• Toxicological Research
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.191-203
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• 2017

Human eyes and skin are frequently exposed to chemicals accidentally or on purpose due to their external location. Therefore, chemicals are required to undergo the evaluation of the ocular and dermal irritancy for their safe handling and use before release into the market. Draize rabbit eye and skin irritation test developed in 1944, has been a gold standard test which was enlisted as OECD TG 404 and OECD TG 405 but it has been criticized with respect to animal welfare due to invasive and cruel procedure. To replace it, diverse alternatives have been developed: (i) For Draize eye irritation test, organotypic assay, in vitro cytotoxicity-based method, in chemico tests, in silico prediction model, and 3D reconstructed human cornealike epithelium (RhCE); (ii) For Draize skin irritation test, in vitro cytotoxicity-based cell model, and 3D reconstructed human epidermis models (RhE). Of these, RhCE and RhE models are getting spotlight as a promising alternative with a wide applicability domain covering cosmetics and personal care products. In this review, we overviewed the current alternatives to Draize test with a focus on 3D human epithelium models to provide an insight into advancing and widening their utility.

• 약학회지
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.456-461
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• 2011

The aim of the present study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of a Rice Bran Ethanol Extract (RBE). Inflammation, such as a bacterial infection in vivo metabolites, such as external stimuli or internal stimuli to the defense mechanisms of the biological tissue a variety of intracellular regulatory factors deulin inflammatory TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, such as proinflammatory cytokines, prostagrandin, lysosomal enzyme, free radicals are involved in a variety of mediators. The present study was designed to determine the effect of the RBE on pro-inflammatory factors such as NO, iNOS expression and TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages cells. The cell toxicity was determined by MTS assay. To evaluate of anti-inflammatory effect of RBE, amount of NO was measured using the NO detection kit and the iNOS expression was measured by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). And proinflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA kit. As a result, the RBE reduced NO, iNOS expression and TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 production without cytotoxicity. Our results suggest that the RBE may have an anti-inflammatory property through suppressing inflammatory mediator productions and appears to be useful as an anti-inflammatory material.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.70-82
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• 2008

Objective : The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of Baickbujasan(BB) on the skin damage and depigmentation. Method : The inhibition of tyrosinase activity, melanogenesis and cell viability in cultured B16 melanoma cells were measured. In order to test effects of reduction of melanogenesis, B16 F-10 mouse melanoma stem line was employed to extract melanin from cultured cell, where BB was added or not, and was dissolved in alkali for colorimetric analysis. Also, in order to test skin alteration in C57BL/6 after UV irradiation, the animals were grouped into a UV urradiation group and UV irradiation after BB application group. Dopa oxidase tissue staining was excuted to invesitage the change in the distribution of active melanin cell. The distribution of active melanin cell in inner skin of iNOS after damage from UVB irradiation and the manifestation condition of P53 which takes part in natural death of keratinocyte were examined. Result : The results indicate that BB has significant effects on tyrosinase activity, and melanogenesis in vivo test. BB seems to reduce C57BL/6, external dermatological damage, for instance, erythematous papule, eczema, loss of keratinocyte, reduction in pus, and relieves dermatological damages. Conclusion : BB can be applied externally for UV protection and depigmentation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.413-420
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• 2015

Dexmedetomidine is a sedative and analgesic agent that exerts its effects by selectively agonizing ${\alpha}2$ adrenoceptor. Histamine is a pathophysiological amine that activates G protein-coupled receptors, to induce $Ca^{2+}$ release and subsequent mediate or progress inflammation. Dexmedetomidine has been reported to exert inhibitory effect on inflammation both in vitro and in vivo studies. However, it is unclear that dexmedetomidine modulates histamine-induced signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. This study was carried out to assess how dexmedetomidine modulates histamine-induced $Ca^{2+}$ signaling and regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes encoding interleukin (IL)-6 and -8. To elucidate the regulatory role of dexmedetomidine on histamine signaling, HeLa cells and human salivary gland cells which are endogenously expressed histamine 1 receptor were used. Dexmedetomidine itself did not trigger $Ca^{2+}$ peak or increase in the presence or absence of external $Ca^{2+}$. When cells were stimulated with histamine after pretreatment with various concentrations of dexmedetomidine, we observed inhibited histamine-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ signal in both cell types. Histamine stimulated IL-6 mRNA expression not IL-8 mRNA within 2 hrs, however this effect was attenuated by dexmedetomidine. Collectively, these findings suggest that dexmedetomidine modulates histamine-induced $Ca^{2+}$ signaling and IL-6 expression and will be useful for understanding the antagonistic properties of dexmedetomidine on histamine-induced signaling beyond its sedative effect.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제20권1호통권32호
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• pp.130-144
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• 2007

UV-irradiated skin shows acutely erythema, edema, pigmantation (sunbum) and chronically coarse wrinkling, roughness, dryness, laxity (photoaging). Jawoongo(紫雲膏, JW) is clinically useful external application and effective bum, sunburn, wound and symptom of dryness(燥症) in skin disease. In this experiment, we examined if JW could cure the UVB-mediated acute skin damages, inhibit UVB-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation of skin, and block the photoaging. In vivo test, we found that JW could effectively cure the UVB-mediated acute skin damages(erythema, edema, angiogenesis, hyperplasia, infiltration of lymphocytes) and inhibit expression of HSP70, CYP1A1 and p53. We also found that JW could repair destruction of collagen fiber and inhibit activation of MMP-9, and inhibit expression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, iNOS, hyperplasia of keratynocyte. In vitro test, we found that JW could inhibit expression of IKK, iNOS mRNA, and production of NO. These findings shows that JW could cure the UVB-mediated acute skin damages, inhibit UVB-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation of skin, and block photoaging.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.156-162
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• 2005

Stouts are frequently used throughout the human body, but the most critical areas are in coronary arteries. They open pathways in vessels and supply blood directly to the heart muscle. To simulate behavior of expansion for the coronary stent by balloon, the commercial finite element code LS-DYNA and ANSYS were used in the analysis. The explicit method is used to analyze the expansion of the stent and the implicit method is performed to simulate the springback that developed in a stent after the balloon pressure has been removed. Finally the experimental results for the expansion of the PS153 stents were compared with the FEM results. The springback was measured with the stents subjected to no external pressure to which stents are subjected in vivo. The simulated results were in good agreement with experimental results. Standard mechanical characteristics such as stress, plastic strains, and springback can be derived from the numerical results. These data can be used to determine maximum expansion diameter without fracture and expansion pressure considering elastic recoil.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.276-282
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• 2003

목적: 자궁경부암의 고선량률 근접치료는 근치적 치료에서 중요한 역할을 차지하나 만성합병증 특히 직장합병증의 위험도 증가하게 된다. 이에 저자들은 직장합병증과 직장 방사선선량을 비교하여 합병증과 관련된 인자를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1995년 7월부터 2001년 12월까지 자궁경부암으로 진단받고 근치적 방사선치료로 외부방사선치료와 고선량률 강내치료를 모두 받은 환자 222명을 대상으로 하였다. 외부방사선치료의 총방사선량 중앙값은 50.4 Gy(30.6$\~$56.4 Gy)이고 고선량률 강내치료는 이리듐(Ir)-192를 이용하여 point A에 3$\~$5.5 Gy (중앙값 4 Gy), 조사횟수는 5$\~$8회(중앙값 6회)로 주 2회 조사하여 총 15$\~$32.5 Gy (중앙값 24 Gy)를 조사하였다. 환자의 중앙 추적기간은 39개월(6$\~$90개월)이었다 결과: 만성 직장합병증은 21명(9.5$\%$)에서 관찰되었다. 이들은 모두 직장출혈을 보였으며 다른 합병증은 나타나지 않았다. 직장합병증이 발생하기까지의 시간은 방사선치료 종료 후 3$\~$44개월(중앙값 13개월)이었다. 이전의 결과와 마찬가지로 직장합병증을 보인 군의 계산직장선량은 합병증을 보이지 않았던 군과 비슷하고 그 차이가 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 그러나 직장합병증을 보인 군의 측정직장선량의 평균값과 BED는 합병증을 보이지 않았던 군에 비해 높았으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 측정 직장선량이 16 Gy를 넘거나 측정 직장선량과 A point 선량과의 비가 70$\%$를 넘는 경우 또는 측정 직장선량의 BED가 120 Gy$_{3}$을 넘는 경우는 직장 합병증의 가능성이 유의하게 증가하였다. 결론: 자궁경부암에서 고선량률 강내치료시 TLD를 이용한 생체 내 선량측정을 하고 이를 조정함으로써 만성 직장합병증을 예측하고 그 가능성을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.320-324
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• 2017

현대적인 농업기계발달과 그에 따른 집약농업 발달은 토양압축을 야기하고 뿌리에 압박 스트레스를 가하여 생육을 저하시킨다. 뿌리에 압박스트레스를 작용하여 식물 생장발육에 영향과 생식의 변화 양상을 연구하기 위해 Kalanchoe pinnata를 사용하였다. K. pinnata는 잎의 가장자리에서 무성생식이 가능한 체세포 배를 형성하는 것으로 알려져 왔다. Kalanchoe pinnata의 뿌리 압박 효과를 고농도 agar 농도를 사용하여 외부 스트레스 요인에 따른 체세포 배 형성 및 기관분화 경향의 변화를 관찰하고 이러한 현상을 조직학적으로 연구 하였다. 스트레스 요인으로 배양배지에서 agar의 농도를 0.5%에서 1.5%까지의 범위로 조성하여 뿌리에 압박효과를 야기하였고, 이후 K. pinnata의 줄기와 잎 등을 microtechnique 방법으로 조직의 변화를 연구하였다. In vivo에서 K. pinnata는 수분부족 및 과도한 광조건에 의해 잎 가장자리에서 $2^{nd}$, $3^{rd}$ plantlet이 생성이 되는 것을 확인하였다. 기내배양 연구에서 agar의 농도가 낮을수록 개체 수의 증가 및 생체량의 증가가 빠르지만 잎 만곡부에서 plantlet의 발생은 나타나지 않는 경향을 나타냈다. 반면에 agar의 농도가 증가할수록 개체수의 증가가 낮은 경향을 나타났다. 또한 agar 1.5%의 배지에서만 잎에서 plantlet 발생현상이 나타났다. Agar 농도의 차이는 K. pinnata의 뿌리에 스트레스 요인으로 작용하여 무성생식의 양상이 뿌리에서 포기 나누기 방법에서 잎에서 소식물체 형성으로 변화하는 경향을 나타났다. 이는 뿌리 압박 효과가 스트레스로 작용하여 식물 생식 양상을 변화 시킬 수 있게 되는 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.93-97
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• 2007

일반적으로 음이온 계면활성제는 효소의 disulfide bond를 분해시켜 효소의 활성이 없어진다. 따라서 특정한 캡슐에 효소를 포집하여 안정도를 증대시킨다. 본 연구에서는 polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), 그리고 PEG-PPG-PEG block copolymer 등의 폴리올을 이용하여 papain 효소의 안정도를 증대시켰다. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)와 confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) 분석을 통하여 폴리올은 고분자층과 효소의 중간에 위치하며, 이들은 완충액으로 작용하여 효소의 안정도를 증대시키는 것으로 확인하였다. 또한, 이온 복합체를 이용하여 다층 캡슐을 제조하여 wash-off 형태의 세정제에 응용하였다. 세정제 내에서 계면활성제와 물은 효소캡슐의 표면에 분산되었으며, 캡슐의 중앙부분으로 서서히 침투되었다. 반면에 본 연구에서 사용된 sodium lauroyl sarcosinate와 polyguaternium-6는 물이 효소부분으로 침투하지 않는 것을 in vivo 시험을 통하여 확인하였다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.56-66
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• 2020

Purpose: A stability-measuring device that utilizes damping capacity analysis (DCA) has recently been introduced in the field of dental implantology. This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and reliability of this device by measuring the implant stability of ex vivo samples in comparison with a resonance frequency analysis (RFA) device. Methods: Six implant beds were prepared in porcine ribs using 3 different drilling protocols to simulate various implant stability conditions. Thirty-six pork ribs and 216 bone-level implants measuring 10 mm in height were used. The implant beds were prepared using 1 of the following 3 drilling protocols: 10-mm drilling depth with a 3.5-mm-diameter twist drill, 5-mm drilling depth with a 4.0-mm-diameter twist drill, and 10-mm drilling depth with a 4.0-mm-diameter twist drill. The first 108 implants were external-connection implants 4.0 mm in diameter, while the other 108 implants were internal-connection implants 4.3 mm in diameter. The peak insertion torque (PIT) during implant placement, the stability values obtained with DCA and RFA devices after implant placement, and the peak removal torque (PRT) during implant removal were measured. Results: The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of the implant stability quotient (ISQ) results obtained using the RFA device at the medial, distal, ventral, and dorsal points were 0.997, 0.994, 0.994, and 0.998, respectively. The ICCs of the implant stability test (IST) results obtained using the DCA device at the corresponding locations were 0.972, 0.975, 0.974, and 0.976, respectively. Logarithmic relationships between PIT and IST, PIT and ISQ, PRT and IST, and PRT and ISQ were observed. The mean absolute difference between the ISQ and IST values on a Bland-Altman plot was -6.76 (-25.05 to 11.53, P<0.05). Conclusions: Within the limits of ex vivo studies, measurements made using the RFA and DCA devices were found to be correlated under a variety of stability conditions.