• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.383-388
• /
• 2003

Bee venom is used as a traditional medicine for treatment of arthritis. The anti-inflammatory activity of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous partitions from bee venom (Apis mellifera) was studied using cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-$\alpha and IL-1\beta$) production, in vitro. COX-2 is involved in the production of prostaglandins that mediate pain and support the inflammatory process. The aqueous partition of bee venom showed strong dose-dependent inhibitory effects on COX-2 activity ($IC_{50} = 13.1 \mu$ g/mL), but did not inhibit COX-1 activity. The aqueous partition was subfractionated into three parts by molecular weight differences, namely, B-F1 (above 20 KDa), B-F2 (between 10 KDa and 20 KDa) and BF-3 (below 10 KDa). B-F2 and B-F3 strongly inhibited COX-2 activity and COX-2 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner, without revealing cytotoxic effects. TNF-$\alpha and IL-1\beta$ are potent pro-inflammatory cytokines and are early indicators of the inflammatory process. We also investigated the effects of three subfractions on TNF-$\alpha and IL-1\beta$ production using ELISA method. All three subfractions, B-F1, B-F2 and B-F3, inhibited TNF-$\alpha and IL-1\beta$production. These results suggest the pharmacological activities of bee venom on anti-inflammatory process include the inhibition of COX-2 expression and the blocking of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-$\alpha and IL-1\beta$) production.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
• /
• v.26 no.9
• /
• pp.181-188
• /
• 2021

This study aims to identify the relationship among self-esteem, major satisfaction, appearance satisfaction, and employment stress of college students and to suggest suggestions for this. The subjects of this study were students in B metropolitan city, and data analysis was conducted using SPSS WIN/22.0 program. The result of the study showed that the difference in employment stress according to general characteristics was significant in grade (f=4.25, P=0.01), religion (t=0.70), department and department (F=7.50, P=.0001), personality (F=6.406, P=0.001), university life satisfaction (f=8.09, P=0.001), and average score (f=5.37, P=0.005). The employment stress of the subjects was negatively correlated with self-esteem(r=-.439, p<.001), major satisfaction(r=-.377, p<.001), and appearance satisfaction(r=-.273, p<.001).Based on the results of the study, it is necessary to develop an integrated program to improve self-esteem, major satisfaction, and appearance satisfaction in order to reduce the employment stress of college students, and repetitive studies are required to explore various factors.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.132-137
• /
• 1997

The crystal structure of N,N'-di-tert-butoxycabonyl-2,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.0]oct-4-ene has been determined from single crystal x-ray diffraction study; C16H26N2O4, Triclinic, P1, a=11.119(1) Å, b=13.638(1) Å, c=6.214(1) Å, α=92.14(1)°, β=103.49(1)°, γ=73.35(1)°, V=877.4(2)Å3, T=293(2)K, Z=2, CuKα(λ=1.5418Å). The structure was solved by direct method and refined by full-matrix least squares to a final R=5.38% for 2389 unique observed F0>4σ(F0) reflections and 225 parameters.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.26 no.12B
• /
• pp.1712-1723
• /
• 2001

This paper presents a design procedure and manufacturing techniques realizing of a 5.8 GHz duplexer based on cylindrical coaxial dielectric resonator. Upto Q$\times$f$\_$o/=30,000 cylindric coaxial dielectric resonator was developed control by addition of dielectric materials. This resonator shows attenuation characteristics -40 dB for transmitter and -50 dB for receiver by consisting of two sets of 4-stage cavity resonator within f$\_$o/$\pm$10 MHz bandwidth which was requirement of DSRC. Employing the measurement results, design procedure to characterize the transmission and reflection properties are presented.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.272-277
• /
• 1997

To evaluate the quality of commercial anchovy sauces, 8 varieties (2 products from the Fishery Cooperation, 2 from small companies, and 4 well-known brands) were chosen and their physicochemical and sensory properties were examined. The salinity of anchovy sauces ranged from 19.8％ to 26%, where product E was the saltiest and followed by F> H > B > E > A> C = G > D. Product D with the least salinity was turbid, rancid, and high in ammonia content, suggesting that it is difficult to control the quality of anchovy source with a low salt content. Protein content of anchovy sauces ranged from 2.51％ to 2.64%. The unit price of anchovy source A was the highest, whereas B was the lowest. Sensory evaluation scores of anchovy sauces were in the order of B > G > A > F > E > C > H > D for color, B > G = C > H > E = F > G > D for odor, E > C > F > G > H > D > B > A for saltiness, and B > A > C > H > E = F > G > D for overall acceptability. Above results suggest that product B was the best in quality as well as the cheapest among all. Based on the above results, kimchies were prepared with product A, B, C with a high sensory quality and product H with a high market occupancy, and sensory evaluation was performed. The kimchi with product C got the highest sensory score in appearance and the one with product A and H in odor. Although the kimchi with product A generally had high scores throughout the fermentation period, there were no significant differences in texture, salty taste, and overall acceptability among kimchies with different varieties of anchovy sauces.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.194-206
• /
• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a health promotion program for frail elderly nursing home residents, and to analyze the effects of the program. Methods: The research was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Data collection was performed from February 26, 2012, to April 26, 2012. The subjects were 28 residents for the experimental group, who were selected at A nursing home, D city, in Korea and 27 residents for the control group, who were selected at B nursing home. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2$-test, independent t-test, ANCOVA and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ with SPSS/Win 17.0 program. Results: There was a significant improvement in health promoting behaviors (F=64.26, p<.001), Lt. Grip strength (F=39.76, p<.001), Rt. Grip strength (F=38.06, p<.001), Static balance (F=3.98, p=.050), TUG (F=18.60, p<.001), oral status (F=26.75, p<.001), depression (F=18.79, p<.001), and subjective health status (F=10.75, p<.002) in the treatment group compared to the comparison group. Conclusion: The health promotion program improved the health promoting behavior, physical fitness, oral status, depression, and subjective health status of the frail elderly nursing home residents. Therefore, health promotion programs for frail elderly nursing home residents could be helpful.

• The Pure and Applied Mathematics
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.111-131
• /
• 2019

We introduce (CLRg) property for hybrid pair $F:X{\times}X{\rightarrow}2^X$ and $g:X{\rightarrow}X$. We also introduce joint common limit range (JCLR) property for two hybrid pairs $F,G:X{\times}X{\rightarrow}2^X$ and $f,g:X{\rightarrow}X$. We also establish some common coupled fixed point theorems for hybrid pair of mappings under generalized (${\psi},{\theta},{\varphi}$)-contraction on a noncomplete metric space, which is not partially ordered. It is to be noted that to find coupled coincidence point, we do not employ the condition of continuity of any mapping involved therein. As an application, we study the existence and uniqueness of the solution to an integral equation. We also give an example to demonstrate the degree of validity of our hypothesis. The results we obtain generalize, extend and improve several recent results in the existing literature.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.175-182
• /
• 2022

Translocation of azurophil granules is pivotal for bactericidal activity of neutrophils, the first-line defense cells against pathogens. Previously, we reported that lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), an endogenous lipid, enhances bactericidal activity of human neutrophils via increasing translocation of azurophil granules. However, the precise mechanism of LPC-induced azurophil granule translocation was not fully understood. Treatment of neutrophil with LPC significantly increased CD63 (an azurophil granule marker) surface expression. Interestingly, cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of action polymerization, blocked LPC-induced CD63 surface expression. LPC increased F-actin polymerization. LPC-induced CD63 surface expression was inhibited by both a Rho specific inhibitor, Tat-C3 exoenzyme, and a Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, Y27632 which also inhibited LPC-induced F-actin polymerization. LPC induced Rho-GTP activation. NSC23766, a Rac inhibitor, however, did not affect LPC-induced CD63 surface expression. Theses results suggest a novel regulatory mechanism for azurophil granule translocation where LPC induces translocation of azurophil granules via Rho/ROCK/F-actin polymerization pathway.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.63-70
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the inner space of detached houses from 1980 to 2016. It was used 'space syntax program' for analysis and analyzed with intervals of 10 years as 1980~1990, 1990~2000 and so on. The research results will be summarized as follows: 1) Overall, all inner space that was examined shows a trend that integration space tends to increase while segregating space tends to decrease. 2) In the case of the master bedrooms(M B) in 1980s, these were composed of 2 rooms as a front room(F R) and a master bedroom type, but as time went by, the F R which was attached room to the M B disappeared. While inside space of M B attached powder-room and wardrobe instead of the F R of the M B. And F R was an integrated space at first in 1980s, but it began to change to a segregating space to protect personal privacy. 3) The dining(D) and kitchen(K) spaces were strictly separated in the 1980s but began to change to D+K and L+D+K types after 1990. 4) In the 2000s, the most typical living space in every house is continuing to change from an separate space in the other space to an integrated space where it is clearly seen from the kitchen and the dining room in the types as L+D and L+D+K.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.879-885
• /
• 2013

In this paper, we de ne an extension $f^*:[a,b]{\rightarrow}\mathbb{R}$ of function $f^*:[a,b]_{\mathbb{T}}{\rightarrow}\mathbb{R}$ for a time scale ${\mathbb{T}}$ and prove the convergence theorems for the Henstock delta integral on time scales.