• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.167-176
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• 2018

In this study, an eye-tracking program that can confirm a design cognition process was developed for the purpose of presenting strategic methods to create fashion images, and the program was used to identify what effects fashion models' external characteristics have on the cognition of design. The data for analysis were collected through an eyemovement tracking experiment and a survey, with the focus on the research problem that differences in models' external uniformity will lead to differences in the eye movement for perceiving models and design as well as the image sensibility. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, it was confirmed that the uniformity of model types and the simplicity/complexity of design led to differences in the eye movement directed at design and models and the gaze ratio. Consequently, it is deemed that models should be selected in consideration of the characteristics of design and the intention of planning when creating fashion images. Second, it was found that in terms of the cognition of design, external conditions of models affect design sensibility. A change in models led to a subtle difference in sensibility cognition even when the design condition did not change. Thus, not only the design but also model attributes are factors that should be considered important in fashion planning.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.273-285
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• 2014

Purpose of this study is to analyze eye movements of pre-service teachers and elementary students about a visual material of the change on the lunar phases. Eye-Tracker was used for analysis for eye-fixation time and eye movement at the structure, behavior, function question on the visual material. The Results were as follows. First, the pre-service teacher checked the visual materials from a holistic perspective depending on the function questions and fixed eye-fixation on the moon of the behavior question concerned. On the contrary, elementary school student only checked function of the moon located in the upper part and eye-fixation focus was spread here and there regardless of the questions. Second, the pre-service teacher gazed at the sun, earth and moon in a consecutive order depending on the questions to identify their spatial relations and checked location of the moon related to the question. On the contrary, the elementary school student did not view relations between earth, sun and moon from a spatial perspective. These findings indicate that the pre-service teacher conjures up the mechanism of the change on the lunar phases and confirms it in visual materials by visualizing change on the lunar phase model from earth's point of view while the elementary school student fails to take advantage of visual materials to visualize it from earth's point of view.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.86-94
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• 2015

This study is to investigate how do elementary students' eye movements appear in cognitive process that they perceive science learning materials depending on motivation system of science learning. For this study we had a random sampling of 301, 6th grade students. And we had selected 32 students through the three tests for the final; motivation system test of science learning, a learning styles test, an Edinburgh inventory for handedness test. We were analysis the cognitive process during learning tasks for the selected student using eye-tracking equipment. The results of the research are as follows: First, when students see a science learning material, we found out that SL-BAS group that has tendency searched various areas than SL-BIS group in learning task. Second, results confirmed through the data of integrational count that students looked alternately texts, images and graphs in the learning material, SL-BIS group were more than SL-BAS group on integrated count, but they had a simple and insignificant eye movement. Especially SL-BAS students showed that integrated eye movement between texts, images and graphs in the learning material, and they explored important areas of the graph compared with SL-BIS group that there was no eye movement in graph. These results may be utilized as a useful resource for designing students' learning.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.81-103
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• 1994

In recent years, the visual characteristics of natural open space and greenbelt surrounding the urban landscapes have been changed with sprawling of residential areas and highrised residential buildings. Since these natural areas being the background element of residential areas are topographically sloped mountains in many cities. It is easy to be seen in the distance and it is important to preserve these areas as a visual infrastructure of the urban landscape. The purposes of this study are to extract the factors of landscape impact evaluation for these areas and to clarify the physical landscape variables representing these factors, and to infer the visual-perceptional relationships between image and landscape variables. As results, conceptional three factors were extracted with semantic differential evaluation to classified 18 landscape slide, and three regression models were established with factor score of landscapes and physical variables measured in photographs. On the basis of these relationships, visual-perceptional characteristics were discussed by analyzing the data form eye-movement recording to each of landscapes. The factors of "spatial unfolding of backdropped hilly greenspace", "horizontal quence of residential buildings", and "landscape complexity" prove to be important. And it prove important variables of "skyline of mountainous ridge" and "visual edge of building structure" in regression models and eye fixation movements.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.391-401
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• 2016

Objective: This study aims to examine domestic literature on eye-tracking in the design area, and to present new eye-tracking application directions. Background: Eye-tracking was introduced in the experimental psychology field for the first time in the 1950s. Eye-tracking has high utilization values in the design application area because eye-tracking can accumulate data on what people see, providing the quantitative values on eye movement. Method: This study examined the papers published in domestic journals, as well as the papers presented in conferences from 2000 to 2016 through DBPIA. Results: Although the use of eye-tracking technology was slightly meager in the product design area, it has been actively used for the evaluation analyses of preference and attention in architecture/public design. Eye-tracking also presented a method to design advertisement that is helpful to advertisement effect measurement, and product salesin the advertisement design area. Since detail psychological analysis is possible, the application of eye-tracking in the studies related with user interface has been active. Conclusion: The eye-tracking technology is projected to be actively used as a new interface means, such as in helping in disabled people's communication and in device control, in addition to conventional application areas. Application: This study would be of help to find future research areas of eye-tracking.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.129-135
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• 2006

he purpose of this study is to measure bio-signal to investigate the driver's physiological response change under real situation using train simulator. The train simulator used in this study is KTX model and according to changes of driving situation, The bio-signal controlled by autonomic nervous system, such as GSR(Galvanic Skin Response), SpO2(Saturation percent O2), HR(Heart Rate), ECG(Electrocardiograph), EEG(Electroencephagram) and movement and response of eye were measured. Statistically significant difference in bio-signal data and eye movement activity pattern were investigated under several different driving speeds using analysis of variance (p<0.05). The GSR and HR value measured in average and mission speed operation is higher than in high-speed operation. β wave of EEG in average speed operation become more activated than in high speed operation. In accordance with a characteristic of rail vehicle, movement and response of eye in high-speed operation requiring relatively simple maneuver become less activated than in either average or mission speed operations. Conclusively, due to more careful driving controls in average and mission speed operation are required than in high-speed operation, level of mental and physical stresses of train driver was increased and observed through changes of bio-signal and eye movement measured in this study.

• 대한지구과학교육학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.302-318
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• 2023

이 연구 목적은 시스템 사고가 요구되는 계절별 별자리 학습에서 SBF 질문을 제시한 경우, 초등학생의 개념성취 수준과 시선이동에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 SBF 질문의 효과를 알아보기 위해 연구집단과 비교집단으로 나누고 질문 유형을 달리한 과학 텍스트를 제시하여 초등학교 6학년 학습자의 개념성취 수준 및 시선이동 차이를 분석하였다. 개념성취 수준을 분석하기 위해 집단 내·집단 간 사전·사후 검사를 실시하였으며, 시선이동 차이를 분석하기 위해 Eye-tracker를 활용하여 학습자의 시선을 추적하였다. 연구 참여자는 연구 참여 동의서를 통해 자발적으로 연구 참여 의사를 밝힌 초등학교 6학년 학생 36명이다(연구집단 18명, 비교집단 18명). 본 연구를 위해 연구 참여자는 2015 개정 교육과정에서 제시한 계절별 별자리와 관련된 학습 내용 전까지만 학습한 상태로 연구에 참여하였다. 자료 분석은 개발한 개념 검사지의 사전·사후 검사 결과와 계절별 별자리와 관련된 과학 텍스트를 학습할 때의 시선이동 자료를 정량적으로 분석하였다. 연구 결과 첫째, 계절별 별자리 학습에서 SBF 질문은 유효한 학습 전략이었다. 학습자에게 구조(Structure)-작용(Behavior)-기능(Function)과 관련된 질문을 순차적이고 구체적으로 제시하였을 때, 일반적인 질문보다 더 높은 학습효과를 나타내었다. 즉 SBF 질문은 집단 간 사전·사후 개념 검사에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이(p<0.05)를 보였으며, 집단 내 사전·사후 개념 검사에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이(p<0.001)를 보였다. 둘째, SBF 질문은 선개념이 높지 않은 학습자에게 개념성취에 도움이 되는 영역을 학습하도록 유도하여 학습자의 학습에 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 즉, 우주기반 관점의 시각 자료와 함께 SBF 질문을 제시하였을 때, 교과서의 일반적인 질문을 제시한 경우보다 학습자의 총 시선고정 수에서 유의미한 차이(p<0.01)를 보임을 시선이동 분석 결과를 토대로 확인하였으며, SBF 질문으로 학습한 학습자의 개념성취 수준이 향상됨을 정량적으로 확인하였다. 이는 SBF 질문이 시각 자료가 함께 제시된 과학 텍스트 학습 과정에서 능동적인 학습을 촉진한다는 실증적인 증거이다. 반면, 과학적 선개념을 많이 가지고 있는 학습자에게는 SBF 질문의 효과보다 학습자 자신이 가지고 있는 선개념이 견고한 핵으로 작용하여 탐구의 효과가 크지 않았다. 본 연구는 계절별 별자리 학습 과정에서 SBF 질문의 효과를 사전·사후 검사와 시선이동 분석을 통해 정량적인 자료로 제공한다는 점에서 기존 계절별 별자리 학습 연구와 차별성이 있으며, 초등학생의 계절별 별자리 학습과 관련된 지도방안에 도움을 줄 수 있다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.281-300
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• 2017

This study analyzed the difficulties of middle school students in computer simulation of the law of large numbers through eye movement analysis. Some students did not attend to the simulation results and could not make meaningful inferences. It is observed that students keep the existing concept even though they observe the simulation results which are inconsistent with the misconceptions they have. Since probabilistic intuition influence student's thinking very strongly, it is necessary to design a task that allows students to clearly recognize the difference between their erroneous intuitions and simulation results. In addition, we could confirm through eye movements analysis that students could not make meaningful observations and inferences if too much reasoning was needed even though the simulation included a rich context. It is necessary to use visual representations such as graphs to provide immediate feedback to students, to encourage students to attend to the results in a certain intentional way to discover the underlying mathematical structure rather than simply presenting experimental data. Some students focused their attention on the visually salient feature of the experimental results and have made incorrect conclusion. The simulation should be designed so that the patterns of the experimental results that the student must discover are not visually distorted and allow the students to perform a sufficient number of simulations. Based on the results of this study, we suggested that cumulative relative frequency graph showing multiple results at the same time, and the term 'generally tends to get closer' should be used in learning of the law of large numbers. In addition, it was confirmed that eye-tracking method is a useful tool for analyzing interaction in technology-based probabilistic learning.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.197-206
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• 2003

최근 디자인의 주요 관심사로서 인터페이스와 인지공학에 대한 연구들이 사용자와 제품을 분석하는 디자인 방법으로 많은 주목을 받고 있다. 그러나 기존의 연구들은 언어적인 방법론에 기초를 두고 있기 때문에 디자이너가 시각적인 구현을 목적으로 할 때 많은 어려움을 가지게 되며, 특히 언어적인 서술과 요구들이 시각적 요소로서 전환될 때 많은 오류와 왜곡이 발생한다. 결국 디자이너는 사용자와 제품의 시지각 모델에 대한 이해론 필요로 하며 시각적 방법에 분석도구를 요구한다. 본 연구는 분석의 도구로서 시선추적방법을 활용하며, 제품디자인에 적용하기 위한 분석의 프레임과 구체적인 측정/해석 방법의 개발을 목표로 한다. 이를 위하여 시지각의 특성과 프로세스에 대한 이해를 통하여 분석도구의 개발을 위한 프레임을 설정하며, 구체적인 방법의 개발을 위해 고정과 탐색의 시선추적기술을 논의한다. 또한 기초적인 제품시험을 통하여 시선추적방법의 분석 프로세스와 적용의 가이드라인을 제시하고, 장단점을 파악한다. 본 연구는 4가지의 단계로 수행되며, 첫째 시지각의 이론과 제품에 대한 기초조사를 실시하며, 둘째로 구체적인 실험 및 방법을 설정한다. 셋째로 실험을 통하여 고정과 탐색의 데이터를 측정하며, 기초 데이터의 분석 틀을 마련한다. 넷째로 분석결과를 시각적 의미로 해석하는 프레임을 제시한다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1171-1176
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• 2014

안구 추적은 눈동자의 움직임을 감지하여 안구의 운동 상태나 시선의 위치를 추적하는 인간과 컴퓨터의 상호작용(HCI)분야이다. 안구 추적은 사용자의 시선 추적을 이용한 마케팅 분석이나 의도 인식 등에 적용되고 있으며 다양한 적용을 위한 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 안구 추적을 수행하는 방법 중에 영상처리를 이용한 안구 추적 방법이 사용자에게는 편리하지만 조명의 변화와 스케일 변화 그리고 회전이나 가려짐에는 추적의 어려움이 있다. 본 논문에서는 이미지 기반의 안구 추적시 발생되는 조명, 회전, 스케일 변화 등 환경변화에도 강인하게 안구 추적을 수행하기 위하여 두 단계의 추적 방법을 제안한다. 우선 Haar분류기를 이용하여 얼굴과 안구 영역을 추출하고, 추출된 안구 영역으로부터 CAMShift과 템플릿 매칭을 이용하여 강인하게 안구를 추적하는 두 단계의 안구 추적 방법을 제안하였다. 제안한 알고리즘은 조명 변화, 회전, 스케일 등 변화하는 환경 조건하에서 실험을 통하여 강인성을 증명하였다.