• Toxicological Research
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• v.13 no.1_2
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• pp.161-165
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the skin irritation by transdermal administration of the three dyes. These dyes were originated from onion by using extraction method. By the order of extraction from onion, A-dye was obtained from onion by using water at 90-100$\circ$C. B-dye was extracted from A-dye with ethylacetate. After ethylacetate extraction from A-dye, the lower layer named as C-dye. Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three groups. The each groups was consisted of two subgroups according to high dose (extracted dyes) and low dose (the 100-fold dilutions of A-, Band C-dye). In primary skin irritation test of male New Zealand White rabbits, body temperature and weights were not significantly changed and blood cells were positioned in normal blood cell ranges of health rabbits. Primary irritation index was "0" in the test and control sites of all animals used in this study. By the results obtained in the present test, all dyes were evaluated as a non-irritant on the basis of the criteria of Draize.of Draize.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.253-259
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• 2012

In this work, the natural indigo production process from Polygonum tinctorium was balanced based on the traditional Niram method in Korea. A standard procedure was determined considering the conditions of indican extraction from plant material, the amount of alkali for precipitation, storage of extract, etc. The effect of experimental conditions on the yield of crude dye was investigated. The contents of indigo and indirubin of the crude dyes were analyzed by HPLC. Increase of the amount of crude dye was observed within 1-2.5 days of extraction time. Longer extraction beyond 2.5 days resulted in a slight decrease in the amount of crude dye. There was no consistency in terms of indigo content depending on extraction pH. We found that the storage of extract or harvested plants affected adversely to dye yield and dye quality. Based on the lab scale extraction, large scale extraction was performed for 2-2.5 days in water and 2.0-2.5 g/L of $Ca(OH)_2$ was applied for precipitation of indigo dye. We obtained natural indigo dye containing about 15% of pure indigo in scale-up production using whole plant except root.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.49-59
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• 2009

The bast fibers of paper mulberry were dyed by using sappan wood, gardenia, and gallnut extracted under various extraction conditions. The surface absorption rates, color, and sunlight fastness of the dyed fibers were compared to those of the dyed cotton and silk. The K/S values of silk showed the highest values, followed by gallnut, gardenia, and sappan wood. The optimum extraction conditions of the dye materials were 20 g/L (input amount of dye materials per liter), $90^{\circ}C$ (extraction temperature), and 30 minutes (extraction time). The values of saturation were observed to increase with the increase of the amount of dye materials, extraction time, and extration temperature. However, no effect were found on the values of hue and lightness. In all samples, the developed colors dyed by sappan wood and gardenia were the series of YR, and Y, respectively. The colors of dyed cotton and bast fibers of paper mulberry by gallnut were the series of Y and the dyed silk showed the series of YR. The values of saturation of the bast fibers of paper mulberry by sappan wood and gardenia showed the highest values of saturation, followed by cotton, and silk. In the case of gallnut, cotton showed the highest values of saturation, followed by the bast fibers of paper mulberry, and silk. The sunlight fastness were not improved in all dyeing conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2009

Natural Artemisia extraction was extracted from Artemisia component using diethyl ether as a solvent, and we tested various pharmacetical and chemical characteristics of this extract. Characteristic experiments to use natural Artemisia extract tested antimicrobial experiment using microbe in pharmacetical material, and tested dye experiment using fiber in chemical material. From the result of characteristics experiment, some conclusions are obtained as follow. From the result of extraction experiment, it obtained about 10.4%-Artemisia extraction ratio as semi-solid state, and after dried in freezing from Artemisia extract of semi-solid state, it obtained about 10%-Artemisia extraction ratio as solid state of dark blue-green color. From result of antimicrobial experiment of Artemisia extract, number of staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-01) and aspergillus niger (ATCC-02) in microbe decreased more and more according to time passage. This phenomenon showed that Artemisia extract influences to antimicrobial effect. From the result of dye experiment of Artemisia extract, it appeared in direction of dark blue-green color after dyed to use cotton and silk with fiber to control in pH 7.5. Specially the result which confirmed dye of fiber with optical electron microscope (OEM), we could know that it appears darker silk than cotton.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.612-621
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• 2011

The process of making or cultivating indigo dyes is very cumbersome and complex. The dye extraction and dyeing methods using general plant dye, moth repellent dye, fast acting natural dye, and other dyes are very different. This research investigates the extraction of indigo dye and liquid dye extraction of polygonum(indigo) plants using calcium oxide water. While extracting indigo dye the concentration of purified indigo dye may be controlled by adjusting the pH level. Due to the various uses of dyes the adjustment of surface color must be considered. In regard to the change according to different concentrations of reducing agents, it was found that cotton fabrics and ramie fabrics show the highest color difference at 0.4% and 0.3% respectively. As the reduction temperature increases, the color difference increases as well. The maximum color difference was found to appear at $90^{\circ}C$. Cotton fabrics and ramie fabrics showed 70.55 and 67.01 respectively. The color difference increases as the concentration of dyes increases, but at a concentration of 300%, cotton fabrics was found to show 6.22PB in H value using the Munsell color system, containing purple and blue color. The pH of the polygonum dyes extracted through this experiment were adjusted by adding calcium oxide to the experimental water, without directly adding calcium oxide to the liquid polygonum extract. In a refine state, it was mixed with polygonum extract to extract a more refine and highly concentrated indigo dye. When lye and reducing agents are added to extracted indigo dye and sealed for long-term storage, it can be effective and easily used for dyeing.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.341-349
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• 2009

Natural grape extraction was extracted from grape component using diethyl ether as a solvent, and we tested various pharmaceutical and chemical characteristics of this extract. Characteristic experiments to use natural grape extract tested antimicrobial experiment using microbe in pharmaceutical material, and tested dye experiment using fiber in chemical material. From the result of characteristics experiment, some conclusions are obtained as follow. From the result of characteristics experiment, it obtained about 7.5%-grape extraction ratio as semi-solid state, and after dried in freezing from grape extract of semi-solid state, it obtained about 10%-grape extraction ratio as solid state of dark purple color. From result of antimicrobial experiment of grape extract, number of staphylococcus aureus (KCMC-01) and aspergillus niger (KCMC-02) in microbe decreased more and more according to time passage. This phenomenon showed that grape extract influences to antimicrobial effect. From the result of dye experiment of grape extract, it appeared in direction of dark purple color after dyed to use cotton and silk with fiber to control in pH 7.5. Specially the result which confirmed dye of fiber with optical electron microscope(OEM), we could know that it appears darker silk than cotton.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.481-492
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• 2023

The ecofriendly lifestyle has attracted considerable support for sustainable development. Natural dyes, as sustainable products, have become a research focus and development area for many scientists. Ecofriendly processing also supports circular sustainable development. This study effectively obtained tannins as a natural dye from merbau (Intsia bijuga) sawdust using water as an ecofriendly solvent. Merbau sawdust is an underutilized industrial waste. Temperature and solid-solvent ratio variations were performed to extract tannins from merbau sawdust. Temperature and solid-solvent ratio positively affected solution yield and tannin concentration. The optimal condition was identified using response surface methodology and experimental observations. A yield of 0.2217 g tannins/g merbau was obtained under the conditions of 333.15 K and 0.125 solid-solvent ratio. Extraction was controlled by convective mass transfer at the interface of solid particles.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.407-414
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• 2004

A natural dye aqueous walnut shell extract was obtained by extraction of walnut shell using water at various conditions in this study. Silk fabrics were dyed at various dyeing and mordanting conditions using walnut shell extract and various mordants (Al, Cu, Fe ions). Studies have been made on the effects of dyeing and mordanting conditions on the dyeing properties and fastness (light, water and dry cleaning fastness) of dyed silk Fabric. The results obtained in this study were as follows;. The dye content in the walnut shell extract increased with increasing extraction temperature to 90℃ and extraction time to 120min, and thereafter the dye content decreased a little. The dry cleaning and water fastness of non-mordanted silk fabrics were better than those of mordanted silk fabrics.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2024

Purpose: The development of natural batik dyes based on a combination of coconut fiber waste and avocado leaves using the extraction method is important to support the green economy and reduce chemical waste in Indonesia. Research design, data and methodology: The research explores the use of coconut fiber and avocado leaf waste extraction as a natural batik dye and conducts market testing to assess consumer satisfaction. Results: Indonesian batik exports are growing, but synthetic dye practices are causing a decline in demand. To address this, natural dyes are being explored, including coconut fiber waste and avocado leaf waste. Conclusion: Test results from washing at 40 degrees Celsius in terms of color changes and color staining, from sweat in terms of changes in acid color and changes in base color, to sunlight in terms of color fastness value, to heat to iron in terms of color change and color staining shows a value of 3-4 (quite good) and 4-5 (good), meaning that coconut fiber and avocado leaves waste can be used as natural batik dye.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.158-163
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• 2006

Standard extraction procedure for examining chromophoric substances of turmeric was investigated. Acetone and methanol were used as extracting solvents with different extraction procedures and pH levels. GC-MS analysis identified curcumene 2 (6.7 min), feruloylmethane 3 (8.3 min), coumaran 4 (6.09 min), vanillin 5 (6.2 min), and zingiberene 6 (10.5 min) as the major products. Curcumin 1 which has been known as the major chromophoric substance of turmeric was not detected in any samples. The maximum amount of curcumene 2, which was used as the fingerprint product for turmeric dye, was obtained by utilizing presoaking and decanting step with methanol prior to actual extraction step using a waterbath shaker (WMM). The highest relative abundance of curcumene 2 was detected in pH 6 sample followed by pH 5 indicating that the most appropriate pH level was in the range of pH 6-5.