• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.338-345
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• 2019

The selection of a suitable solvent is very important when preparing an extract. However, the effect of ethanol solvent concentration in the extraction of sweet wormwood tea has not been reported. Thus, extracts were prepared from sweet wormwood tea using water and various ethanol concentrations, and the phenolic compounds, antioxidants and anti-enzyme activities of the extracts were analyzed. The phenolic acid and flavonoid components differed according to extraction solvent, which also resulted in different antioxidant and antienzyme activities. In particular, flavonoid rhamnetin was not extracted using 80% and 99.5% ethanol and was highest when 60% ethanol was used for extraction. In the case of chlorogenic acid, the highest extraction efficiency was obtained with 80% ethanol. These results suggest the need for research to increase specific extraction efficiency by targeting major compounds that affect physiological activity.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2014

Objectives : Iridoid glycoside, swertiamarin is a well known bioactive component found in Swertia japonica Makino (SJ). In this study, we tried to optimize a suitable method which would extract swertiamarin effectively. Methods : Extraction of SJ was carried out by various conditions of time (5 - 60 min), temperature ($30-70^{\circ}C$), solvent (from non-polar to polar), and ratio of solvnet / sample (10 : 1 - 40 : 1) using ultrasonic extractor. Swertiamarin in SJ extracts was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography - Phtodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) using C18 column and the analytical procedure was validated by evaluation of specificity, range, linearity, accuracy (recovery), precision (intra- and inter day variability), limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). Results : An efficient extraction condition for swertiamarin in SJ was optimized using sonicator extraction (temperature $40^{\circ}C$, solvent 20% methanol, solvent / sample (20 : 1), and time 10 min. Analytical procedure was optimized by HPLC-PDA using isocratic solvent system of acetonitrile and water (9 : 91), and the method was validated in regard to linearity (correlation coefficient, $R^2$ > 0.9999), range ($50-1000{\mu}g/mL$), intra- and inter-precision (RSD < 5.0 %), and recovery (99 -103 %). LOD and LOQ were 0.051 and $0.155{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Conclusion : An optimized method of extraction for swertiamarin in SJ was established through conditions of diverse extraction and the validation result indicated that the method is suited for the determination of swertiamarin in SJ.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.33-41
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• 2016

A scale up tests (380 kg/day) using a continuous solvent extraction and electro-winning system was carried out to separate and recover cobalt from a solution containing 1.91 g/L Co and 14.65 g/L Ni. The solution was obtained during a process including solvent extraction and precipitation stages for removal of Cu and Fe from a synthetic sulfuric acid solution of manganese nodule matte. The optimal condition for solvent extraction was : solvent concentration of 0.22M Na-Cyanex 272 (45% saponified with NaOH) and O:A phase ratios of 1:1.5, 10:1 and 1.5:1 used in extraction, scrubbing and stripping stages, respectively. The extraction and stripping efficiencies were found to be 99.8% and 99.88%, respectively. The stripped solution contained 40.27 g/L Co with 4 ppm Ni. Cobalt metal of 99.963% purity was yielded with current efficiency of 67% and current density of $0.563A/dm^2$ during the electro-winning process.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.58-61
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• 2012

The solvent extraction of platinum (IV) metal from hydrochloric acid media using 4-(4-ethoxybenzylideneamino)-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (EBIMTT) in chloroform was studied as a function of several variables, such as reagent, acid and metal ion concentration, effect of various diluents, and diverse ions. The proposed method was further applied for the separation of platinum (IV) from binary mixtures, synthetic mixtures, alloys and commercially available samples.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2013

Recovery of pure cobalt and nickel from diverse resources is important due to the increased demand for these metals. In order to get cobalt and nickel with high purity, separation of them from other metal ions is necessary. In this review, several methods to obtain pure cobalt or nickel solution, such as solvent extraction, ion exchange, precipitation were introduced and compared. For solvent extraction, the advantage and disadvantage of the separation process together with detailed process conditions were investigated.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.325-334
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• 2003

Pinosylvin, a stilbenoid phytoalexin, is a health ingredient to be extracted from pine leaves. In this study, ultrasonication-assisted extraction process for manufacturing extracts with high content of pinosylvin from pine leaves was investigated. As process and system variables, ultrasonic power, sonication time and solvent ratio were selected. According to the experimental results, the effective yield of pinosylvin increased with the increase of ultrasonic power and sonication time and the decrease of solvent ratio. When the ultrasonic power of 2400 W/L was added to the solution of pulverized pine leaves of 8 g per 1 L of a solvent for 10 minutes, yield of extracts and purity, effective yield and concentration ratio of pinosylvin were 0.3166 g/g, 0.7247 mg/g, 0.2294 mg/g and 23.0, respectively.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.132-138
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• 1999

A new binder system and debinding process for low carbon residue in the injection molding of Nd(Fe, Co)B powder are investigated. In the injection molding of magnetic materials, it is demanded to reduce carbon residue which deteriorates their magnetic properties. The binder system developed is composed of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) and polypropylene (PP). PEG was selected as a major binder is component to be extracted in a molecular state by solvent extraction in ethanol, which step would leave no residue. PP was selected as a minor binder component to be subsequently removed by thermolysis which step would leave carbon residue. The behaviors of solvent extraction with the variations of PEG molecular weight, temperature, and time were examined. The dependency of residual carbon content on thermolysis atmosphere was also studied. Opened pore channels introduced in a green body by the solvent extraction and microstructures of the sintered magnets were observed using SEM.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.871-877
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• 2012

This study investigated the effects of temperature, solvent concentration, and pH on the ${\beta}$-glucan extraction. Oat bran ${\beta}$-glucan was extracted with different extraction conditions, using various combinations of experiment factors, such as temperature (40, 45, 50, 55, and $60^{\circ}C$), ethanol concentration (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%), and pH (5, 6, 7, 8, and 9). Under the various extraction conditions, ${\beta}$-glucan extraction rate and overall mass transfer coefficient of oat bran ${\beta}$-glucan, and viscosity of oat bran extracts were investigated. As increasing the extraction time, the extraction rate of ${\beta}$-glucan increased. The overall mass transfer coefficient of ${\beta}$-glucan ranged from $3.36{\times}10^{-6}$ to $8.55{\times}10^{-6}cm/min$, indicating the lowest at the extraction condition of $45^{\circ}C$, 15% and pH 8, and the highest at $50^{\circ}C$, 0% and pH 7. It was significantly greater with increasing extraction temperature and decreasing ethanol concentrations of extraction solvent, except for solvent pH. There were positive correlations among the overall mass transfer coefficient, the extraction rate of ${\beta}$-glucan, and the viscosity of extract.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.29-34
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• 2008

Solvent extraction behaviors of iron(III) from chloride solution at high ionic strength condition between Alamine336 and TBP were compared by using MaCabe-Thiele diagram. Extraction isotherms of iron by the two extractants were obtained by calculating the equilibrium concentrations of iron in both phases from the initial extraction conditions. In calculating the equilibrium concentration of iron, chemical equilibria in the aqueous phase and mass balance together with the solvent extraction reaction were considered. MaCabe-Thiele diagram of iron by 1M Alamine336 indicated that two extraction stages could lead to complete extraction of 0.5M iron from 3M HCl solution at an A/O ratio of 6/5. The extraction power of 1M Alamine336 was found to be the same as 2-3M TBP. MaCabe-Thiele diagram together with the physical properties of the two extractants indicated that Alamine336 is superior to TBP in extracting ferric iron from chloride solution.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.26-31
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• 2017

LIX 63 showed a selectivity for the extraction of Pd(II) over other PGMs, such as Pt(IV), Ir(IV) and Rh(III) from 6 M HCl solution. Moreover, HCl solution has significant effect on the oxidation-reduction reaction between Ir(IV) and LIX 63. Therefore, the applicability of employing LIX 63 for the separation of the 4 PGMs was investigated from 3 M HCl solution. From 3 M HCl solution, only Pd(II) was selectively extracted by LIX 63 and its extraction percentage was higher than from 6 M HCl solution. Extraction of the Pd(II) free raffinate with TBP led to the selective extraction of Pt(IV). After oxidation of Ir(III) with $NaClO_3$ to Ir(IV), extraction of the Pt(IV) free raffinate with Aliquat 336 selectively extracted Ir(IV). For each extraction step, optimum stripping conditions were obtained. By this process, it was possible to separate the 4 PGMs by solvent extraction from 3 M HCl solution.