• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.5
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• pp.109-141
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• 2002

Die neuere Entwicklung in der Valenzlexikographie $f\"{u}hrt$ hin zum didaktisch orientierten $W\"{o}rterbuch$, in dem die $Valenzeintr\"{a}ge$ neben anderen syntaktischen und semantischen Informationen stehen. Das $Valenzlexikon/-w\"{o}rterbuch$ wendet sich vorrangig an Lehrbuchautoren und Lehrer, die im Bereich Deutsch als Fremdsprache unterrichten, sowie $sekund\"{a}r$ an fortgeschrittene Deutschlemer. Das $Valenzw\"{o}rterbuch\;enth\"{a}lt$, neben den Informationen zur Valenz, genaue morphosyntaktische und semantische Erkl\"{a}rungen$ zu den Verben und ihrer spezifischen Umgebung, ferner Hinweise zur Morphologie, Wortbildung, Passiv- $f\"{a}higkeit$, Stil und Phraseologie. Die Strukturbeschreibungen sind durch zahlreiche Verwendungsbeispiele illustriert. In Helbig/Schenkel(1969, $^{8}1991$) sind die Verben nicht alphabetisch, sondern nach formaler und inhaltlicher $Zusammengeh\"{o}rigkeit$, nach Wortfamilien, Bedeutungsfeldern und Wortbildungsmitteln angeordnet, dagegen sind in Engel/Schumacher(1976, $^{2}1978$) und Bianco{I996) die Verben alphabetisch angeordnet In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden lexikographische Probleme der Verbvalenz- lexika von Helbig/SchenkeJ(1969, $^{8}1991$), Engel/Schumacher(I976, $^{2}1978$) und Bianco(1996) aus der Sicht auslandischer $W\"{o}rterbuchbenutzer$ diskutiert. Hinsichtlich der Lexikoneintragungen (syntaktischer sowie semantischer Informationen) $f\"{u}r$ Verben kann man erkennen, dass zwischen einzelnen Valenzlexika viele Beschreibungsunterschiede $f\"{u}r$ ein bestimmtes Verb bestehen. Man kann feststellen, dass die Informationen zur Valenz, genaue morpho- syntaktische und semantische $Erkl\"{a}rungen$ zu den Verben und ihrer spezifischen Umgebung differieren. Problematisch $f\"{u}r$ nichtmuttersprachliche $W\"{o}rterbuch$benutzer sind die Unterschiede sowohl in Bezug auf Anzahl und Art der $Erg\"{a}nzungen$ als auch in Bezug auf Angabe der $Obligatheit/Fakultativit\"{a}t$ der Korrelate(d.h. der 'Praposi- tionaladverbien' oder der 'Pronominaladverbien'). Auch die $Beispiels\"{a}tze\;mit\;satzformigen\;Erg\"{a}nzungen$(dass-Satz, zu-Inf, ob-Satz, w-Satz) sollten systema- tisch angegeben werden. Das Valenzlexikon soil ein Nachschlagewerk und ein $Lernw\"{o}rterbuch$ zur weiteren Erforschung der syntaktish-semantischen Eigenschaften der deutschen Verben sein. Es ist zu hoffen, dass Valenzlexika als ein wichtiges Hilfsmittel $f\"{u}r$ das Fach Deutsch als Fremdsprache, das sich auf Theone und Praxis des Deutschunterrichts auswirken wird, noch an Bedeutung gewinnen $k\"{o}nnen$.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1994.10a
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• pp.307-312
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• 1994

The authors have been devoted to researches on fuzzy theories and their applications, especially control theory and application problems, for recent years. In this paper, the authors present results on a comparison of optimal solutions between ones of an ordinary-typed mathematical linear programming problem(O.M.I.P. problem) and ones of a Zimmerman-typed fuzzy mathematical linear programming problem (F.M.L.P. problem), and comment about the sensitivity (differences and fuzziness on between O.M.L.P. problem and F.M.L.P. problem) on optimal solutions of these mathematical linear programming problems.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.141-144
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• 2009

In this study, used simplest sandwich cells containing $Ru2^+$ liquid electrolytes in order to clarify the role of nanoporous $TiO_2$ electrodes. And, the cell structure is as follow: $F:SnO_2$ glass/ nanoporous $TiO_2$/ tris(2,2'-bipyridy)ruthenium(ll) colplex [$Ru(bpy)_3(PF_6)_2$] in acetonitrile/ $F:SnO_2$ glass. The result, we found that ECL intensities increased rapidly by use of cathodes with nanoporous $TiO_2$ layers. And, porous $TiO_2$ electrodes were confirmed to be efficient for ECL devices as well as solar cell devices. It is thought that the increases in the ECL intensities may be associated with both formation of $Ru^+$ in porous $TiO_2$ electrodes and the process taking place after reduction of $Ru^+$ which occurs in the nanoporous electrodes.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.359-365
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• 1994

The crystal stucture of hexapotassium undecahydrogen tetratungsto hexaantimonate(V) tetrahydrate has been determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. Crystal data are as follows: $K_6H_{12}[Sb_6W_4O_{36}]{\cdot}4H_2O$, Fw = 2360.62, tetragonal, I$4_1$/a, a = 10.799(1) ${\AA}$, c = 35.244(5) ${\AA}$, V = 4110.1(7) ${\AA}^3$, Z = 4, $D_x$ = 3.82 g$cm^{-3}$, $\mu(MoK\alpha)$ = 160.15 $cm^{-1}$, T = 293 K, final R = 0.0356 for 2400($F_0 > 3\sigma(F_0))$ independent reflections. The $[H_{12}Sb_6W_4O_{36}]^{-6}$ polyanion independently consists of one tungsten, two antimony, and nine oxygen atoms and belongs to the $\bar4(S_4)$ point group. This polyanion is formed by two open octahedra five membered ring of Sb(3)$O_6-W(1)O_6-Sb(2)O_6-W(1)O_6-Sb(3)O_6$ which is connected at right angle. The Sb-W, Sb-O, and W-O bond distances range from 3.2304(9) to 3.2403(5) $\AA$, 1.745(8) to 2.334(6) $\AA$, and 1.914(7) to 2.039(7) $\AA$, respectively.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.3696-3701
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• 2011

The single-crystal structure of partially dehydrated partially $Mg^{2+}$-exchanged zeolite Y, ${\mid}Mg{30.5}Na_{14}(H_2O)_{2.5}{\mid}$ [$Si_{117}Al_{75}O_{384}$]-FAU per unit cell, ${\alpha}$ = 25.5060(1) ${\AA}$, dehydrated at 723 K and $1{\times}10^{-4}$ Pa, has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd$\bar{3}$ m at 100(1) K. The structure was refined using all intensities to the final error indices (using only the 561 reflections with $F_{\circ}$ > $4{\sigma}(F_{\circ})$) $R_1$ = 0.0377 (Based on F) and $R_2$ = 0.1032 (Based on $F^2$). About 30.5 $Mg^{2+}$ ions per unit cell are found at four different crystallographic sites. The 14 $Mg^{2+}$ ions occupy at site I at the center of double 6-ring (Mg-O = 2.231(3) ${\AA}$, O-Mg-O = $89.15(11)^{\circ}$ and $90.85(11)^{\circ}$). Four $Mg^{2+}$ ions are found at site I' in the sodalite cavity; the $Mg^{2+}$ ions are recessed 1.22 ${\AA}$ into the sodalite cavity from their 3-oxygen plane (Mg-O = 2.20(3) ${\AA}$ and O-Mg-O = $92.3(14)^{\circ}$). Site II' positions (opposite single 6-rings in the sodalite cage) are occupied by 2.5 $Mg^{2+}$ ions, each coordinated to an $H_2O$ molecule (Mg-O = 2.187(20) ${\AA}$ and O-Mg-O = $114.2(16)^{\circ}$). The 10 $Mg^{2+}$ ions are nearly three-quarters filled at site II in the supercage, being recessed 0.12 ${\AA}$ into the supercage (Mg-O = 2.123(4) A and O-Mg-O = $119.70(19)^{\circ}$). About 14 $Na^+$ ions per unit cell are found at one crystallographic site; the $Na^+$ ions are located at site II in the supercage (Na-O = 2.234(7) ${\AA}$ and O-Mg-O = $110.5(4)^{\circ}$).

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.278-286
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• 2005

The crystal structure of ($Tl_{71}$-Y ($Tl_{71}Si_{121}Al_{71}O_{384}$), ${\alpha}=24.706(3){\AA}$, dehydrated at 653 K and $8{\times}10^{-6}$ torr, has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group $Fd\bar{3}m$ at 294(1) K. The structure was refined using all intensities to the final error indices (using only the 302 reflection for which $F_{\circ}$ > $4{\sigma}(F_0)$) $R_1=0.0602$ (based on F) and $R_w=0.1744$ (based on $F_2$). The 71 $Tl^+$ ions per unit cell are found at four crystallographically distinct positions. Site I' position in the sodalite cavity opposite D6Rs are each occupied by eighteen $Tl^+$ ions per unit cell; these $Tl^+$ ions are recessed ca. $1.45{\AA}$ into the sodalite cavity from their O(3) plane (Tl-O=2.701(15), $3.163(16){\AA}$ and O-Tl-O=$92.1(4)^{\circ}$). The 23 $T1^+$ ions fill site II in the supercage; these $T1^+$ ions are recessed ca. $1.58{\AA}$ into the supercage from their O(2) plane (Tl-O = 2.850(16), $3.156(16){\AA}$ and O-T1-O = $85.1(5)^{\circ}$). The 19 $Tl^+$ ions lie at site III' in the supercage near a triple 4-ring (Tl-O = 3.10(7), $3.39(5){\AA}$ and O-Tl-O = 47.8(9), $95.3(18)^{\circ}$) and the remaining II ions occupy another site III' near a triple 4-ring in the supercage (Tl-O = 2.81(4), $2.71(4){\AA}$ and O-Tl-O = $57.3(8)^{\circ}$).

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.193-193
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• 2013

실리콘 박막 태양전지는 광 흡수층에서 형성된 정공과 전자를 효과적으로 분리하기 위해 p형과 n형으로 도핑된 층을 형성하는 p-i-n구조를 갖게 된다. 이러한 도핑 층을 형성하기 위해 B2H6와 PH3와 같은 독성 가스를 사용하기 때문에, 공정 안정성과 환경적인 이슈가 대두된다. 또한 도핑은 추가적으로 실리콘 박막 태양전지의 안정화 효율을 지속적으로 저하시키는 요인이 된다. 이러한 문제점을 개선하기 위하여, 창층으로 MoO3, V2O5, WO3 등과 같이 높은 일함수를 갖는 전이금속 산화물을 사용하고, 광 흡수층으로 i-Si:H을, 후면 전극으로 낮은 일함수를 나타내는 LiF/Al을 사용하였다. 전이금속 산화물과 LiF/Al의 큰 일함수 차이에 의해서 흡수층인 i-Si:H 에서 생성된 캐리어들은 효과적으로 분리되고 수집이 된다. 금속 산화물은 스퍼터링 공정에 의하여 이루어졌으며, 스퍼터링 공정조건에 따라 산화도가 조절되며, 이러한 산화도에 따라 태양전지의 셀 특성이 결정된다. 도핑 층이 없는 새로운 형태의 실리콘 박막 태양전지는 기존 비정질 실리콘 박막 태양전지에 비해 높은 안정화 효율을 나타내며, 이는 도핑 층이 없기 때문에 기존 실리콘 박막 태양전지의 열화현상에 따른 효율저하가 발생하지 않는 장점을 지내고 있다.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.397-404
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate the change of hamstring muscle relaxation and craniosacral reciprocal movement by using S. O. T. (sacrooccipital technique) categoryⅠ block-intervention process. 26 subjects with heel tension were randomly divided into two groups (EXP=13 and CON=13). This study carried out the category I block-intervention process on the experimental group and the false block-intervention process on the control group. Then, this study measured the sit-and-reach and sacral reciprocal movement of subjects before and after the intervention. The result values before and after the intervention were analyzed through ANCOVA by using SPSS PC Program (Ver. 20.0). In both investigations, the degree of hamstring muscle relaxation and the change of sacral reciprocal movement, there were statistically significant differences between the experimental group and the control group as [F(1, 23)=7.73, p<0.5] and [F(1, 23)=7.07, p<.05] respectively. According to the results of this study, it is expected that S. O. T category I bllock-intervention technique will have positive effect on both hamstring muscle relaxation and craniosacral reciprocal movement.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.558-567
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 알콕사이드를 전구물질로 하는 졸겔공정을 이용하여 Bi 과잉 12 mol%의 조성인 B $i_4$ $Ti_3$ $O_{12}$ 박막과 B $i_4$ $Ti_{3-x}$T $a_{x}$ $O_{12}$(x=0.1, 0.2, 0.3) 박막을 제조하였다. XPS 분석에 따르면 Ta 치환 x=0.2에서 Bi 4f의 photoemission 곡선이 낮은 결합에너지로 이동하였고 피크 강도가 감소하는 현상이 관측되었다. 이는 x=0.1과 0.2 사이에서 Bi-O 결합이 길어져 인장상태 하에 있었음을 나타내었다. B $i_4$ $Ti_3$ $O_{12}$(BIT) 박막의 유전상수와 유전손실은 100 kHz에서 340, 0.05이었고, B $i_4$ $Ti_{3-x}$T $a_{x}$ $O_{12}$ 박막에서 이들 값은 x=0.1에서 가장 높았으며, 각각 480, 0.13이었다. B $i_4$ $Ti_3$ $O_{12}$ 박막의 잔류분극과 항전계는 1.24$\mu$C/$ extrm{cm}^2$, 31.4 kV/cm 이었으나, Ta 치환 x=0.2에서 이들 값은 각각 19.7$\mu$C/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 49.5 kV/cm 에 이르렀다. 또한, B $i_4$ $Ti_3$ $O_{12}$ 박막의 누설전류 밀도는 ~$10^{-6}$ A/$\textrm{cm}^2$ 정도이었으며, Ta 치환은 누설전류를 감소시켜 Ta 치환 x=0.2 이상에서 BIT 박막에 비해 한 차수 정도 낮아졌다. Ta 치환에 따른 B $i_4$ $Ti_3$ $O_{12}$ 전기 물성에서 변화는 Bi-O 결합에서 관측된 인장상태로의 전이와 연관성이 있었으며, 덧붙여 치환에서 생성된 전자에 의한 정공보상이 이에 영향을 끼쳤다. 정공보상이 이에 영향을 끼쳤다.끼쳤다.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.514-514
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• 1996

Igbo, a new Benue Congo language has a vowel harmony system which, like that of Akan, is based on the pharynx size or tongue root position. In this study we examine Igbo vowel harmony with particular reference to assimilatory patterns of vowels in different harmony sets. This is to gain some insight into the factors involved in Igbo vowel assimilation, and to establish to what extent reports on Akan vowel assimilation are validated in Igbo. Tokens of the eight phonemic vowels of Standard Igbo are recorded from three native speakers of Igbo. The vowels are acoustically investigated (using the LPC analysis of CSL) in individual lexical items and within carefully designed carrier phrases. The F1 and F2 values of the vowels are obtained as these formant values are generally useful in establishing the salient characteristics of vowels. Vowels from the harmony sets are juxtaposed in the carrier phrases to ascertain the extent of assimilation. Results of the investigation show that the F1 values, to a large extend, are enough to characterize these vowels. The (-Expanded) vowels have higher F1 values than their (+Expanded) counterpart. Where there is an overlap in F1 values for some vowels the F1 bandwidth values serve to distinguish between the vowels. The overlap often reported in Akan for /I/ and /e/ on the one hand and /${\mho}$/ and /o/ on the other is not validated in Igbo. While the F1 values for these pairs of vowels are quite similar for one of our speakers, there is an appreciable difference between the F1 values of these vowels for the other two speakers. There is however an overlap for /e/ and /o/ for one of the speakers. Assimilations are generally regressive across word boundaries. It is, however, necessary to point out that the general perceptual impression that one of the vowels completely assimilates to the other, is not borne out by our investigation. Most of our F1 and F2 values for the vowels in individual lexical items are altered in assimilations. This then suggests that assimilation involving these vowels is partial rather than complete. The emerging 'allophones' are acoustically similar to the (+Expanded) vowel involved in the assimilation, that is when vowels from different harmony sets are involved. We conclude that while assimilation of Igbo vowels involves some phonological considerations, phonetic factors appear to be permanent in deciding the final form of the vowels.