• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.38-46
• /
• 2003

Objectives : This study was done to observe the physical reactions after herbal acupuncture operating, through the questionnaire. Methods : The study group was divided into six groups that were NS group(N=20), CF group(N=22), BU group(N=23), BUM(N=19), HP group(N=20) and BV group(N=19). The herbal acupuncture was injected by 0.05ml at the Fengmen(風門:B12), Feishu(肺兪:B13), Fufen(附分:B41), Pohu(魄戶:B42) 4 points. Therefore suffers recorded the existence of the symptoms on questionnaire paper which we exemplified the above symptoms on that day, in the first day, in the second day and in the seventh day. Results : The following results were obtained ; 1. General symptoms which appear in the herbal acupuncture operating were following as : pain of body partially, discomfort, pain which appear in activity and fatigue. 2. The symptoms which appear in the herbal acupuncture operating were most extreme in the first day, since then those were reduced. Conclusions : By the above results, it would be needed further research about statistically comparative-study among herbal acupunctures and alternative plans which is decreased side effect.

• Aerospace Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.155-169
• /
• 2004

Space launch vehicles and reentry vehicles are exposed to extreme heating conditions due to high aerodynamic heating while flying at high Mach numbers in the atmosphere. To protect the vehicle itself or the payload from the aerodynamic heating, the thermal load imposed on the surface should be exactly predicted and proper thermal protection should be applied based on the prediction results. But this requires rigorous thermal analysis and testing to prevent loss of payload capacity caused by excessive heat shielding, and the amount of thermal protection material to be applied is determined through aerodynamic heating tests. Various design points to be considered to upgrade the prototype aerodynamic thermal simulation facility(ATSF) used for the KSR-series sounding rocket development to the one suitable for the KSLV(Korean Space Launch Vehicle)-series launch vehicle are considered in this research. The need and limitation for the facility are first considered, and the functions required for KSLV testing are determined. The specifications of the upgraded facility are briefly suggested and these results will be used for the future fabrication and installation of the facility.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
• /
• v.6 no.1 s.20
• /
• pp.69-81
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study is to identify the downstream influences due to the dam discharge by using 2-dimensional model, SMS(Surface water Modeling System). RMA-2 and SED-2D in SMS were applied to Yongdam multipurpose dam watershed located in Gum river basin. Through the simulation, erosion and deposit quantitative analysis of sinuous channels and scour pattern analysis of bridges have been done. A differences erosion depths between deposit are simulated as $-102.4 mm{\sim}54.2 mm$ at No.176(1.4 km) and $-104.1 mm{\sim}28.9 mm$ at No.146(7.4 km), sinuous channel. The river bed at Kamdong bridge in straight channal is simulated as uniform erosion. However, the river bed at Dumdul bridge in sinuous channal has been shown as different erosion depths at each sides. Consequently, the parts that could not be simulated on the existing 1-dimensional model, can be improved results by using a 2-dimensional model, about weakness points for hydraulic modeling such as extreme bend, tributary confluence.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.335-343
• /
• 2015

The role of the turnouts installed on the points of railway branches and intersections is to safely switch the directions of trains. In case of abnormal forces applied to the turnouts due to extreme operating conditions, it is difficult in the current system to conduct accurate diagnosis and measuring. Moreover, the existing measurement devices for turnout switching power are mostly based on foreign technologies, which provide only limited information on the switching power; this information is insufficient for effective monitoring and maintenance. In this paper, through an analysis of the characteristics of the switching and locking function, the problems in turnout power measurements of current electrical point machines in Korea are examined. And based on the results, a new sensor-based method for measuring switching power is proposed.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.93-107
• /
• 2010

Performance of software development is measured by two major criteria - roductivity and quality. Although the criteria is empirically tested in software engineering research, they often present with a limited way under consideration of a few factors or contexts for developers to focus on the either productivity facets or quality facets. Analyzing data on software development performance collected over a 13-year period from 20 countries, we investigated how major software development factors - development type, development platform, development technique, language type, DBMS, methodology, methodology acquisition, CASE,, summary of work effort, resource level, max team size, affect the performance of software development. The results suggest that productivity and quality of software development are affected by different factors and context: function points, line of code, extreme defects, major defects, or minor defects. This research provides the empirical evidence that the two performance criteria require for software developer to have careful attention to find the optimal balance between the two performance criteria.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
• /
• v.22 no.9
• /
• pp.82-87
• /
• 2008

Faster, safer and cheaper mailing of the postal matter is essential for surviving in the competitive market of home-delivery service. In the past, the domestic delivery business has been nu by only a few number of companies. But more and more number of companies including medium size ones are participating in the business, and the competition is getting severe. This paper proposes a method to select the optimal location of mail distribution centers that minimally connect the local mail centers of some major cities in Korea using the Steiner Tree theory, which is about connecting a finite number of points with a minimal length of paths and has been used in the distribution system optimization and optimal routing of the transmission lines of the electric power system. By using Steiner Tree theory in finding the best location of the postal delivery hub, we may expect the reduction of transportation cost and the increase of profit, resulting in acquiring the superior position in the competitive delivery business. It is expected that we may use the Steiner Tree theory in finding the best location of the electric power substation for the nott higher EHV(extreme high voltage) transmission network.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.454-465
• /
• 1998

This study was to investigate the recognition level of food contamination with residual pesticides and hazardous heavy metals from 365 male and female adults in Taejon area using questionnaires. Among the recognizing level of residual pesticides in overall foods, 69.1% were 'serious', 25.6% were 'average' and 5.3% were 'not serious'. Over 94.7% of the subjects recognized residual pesticides pollution infoods. for hazardous heavy metals in food, 47.8% responsed as 'serious', 40.5% as 'average' and 11.8 as ' not serious' . Over 88.3% of the subjects recognized contaminated pesticides seriously in fruits, 72.1% in vegetables and 51.7% in cereals, whereas 55.7% of the subjects recognized hazardous heavy metal contamination seriously in fruits, 53.4% in vegetables, 40.8% in fishes and shellfishes and 35.0% in seaweeds. The subjects recognized residual pesticides contamination more seriously in overall foods, cereal, potatoes and starches, bean, vegetables and fruits, whereas hazardous heavy metal contamination was recognized more seriously in fishes and shellfishes, and seaweeds food groups. Comparisons were shown based on individuial's occupation. Farmer, forester, iner and fisher showed the lowest recognizing level of food contamination in most food groups. The mean score of the dietary effect by mass media's information on food contamination from residual pesticides and hazardous heavy metals were 3.51±0.96 out of 5 points. By Duncan's multiple range test, sex, age, marriage, food cost per month, concerns about health and nutrition knowledge showed significant differences in the mean effect score at p<0.05. According to a pesticides contamination in several food groups were affected by food cost per month, mass media's information on food contamination, health status, and concerns about health, But a recognition level of hazardous heavy metals in food were affected by income and, food cost per month mass media's information on food contamination, health status, concern about health and nutrition knowledge. People who need to take extreme precautions of food contamination were in order of producers, government officials, homemakers, the consumer's association and consumers.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2015.05a
• /
• pp.102-102
• /
• 2015

최근 중소규모 하천은 하천수 및 하천변 지하수 이용의 증가와 토지이용변화 등 유역 내 수문인자의 특성 변화로 인해 하천의 건천화가 점증하고 있어 하천 환경이 악화되고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 격자기반의 분포형 장기수문 모델(PGA-CC)을 이용하여 과거 수십년동안 토지이용변화에 따른 하천 건천화 영향을 평가하였다. 실제 건천화가 진행되고 있는 삽교천 상류유역($358.8km^2$)을 선정하였고 토지이용변화분석을 위해 과거 1975년 토지이용도(Past), 현재 2008년 토지이용도(Present)를 구축하였다. 각각의 토지이용 항목 중 변화율이 가장 높은 도시비율은 과거 토지이용도에서는 2.6 %였으며 현재 토지이용도에서는 11.3 %로 8.7 %가 증가하였다. 모델 검보정은 최근 7년(2005-2011)동안 최종유역출구지점에서 유출 검보정을 실시하였다. 그 결과 NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency)은 평균 0.71로 유출량의 모의값과 실측값이 유효한 것으로 나타났다. 건천화를 평가하기 위해 시험유역에서의 5 WPs (Watching Points)를 선정하여 과거 및 현재 토지이용조건을 모의하고 유황분석을 통한 갈수 변화량 분석을 실시하였다. 건천화 빈도분석을 위해 GEV (Generalized Extreme Value) 갈수빈도분석을 실시하여 과거 토지이용 모의결과 산정된 평균 갈수량($m^3/s$) 이하로 낮아지는 유출량 일수를 계산하였다. 최종유역출구에서 과거 및 현재 토지이용도에서 모의된 평균갈수량은 각각 $3.27m^3/s$ 및 $3.11m^3/s$로 나타났다. GEV 갈수빈도분석결과 과거 토지이용조건에서의 평균갈수량은 $3.20m^3/s$(재현기간 2.33년)으로 나타났다. 도시증가에 따른 인구증가는 지하수 사용량에 증가를 가져온다. 이는, 건천화에 영향을 미치며 본 연구에서는 지하수이용량 자료(1998-2011)를 이용하여 도시면적과 지하수이용량의 선형회귀분석을 실시하여 과거 22년 지하수 사용량을 예측하였다. 그 결과 지하수사용량 증가는 토지이용변화와 복합적으로 상류유역에 하천의 변화를 가속시키는 것으로 나타냈다.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.25-38
• /
• 2017

To investigate the characteristics of sand sediment topography in the Yeonggwang coastal area of Chonnam and to collect evidence of the past extreme events causing coastal flooding, three sites were surveyed among the sediments of Baeksoo-eup Hassari. In this study, the changes of particle characteristics, chemical composition, and the age of deposition of sediments were investigated. The sediments near Baeksoonam Elementary School at the elevation of 10m near the paleo-coastline are estimated to have been deposited at about 3,400 years ago and the grain size of the upper part of the sandy layer is in the range of $2.47-2.11{\varphi}$. The burial age of the sediment layer at Sadeung junction(BSN-B) was about 100 years. Considering the distance from the current coastline, the sands forming the dune are estimated to have been moved or deposited from the nearby area or the other dune on the front side. The mean grain size is observed to be fining upward. Especially, the mean of the upper part is about $2.3{\varphi}$, which is similar to other survey points. The averaged grain size of the lower part of the BSNC (Hasari-1 Gu) was $2.196{\varphi}$ and the upper part was $2.16{\varphi}$. The sorting showed that the upper part was slightly poorer than the lower, and it was difficult to specify the change of the environment. The burial age of the lower layer, which contains shells, was about 300 years. Considering previous studies, this shell layer is presumed to have formed by coastal flooding, such as a storm surge.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.789-800
• /
• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) developed in Korea for breast cancer survivors. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Ninety-nine breast cancer survivors who completed an FFQ twice and three 3-day dietary records (DRs) between 2016-2017 were included. Energy and 14 nutrient intakes were calculated from FFQs and DRs. To determine the validity of the FFQ, energy-adjusted de-attenuated Pearson correlations between two FFQ assessments and the average of the three 3-day DRs were calculated, and to determine reproducibility, energy-adjusted Pearson correlations and degrees of agreement were calculated between the first and second FFQ assessments. RESULTS: Correlation coefficients of validity ranged from 0.29 (protein) to 0.47 (fat) (median value = 0.36) for the FFQ assessment and from 0.20 (riboflavin) to 0.53 (calcium) (median value = 0.37) for the second. Correlation coefficients of reproducibility ranged from 0.22 (sodium) to 0.62 (carbohydrate) (median value = 0.36). Regarding FFQ reproducibilities, percentage classifications of exact agreements for energy-adjusted nutrients ranged from 27.3% (sodium) and 45.5% (fat). A median 76.8% of participants were classified into the same or adjacent quartiles, while a median of 5.6% of participants were classified in extreme quartiles. Bland-Atman plots for the majority of data points of three macronutrients, calcium and vitamins A and C fell within limits of agreement. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that the newly developed FFQ for Korean breast cancer survivors has acceptable validity and reproducibility as compared with three 3-day DRs collected over a one-year period.