• Resources Recycling
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.45-51
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• 2010

Solvent extraction behavior of Sn(IV) from hydrochloric acid solution was investigated using TBP(Tri-butyl Phosphate) as an extractant. The experimental parameters, such as the concentration of HCl solution, chloride ions, extractant, and Sn were observed. Experimental results showed that the extraction percent of Sn was increased with increasing the hydrochloric acid and chloride ion concentration. More than 98% of Sn was extracted in 7.0 M HCl by 10% TBP. The optimum extraction stages of Sn for continuous extraction process was theoretically calculated by analysizing the McCabe-Thiele diagram. Stripping of Sn from the loaded organic phases can be accomplished by NaOH as a stripping reagent effectively and 99.3% of Sn was stripped by 2.0M NaOH solution.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.717-722
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• 2015

D-limonene included in citrus fruits is obtainable to extract essential oil as well as separate the oil ingredient. Soxhlet extraction, a type of SDE (Simultaneous steam Distillation and solvent Extraction), was used to extract limonene from tangerine peel. HPLC analysis was performed to quantify extracted d-limonene by using reversed-phase HPLC column. Results of HPLC analysis showed that the optimal extraction time was 2 hours in any solvent, and the extracted amounts of d-limonene in tangerine peel (per g tangerine peel) were 7.77 mg, 0.49 mg, and 0.28 mg in ethyl alcohol, n-hexane, and ether. Because yield was the highest in using ethyl alcohol as a solvent, polarity is stronger factor to effect on yield of extraction than boiling point.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.631-639
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• 2015

Extraction/separation of cobalt by solvent extraction is reviewed. Separation of cobalt using various reagents and also cobalt recovery from scrap using commercial extractant were analyzed. The separation ability for cobalt followed the order of phosphinic > phosphonic > phosphoric acid due to the increasing stabilization of tetrahedral coordination of cobalt complexes with the extractant in the organic phase. Depending upon the solution composition, commercial extractants like Cyanex 272, D2EPHA and PC 88A should primarily be used for commercial extraction processes and also the efficient management of their combination could address various separation issues associated with cobalt bearing scrap.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.93-99
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• 2018

Effective extraction of platinum group elements by dissolving waste platinum scrap from the display industry and solvent extraction, was studied. The extracted platinum solution was prepared as a precursor solution for diesel automotive exhaust gas purification catalyst and its catalytic activity was tested. The behavior of aqueous species of platinum was investigated through solution chemistry and based on the existence and behavior of these chemical species, the possibility of extraction and separation was established. By dissolving waste scrap by electrochemical method, the dissolution time of scrap was shortened and the extraction efficiency was increased. Through separation and removal of rhodium component, solvent extraction by TBP, and stripping by hydrochloric acid, Pt-Chloride-$H_2O$ solution was prepared. And then, an platinum amine complex solution through amination reaction with this solution as a raw material was prepared. The possibility of producing high-value platinum compounds from platinum group waste scrap was investigated by preparing platinum amine complex solution and then examining the catalytic activity with this amine precursor on the combustion reaction of carbon black.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.18-23
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• 2002

A study on the solvent extraction of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions has been investigated. The results showed that the extraction efficiency of chromium increased in proportion to extractant concentration. Aliquat 336 of quarternary amine effectively extracted hexavalent chromium and was superior to Alamine 336. And the stabilizers like polyhydric alcohols of octanol, decanol and dodecanol showed the similar effect fur prevention of third phase and a little promotion of extraction efficiency in comparison with non-use of polyhydric alcohols. On the other hand, in solvent extraction of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions, the hexavalent chromium was completely extracted at pH range lower than 7 with 1% Aliquat 336 as extractant and 5% decanol as stabilizer and the hexavalent chromium in extractant was completely stripped with 1M sodium hydroxide solution in the stripping step.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.35-42
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• 2013

Solvent extraction experiments have been performed to investigate an optimum condition to separate Nd and Pr from chloride solutions using PC88A and D2EHPA. In our experimental ranges, the distribution coefficients of Nd were higher than those of Pr. In both of PC88A and D2EHPA extractant system, our results indicated that the increase in concentration ratio of extractant to metal had a great effect on the extraction and separation of the two metals. In extraction with saponified D2EHPA, the initial pH of the aqueous solution and saponification degree had some effect on the extraction of the two metals but little effect on the separation factor.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.416-420
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• 2002

Various products of karanj (Pongamia glabra) are utilized for industrial, health and animal agriculture applications in the Indian subcontinent. Despite a rich source of protein (CP, 28-34%), karanj cake was found to be slightly bitter in taste and toxic owing to the presence of flavonoid (Karanjin), restricting its safe inclusion in the livestock diets. Feeding trials with raw cake revealed its poor palatability and adverse performance among different categories of livestock including poultry. The present study was, therefore, aimed to detoxify karanj cake by various physico-chemical methods like solvent extraction, water washing, pressure cooking and alkali and acid treatments. The level of residual karanjin in raw and variously processed cake was quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The raw expeller karanj cake was found to contain about 0.19% of karanjin. Though a non-polar solvent, soxhlet extraction of expeller pressed cake with petroleum ether drastically reduced karanjin content (0.01%). Soaking of cake for 24 h in 1% NaOH (w/w) solution was found to reduce karanjin to a major extent with little further benefit by increasing alkali level. Milder alkalies like lime and fertilizer grade urea reduced the karanjin levels marginally. Similar was the case with mineral acids such as HCl and glacial acetic acid. It was, therefore, concluded that solvent extraction of karanj seeds would be the best method of detoxification as well as for more recovery of oil and karanjin.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.56-62
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• 2015

Solvent extraction experiments for the separation and recovery of Re from hydrochloric acid leaching solution of spent super alloy by Alamine 304-1 were carried out. The effects of some variables, such as the nature and concentration of the extractants, HCl concentration, and the presence of impurities were investigated. The synthetic solutions of Re were prepared by dissolving ammonium perrhenate (APR), Alamine304-1, Cyanex272 and $D_2EHPA$ were used solvent extractants distilled in kerosene. The extraction percentage of Re by Alamine304-1 was higher than the other extractants as Cyanex272 and $D_2EHPA$ and the percentage is about 99%. Only 99% of Re was extracted in the presence of Al, Co and V in HCl solution.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.320-325
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• 1978

In order to elucidate the mechanism associated with the solvent extraction of uranium(VI) using DEPA and DPPA as extractant the uranium(VI) complexes formed during the solvent extraction were isolated and characterized by means of IR, NMR, chemical analysis and molecular weight determination. It has been found that uranium(VI) replaces the acidic hydrogen ions of the extractants DEPA and DPPA to form chelated polynuclear complexes, the molecular weight of U(VI)-DEPA complex being $2.1{\times}10^4$. The isolated U(VI)-DEPA complex has been found to be the same chemical species as is formed during the solvent extraction process. In case of DEPA the distribution coefficient of uranium is the largest of the pure aqueous uranium solution and is increasing for the acidic solutions in the order of $H_3PO_4.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 2014

Styela clava tunic is generated in large amounts as a waste from S. clava processing plants and causes environmental problem. Although biological activities of S. clava were reported by many investigators, study on S. clava tunic was little. In this study, therefore, tyrosinase inhibition and antioxidative activities of extracts from S. clava tunic using different solvent were investigated for recycling of the fishery waste. Among extraction methods tested, autoclaved extraction (25.7%) and hot water extraction (18.2%) appeared to be effective for extraction. The highest total phenolic content was 46.6 mg/g in autoclaved extract while the highest flavonoid content was 23.0 mg/g in chloroform extract. All extracts possessed tyrosinase inhibition activity and the inhibition activity was concentration-dependent. Inhibition concentration ($IC_{50}$) against tyrosinase activity was $0.36{\times}10^4$ mg/ml in ethanol extract, $0.11{\times}10^3$ mg/ml in acetone extract and 0.27 mg/ml in n-butanol extract. Among extracts tested, hot water and autoclaved extracts displayed higher antioxidative activity than organic solvent extracts. Therefore, our data suggest that extract from S. clava tunic may potential candidate for cosmetic product with whitening effect and medicine for diseases caused by various oxidative stresses.