshire and 1,711 Jersey cows were phenotyped for the genetic variants of ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein, ${\beta}$-casein, $\chi$-casein, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin. Least squares analyses showed possible associations between milk protein phenotypes and lactational production traits. Depending on lactation number, ${\beta}$-casein phenotypes in Ayrshires were associated with milk production ($A^2A^2$ > $A^1A^2$ > $A^1A^1$), and with milk protein content. In the third lactation, Ayrshire cows with ${\beta}$-casein $A^1A^1$ produced milk with 3.43% fat compared to 3.37% fat for ${\beta}$-casein $A^2A^2$. In Ayrshire, $\chi$-casein phenotypes affected the protein content during the three lactations (BB > AB > AA) and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin phenotypes significantly influenced the milk fat during the first lactation (4.06% for AA and 3.97% for BB). In Jerseys, protein content of milk was influenced by phenotypes of ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein(3.98% for CC v/s 3.86% for BB in the first lactation). In the third lactation, $\chi$-casein AA of Jersey milk contained 5.35% fat compared to 4.82% for phenotype BB. The effects of ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin phenotypes on protein content were apparent in Jerseys during the second lactation with the A variant being superior to the B (4.00% for AA v/s 3.87% for BB).

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.131-135
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• 2004

Oral supplementation with potassium permanganate (30, 50 and 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$) to fifth instar larvae of the ${CSR_2}{\times}{CSR_4}$ race of the silkworm, B. mori resulted in a significant increase in the glycogen content of the fat body and haemolymph trehalose. The protein content of the fat body is also significantly increased in all the potassium permanganate treated groups where as that of the haemolymph is significantly increased only in the 30 ${\mu}g4 fed group. The total lipids content of the fat body increased significantly in all the potassium permanganate treated groups. This indicates that the potassium permanganate may stimulate metabolic activity, there by influencing the biochemical contents in the fat body and haemolymph of the silkworm, B. mori.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.261-271
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• 2006

To study the correlation with increasing body fat mass for the Standard Guideline for Korean Dietary Life, a nationwide, cross-sectional survey was performed with 178 male college students in december 2005. Among the student subjects, 76 were analyzed for body protein mass, body mineral mass, body fat mass, percent body fat, waist-hip ratio(WHR), body mass index(BMI) and obesity degree using Inbody 3.0(Biospace Co, Seoul, Korea). Body protein mass was at a high level of 92.1%, body mineral mass was at a low level of 94.7%. Body fat mass was at a high level of 28.9%, percent body fat was at a high level of 37.3%, WHR was at a high level of 31.6%, and obesity degree was at a high level of 38.2%, BMI was at a high level of 24.3% and BMR was observed at a high level of 41.8%. WHR was correlated with '7. Prepare food proper amount sanitarily.' and obesity degree, while BMl was were correlated with '4. Increase movement and eat proper amount.' positively. BMR was correlated with '6. Enjoy 3 meal a day regularly.' ArmCircle was correlated with '4. Increase movement and eat proper amount.' and fitness score was corrected with '4. Increase movement and eat proper amount', and '8. Enjoy Korean rice food style.' positively. Body protein mass and body mineral mass were negatively correlated with fruit, ArmCircle was positively correlated with fish, obesity degree was positively correlated with soup and BMI and ArmCircle were positively correlated with sweet. '8. Enjoy Korean rice food style.' was negatively significantly correlated with overweight, over percentage body fat, obesity degree > 120 and BMI. Male students were not practicing the Standard Guideline for Korean Dietary Life well with an average score of 37.7%. However, male students who are within the normal range of body composition analysis value have to notice that over range of weight, protein, percentage body fat, WHI and obesity degree was observed above average score of 30%.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 1968

In order to study the effect of source and level of the commonly used dietary fats on growth and metabolism of rats fed on low protein diet (rice diet) the weaning white rats were fed on various different experimental diets (see tables 1 and 2) during 11 weeks. The observations were made as follows : 1. Growth: (see table 3 and figures 1-9) In all dietary fats, among the 3 levels, 5% fat level is the best. Especially, the perilla oil group was remarkably good. 10% and 20% fat levels impaired the growth, consequently the growth rates of both 10% and 20% fat level groups were worse than those of Basal group (no fat added). However, 10% and 20% fat levels did not impaired the growth of VII group (10% soy flour added) In 5% fat level, the growth was good in sequence of perilla oil, tallow, sesame oil, soy oil and lard. 2. Feed consumption: (see table 3) In 20% fat level, the feed consumption was lowered. Generally, the feed consumption rate was proportional to the growth rate. In feed efficiency, 5% fat level was the best. 3. Liver weight: (see table 4) In liver weight per 100 G body weight, 20% fat level was the largest. This may be due to the poor body growth and liver fat accumulation. 4. Liver nitrogen: (see table 4) Generally, lower fat level groups showed liver nitrogen. Liver nitrogen is low in the groups of 20% fat level. 5. Liver fat: (see table 4) Generally, higher fat level groups showed higher liver fat. 6. Serum cholesterol: (see table 5) Generally, higher fat level groups showed higher serum cholesterol. Lard, sesame oil, and tallow groups showed higher level and soy oil and perilla oil groups showed lower level. Especially, perilla oil group showed remarkably lower level and VII group (10% soy flour added) showed lower level than VI group (same fat but no soy flour added).