• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.60 no.11
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• pp.373-378
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the statistical properties of four previously developed pediatric coronary artery z score models in healthy Korean children. Methods: The study subjects were 181 healthy Korean children, whose age ranged from 1 month to 15 years. The diameter of each coronary artery was measured using 2-dimensional echocardiography and converted to the z score in the four models (McCrindle, Olivieri, Dallaire, and Japanese model). Descriptive statistical analyses and 1-sample t tests were performed. Results: All calculated z scores had P values of ${\geq}0.050$ using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The one sample t test showed that the mean z scores did not converge to zero except in 1 model, and the mean right coronary artery (RCA) z score was less than zero in all 4 models. The smaller RCA diameter in this study could be associated with the more distal measuring point used to avoid the conal branch. The percentage of subjects with extreme z score values (${\geq}2.0$ and ${\geq}2.5$) for the left main coronary artery (LMCA) seems to be higher in the Dallaire (4.9% and 3.3%) and Japanese models (7.1% and 3.8%). Conclusion: All 4 models showed statistical feasibility of normal distribution. More precise instructions would be needed for the measurement of the RCA. The higher percentage of extreme z scores for the LMCA is compatible with the basic understanding of anatomic variation in the LMCA.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.424-433
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• 2021

Recent climate change has caused abnormal weather phenomena all over the world and a lot of damage in many fields of society. Particularly, a lot of recent damages were due to extreme precipitation, such as torrential downpour or drought. The objective of this study was to analyze the temporal and spatial changes in the precipitation pattern in South Korea. To achieve this objective, this study selected some of the precipitation indices suggested in previous studies to compare the temporal characteristics of precipitation induced by climate change. This study selected ten ASOS observatories of the Korea Meteorological Administration to understand the change over time for each location with considering regional distribution. This study also collected daily cumulative precipitation from 1951 to 2020 for each point. Additionally, this study generated high-resolution national daily precipitation distribution maps using an orographic precipitation model from 1981 to 2020 and analyzed them. Temporal analysis showed that although annual cumulative precipitation revealed an increasing trend from the past to the present. The number of precipitation days showed a decreasing trend at most observation points, but the number of torrential downpour days revealed an increasing trend. Spatially, the number of precipitation days and the number of torrential downpour days decreased in many areas over time, and this pattern was prominent in the central region. The precipitation pattern of South Korea can be summarized as the fewer precipitation days and larger daily precipitation over time.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.112-139
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• 2000

I examined and referred to literatures of every generations on the nicknames, causes, herb medications and acupucture treatments of ptosis(上胞下垂). And then the results were obtained as follows. We've compared and analyzed Occidental and Oriental medical causes, symptoms and treatments of Primary trigeminal neuralgia and wanted to get better effects by a cooperative analysis. So the examination and analysis of the recent treatment tendency and reference bibliography show the following results. 1. Trigeminal neuralgia is nerve systematic disease appearing in the distribution scope of trigeminal nerve. It's characterized by extreme pain accompanying with a repeated and simultaneous fit from several seconds to 1-2 minutes. 2. Though there are many hypothesis on the trigeminal neuralgia, but now many doctors agree that when trigeminal nerve is under the local out of sheath conditions resulting from receiving a chronic stimulus, and the nucleus of trigeminal nerve fire, owing to decrease of pain control function and abnormal occurrence of action potential, it would be appeared. 3. The Oriental medical name of trigeminal neuralgia is generally Dootong, Doopoong, Myuntong, Pyundootong, Pyundoopoong, and Myuntong is the nearest in Occidental medicine. 4. The Oriental medical cause of trigeminal neuralgia is usually divided into Wekam and Naesang. The first one is caused by Poonghan, Poongyul, Damhwa and wicked energy enter into the body, the mechanical energy is obstructed and can't move any more, so the pain appears by them. The other cause is the hurt by emotion. And it would be loss of the transportain of liver and obstructed, so result into Kanwulhwahwa, Kanpoongnaedong and the pain appears. 5. There are two methods of curing trigeminal neuralgia. As a medication, primary method is prescribing Carbamazepine and the second is using Phenytoin or Baclofen. And as a operation, Drug injection of trigeminal nerve, Amputation of branches of trigeminal nerve, Retrogasserian glycerol rhizotomy, Radiofrequency gangliolysis, Neurovascular decompression can be used. 6. There are several herb medicines for Trigeminal neuralgia. First, Chungung is good for Hwaejeetong, Keopoongjedam, Hwalhyuljeetong. Second, Jeongal, Jiryong, Okong is used for Sikpoonghekyung, Tongkyungjeetong. Third, Baekjee, Sesin, Cheonma, Manhyungja is efficacious in Sinonhepyo. Sanpoongjeetong. Fourth, for falling of liver's Wulhwa, Yongdamcho, Hyungge, Kukwha can be used. And also Saengjihwang, Hwangkm is good for going down the fever of Yangmyungwiyul and finally, Baekkangjam. Moryu can be effective for Jaumjamyang, Haekyungjitong. The other medicines can be used as assistant analgesics, and it also efficacious. 7. Generally the points of pain on the face and the points of Soyangkyung and Yangmyungkyung is used for Acupuntual therapy, because the two meridians passed on the face. Hakwan. Sabaek, Kwanryo, Keoryo, Hyubkeo, Taeyang, Jeechang, Younghyang, Eoyo, Chanjuk. Yangbaek. Sajukkong. Dooyoo, Kwangsangjum, Sengjang, Poongjee is used for taking near point and Joksamlee, Naejung, Habkok is used for taking distant point. 8. Dansam or Danggui injection which have a effect for Hwalhyulhwaeo, Sokyunghwalak and Vit B1, Vit B2, Vit B12, $2\%$ Hydrochloroprocaine, $1\%$ Lidocaine injection to pain point for local analgesics had so good effect. And external application and moxibustion are used for another treatment. 9. It proved that through mouse model, both Herb medication group and Drug medication group are efficacious for trigeminal neuralgia similarly and also the cooperative medication group shows more effective result than the only drug medication group.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.99-113
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• 2012

Steel Catenary Risers (SCR) are the simplest and often the most economic solution compared to other riser types such as flexible pipe, riser towers, top tensioned risers, etc. The top of a SCR is connected to the host platform riser porch. The other end of the SCR connects to flowlines from subsea wells. The riser touchdown point (TDP), which is the location along the riser where contact with the sea floor first occurs, exhibits complex behaviors and often results in compression and fatigue related issues. Heave dynamic responses of semisubmersibles in extreme and operating sea states are crucial for feasibility of SCR application. Recent full field measurement results of a deep draft semisubmersible in Hurricane Gustav displayed the considerable discrepancies in heave responses characteristics between the measured and the simulated results. The adequacy and accuracy of the simulated results from recognized commercial software should be examined. This finding raised the awareness of shortcomings of current commercial software and potential risk in mega investment loss and environmental pollutions due to SCR failures. One main objective of this paper is to attempt to assess the importance and necessity of accounting for viscous effects during design and analysis by employing indicator of viscous parameter. Since viscous effects increase with nearly third power of significant wave height, thus newly increased metocean criteria per API in central Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and even more severe environmental conditions in Western Australia (WA) call for fundamental enhancements of the existing analysis tools to ensure reliable and robust design. Furthermore, another aim of this paper is to address the impacts of metocean criteria and design philosophy on semisubmersible hull sizing in WA and GoM.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.7-12
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• 2016

Objectives : Secondary amenorrhoea is the absence of menses for three months in a woman with previously normal menstruation or nine months for women with a history of oligomenorrhoea. It can be caused by stress, extreme weight loss, and excessive exercise. The purpose of this study was to report the clinical effects of herbal medicine on secondary amenorrhoea.Methods : We employed oriental medical treatments; herbal - medication (Hyunburikyungtang gamibang), acupuncture and moxibustion. We treated the patients one or two times a month with oriental therapy method. They took medicine three times a day after a meal. During taking medicine, we let the patients avoid fatty food, flour based food and alcohol. We evaluated the status of the patient, on the basis of the state of menstration and F2 level of Yangdorak. Because we diagnosed the condition of patients with the pattern of liver depression and qi stagnation, so F2 level of Yangdorak was an important point of the diagnosis. Yangdorak machine was Tormeter Iw - zen at Towatech Co.,Ltd.Results : After taking treatment - several times acupuncture and moxibustion during some period and taking herbal-medicine, they had menstrain naturally without taking any hormone drug. Also the amount of menstration has gradually increased. The F2 level of Yangdorak returned to normal range. The feeling of cold on hands, feet and lower abdomen was much improved.Conclusions : Herbal medicine (Hyunburikyungtang gamibang) with oriental medical treatments, acupuncture and moxibustion was effective in the treatment of secondary amenorrhoea.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.351-361
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to explore whether there is a point within the range of physical impairment after which the cost of home care exceeds the cost of nursing home care among the elderly who require long-term care. The provision of long-term care for the elderly is a major health policy issue, in part due to the aging of the American population and dramatic increase in health care costs. The framework for this study was guided by Pollak's(1973)model of costs of alternative care settings for the elderly. This study used a retrospective, descriptive correlational design. Physical impairment was measured by the modified Index of Activities of Daily Living(Katz et al. 1963). Cost of care was measured by the average cost per patient per day. The sample for this study included 67 patients receiving long-term care at home from the Long-term Home Health Care Programs (LTHHCPs) and 67 patients receiving long-term care in nursing homes. Data were collected on patient characteristics. including activities of daily living and cognitive impairment. and on the number of physician visits. emergency room visits. and hospitalization from the patient records. For each patient. Medicaid cost data for home care services/or nursing home services were collected from the financial department of each home care agency or nursing home. The living costs and informal care costs were estimated for home care patients. The results indicated that the home care sample and the nursing home sample were similar in terms of gender. ethnic background. and marital status. The elderly patients in the home care sample were: however. younger and less physically impaired than those in the nursing home sample. The hypotheses of this study were supported: For elderly persons with physical impairment scores below 12(possible range of 0 to 14), cost of care was lower in home care than in the nursing home care setting. However, for elderly persons with physical impairment scores above 12. the cost of care was higher in home care than in the nursing home care setting. Thus. in this sample for elderly patients with extreme physical impairment, the cost of home care exceeded the cost of nursing home care.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2017

A recent increase in extreme weather events and flash floods associated with the enhanced climate variability results in an increase in climate-related disasters. For these reasons, various studies based on a high resolution weather radar system have been carried out. The weather radar can provide estimates of precipitation in real-time over a wide area, while ground-based rain gauges only provides a point estimate in space. Weather radar is thus capable of identifying changes in rainfall structure as it moves through an ungauged basin. However, the advantage of the weather radar rainfall estimates has been limited by a variety of sources of uncertainty in the radar reflectivity process, including systematic and random errors. In this study, we developed an ensemble radar rainfall estimation scheme using the multivariate copula method. The results presented in this study confirmed that the proposed ensemble technique can effectively reproduce the rainfall statistics such as mean, variance and skewness (more importantly the extremes) as well as the spatio-temporal structure of rainfall fields.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.269-278
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• 2004

In this study, hydraulic and hydrologic safety of an existing dam with morning glory spillway was evaluated and the problems were derived in order to control extreme floods efficiently. For design flood(520cms and EL. 170.3m), the spillway was turned out to have no problem for discharge and negative pressure in vertical transition. However, the critical point for discharge starts with EL. 170.7m which transits weir flow condition to orifice flow condition and there may be negative pressure in weir crest. While maximum water level can not be greater than EL. 170.5m including freeboard according to the dam design criteria, the maximum water level based on reservoir routing was turned out to be EL. 172.46m, and fundamental measures should be requested and planned.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.13-18
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• 2010

Effort of reducing wastes and their recycling is increasing in worldwide. Especially, extreme care for alkali recycling is required because of its environmental pollution and its corrosive characteristics. In order to manage alkali wastes effectively, it is necessary to make quality standards for recycling products from the alkali wastes because there are no quality specifications yet. In this study, we selected several recycling candidates from the alkali wastes based on the analysis of the most recent data of the various industrial sites. As a result, the recycling candidates from the alkali wastes are sodium hydroxide, aluminum sulfate, poly aluminum chloride. It is believed that the proper management system for waste products is required in governmental point of view and it propagates positively for resolving various environmental issues.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 1994

Hwabyung is a culture-related disease generally know among people in Korea, and various studies have been done by the Psychiatrists and by the Oriental Medical Doctors. While the Psychiatrists explain the Hwabyung as a disease having a unique patholoical process, the Oriental Medical Doctors explain it as a symptoms having the character of fire. When interpreted in Oriental Medical point of view, this can be concluded as 1)the cause of the disease is the depression of liver-energy(肝氣鬱結) induced by emotional suppression, 2)the reason why the disease occurs mostly to female is that they usually fail overcoming stresses and have physical and visceral weaknesses, 3)the symptoms are associated with the dynamics of fire, because the disease originates from the rising character of fire and from the inadequit supression of extreme heart-fire(心火) by the kidney-wter(腎水), 4)the reason why the disease goes through chronic process is because of the complexed emotions, converted fire caused by prolonged emotional disorder and inapropreate supression of fire with grow older. This results suggest thst the cooperative study of the clinical examination of the Psychiatrsis and the study on the fire by the Oriental Medical Doctors is necessary to establish the process of the disease, the pathological procedure, the prognosis and the method of treatment.