• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2023

Hamstring flexibility is an important factor that affects muscle performance of the lower extremities and is closely associated with sports injuries. Therefore, evaluation of flexibility is important in clinical practice. Results of evaluation are determined by types of tests and cut-off values used; therefore, accurate and detailed understanding of these is necessary before examination. Although the straight leg raise and sit and reach tests are used to evaluate hamstring extensibility, structures including the nerves, fascia, and other muscles can significantly confound the results of these tests. The knee extension test is performed at 90° of hip flexion to minimize the posterior pelvic tilt that occurs during the straight leg test. The knee extension test is most recommended for selective evaluation of hamstring flexibility. The knee extension test is classified into active and passive tests. The cut-off value is usually set at 20° for the active and at 10° for the passive knee extension test. Although a strong association is observed between the two tests, the active knee extension test is preferred in clinical practice because it can be performed by a single examiner, which serves as an advantage. Age, sex, and warm-up exercise tend to affect flexibility; therefore, results should be interpreted with caution. Detailed understanding of each flexibility test is important for reliable evaluation.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.381-387
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• 2017

Purpose: Although some studies indicate that the Sorensen test may not be used to examine back muscles such as the erector spinae, alternatives to the back-extension test are rarely suggested. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate an effective way to stimulate the erector spinae muscles by adding a component of trunk rotation and lateral bending to general back extensions. Methods: A total of 18 healthy, physically active participants performed simple trunk extension, extension with trunk rotation, and extension with lateral bending. Surface electromyography responses of the latissimus dorsi, thoracic, and lumbar levels of the erector spinae; the gluteus maximus; and the biceps femoris muscles were investigated during these 3 conditions of modified back extension tests. Results: The simple trunk extension exercise caused significant increases in activity of the gluteus maximus and biceps femoris muscles as compared to the extension with rotation and lateral bending exercises. The extension with trunk rotation exercise showed significantly greater activation in the thoracic and lumbar levels of the erector spinae and in the latissimus dorsi as compared to the other exercises. The index measuring subjective difficulty was significantly lower in the simple trunk extension exercise as compared to the extension with trunk rotation and extension with lateral bending exercises. Conclusion: The present study suggests that extension with trunk rotation has the advantage of stimulating the para-spinal muscles, while simple trunk extension may not be adequate to selectively simulate the para-spinal muscles but may be appropriate for examining global trunk extensors.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.45-54
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was effect of hamstring length on one leg stance test(OLST) in 108 persons. (men 28, women 80). The active knee extension test(AKE) was applied 3 times on both leg and high score was selected. Then, one leg stance test(OLST) was applied 3 times on both leg and high score was selected. Also, persons divided two group that is normal hamstring length group and shortening group). The result were as follows : 1. The correlation analysis between Lt. hamstring length and one leg stance time was no significant relation($p_{Lt.}=0.271$, $p_{Rt.}=0.051$). 2. The correlation analysis between Rt. hamstring length and one leg stance time was no significant relation($p_{Lt.}=0.837$, $p_{Rt.}=0.334$). 3. The independent T -test between Lt. hamstring normal (knee extension > 150degrees) & shortening group (knee extension ${\leq}$ 150 degrees) in Lt. leg stance time was no significant difference(p=0.73), but in Rt. leg stance time was statistically significant difference(p=0.04). 4. The independent T-test between Rt. hamstring normal (knee extension > 150degrees) & shortening group (knee extension ${\leq}$ 150 degrees) in one leg stance time was no significant difference($p_{Lt.}=0.09$, $p_{Rt.}=0.16$).

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회B
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• pp.3221-3223
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• 2007

Recently, nuclear power plant companies have been extending the turbine valve test interval to reduce the potential of the reactor trip accompanied with a turbine valve test and to improve the NPP's economy through the reduction of unexpected plant trip or decreased operation. In these regards, the extension of the test interval for turbine valves was reviewed in detail. The effect on the destructive overspeed probability due to the test interval change of turbine valves is evaluated by Fault Tree Analysis(FTA) method. Even though the test interval of turbine valves is changed from 1 month to 3 months, the analysis result shows that the reliability of turbine over speed protection system meets acceptance criteria of 1.0E-4/yr. This result will be used as the technical basis on the extension of the test interval for turbine valves. In this paper, the propriety of the turbine valve test interval extension is explained through the review on the turbine valve test interval status of turbine overspeed protection system, the analysis on the annual turbine missile frequency and the probability evaluation of the destructive overspeed due to the test interval extension.

• Composites Research
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2010

서로 다른 길이비를 갖는 세 종류의 유리 직물 복합재료(평직, 균형능직, 비균형능직)의 면내 전단 물성 평가를 위해 편향인장 시험을 실시하였다. 직물 복합재료의 전단각을 결정하기 위하여 인장 변형량과 직물의 크기에 기인한 이론식, 직접측정법 및 이미지 분석법등을 이용하여 서로의 장단점을 비교하여 보았으며, 편향 인장 시험의 기하구조를 이용하여 유도된 식을 통해 면내 전단력을 계산하였다. 또한 트렐리스 시험(trellis-frame test)에 의한 결과와의 비교를 통해 편향 인장 시험에 의한 전단 물성 측정법의 정확도를 평가하였다. 실험 결과, 이론식에 의한 전단각 계산법은 전단각이 30도 이내일 경우에 이미지를 통한 직접 측정의 결과와 유사하였으며, 면내 전단력은 평직이나 균형 능직과 같은 등방형 직물의 경우에만 측정 샘플의 길이비에 무관한 균일한 결과를 보였다. 또한 편향 인장 시험과 트렐리스 시험 모두 비등방성이 큰 직물에 대한 전단 평가를 수행하는 데 있어서 많은 편차를 나타내었다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.85-93
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to establish the reliability and validity of the passive lumbar extension (PLE) test and prone instability test (PIT). Thirty-three subjects (14 males, 19 females) with lower back pain enrolled in the study and the subjects were divided into 2 groups (positive and negative instability groups) on the basis of radiographies of flexion and extension. Reliability was determined by the kappa coefficient and validity was examined using calculated sensitivity, specificity, and the likelihood ratio. The results showed that the reliability of the PLE test was higher than the PIT (intra-rater reliability: k=.86 and k=.81, interrater reliability: k=.65 and k=.62) and the validity of the PLE test was also higher than the PIT (sensitivity: 91% and 62%, specificity: 95% and 85% positive likelihood ratio: 20.00 and 4.10, negative likelihood ratio: .10 and .45). In conclusion, we think that the PLE test was a more reliable and valid method for lumbar instability than the PIT.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.76-84
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• 2021

Background: In clinical practice, active knee extension (AKE) test has been widely used to measure hamstring flexibility. During the AKE test, the knee extension is repeated six times. The first five repetitions are considered as warm-up, and the sixth is used as baseline. In order to accurately measure the subject's inherent flexibility, warm-up trials have been proposed as mentioned above; but currently, the evidence is insufficient. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Forty-three healthy adults participated in this study. The AKE was performed slowly after flexing the hip and knee joints by 90° in a supine position. The knee was extended as far as could be done without causing discomfort or pain. When reaching the end range, knee flexion was performed without stopping. As per standard protocol, the subjects performed the knee extension six times. Results: There was no significant difference between the AKE value in the first trial with those in the other five trials. During the repetitions, the average value in the group with higher flexibility tended to decrease and the Intraclass correlation coefficient gradually decreased. Conclusion: Successive repetitions of the AKE test can misrepresent an individual's inherent hamstring flexibility. In order to avoid a decrease in hamstring flexibility, it is strongly recommended that individuals with high initial hamstring flexibility avoid unnecessary repetitions of the AKE test.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2009

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to measure the change of strength of trunk flexion and extension on abdominal and back muscles. Methods : Each taping group 1(n=14), taping group 2(n=14), taping group 3(n=14) and control group(n=15) were measured a muscle strength by Biodex at first test, second test, third test and forth test in 3 days. Results : The strength of trunk flexion and extension was significantly different among the experimental groups (p<.05). It also shows that significant increasing of muscle strength at 48 hours after application of taping (p<.05). Conclusion : In conclusion, we were found that taping technique base on taping type show immediately assistance of muscle strength and enduring effect for 48 hours.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.763-770
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• 1995

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of lumbar flexion and extension range-of -motion measurements obtained with the modified -modified $Sch{\ddot{o}}ber$ methods on normal and subjects with low back pain. Sixty two, aged 20 to 30 years(x = 22.0, SD = 2.07), with normal and twenty two, aged 14 to 66 years(x = 35.6, SD = 15.88) with chronic low back pain were measured by two physical therapist with 3 to 10 years (x = 6.5) of clinical experience. The therapist used the modified-modified $Sch{\ddot{o}}ber$(MMS) techniques to measure, in random order and on two occasions, the subjects' lumbar flexion and extension. For therapist 1, Intraclass correlation coefficients(ICC) for test-retest reliability for normal varied .9923, .8802(flexion, extension). and low back pain pateint varied .9950, .9313(flexion, extension). For therapist 2. ICC. for test-retest reliability for normal varied .9903, .8921(flexion, extension). and low back pain pateint varied .9843, .9551(flexion, extension). Interrater reliability for normal varied .9477, .6960(flexion, extension) and low back pain pateint varied. 9776, .7576(flexion, extension). Thus the MMS. method appears to be a reliable method for normal and patient with low back pain.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2008

Purpose : This survey was to investigate on the effect of each region changed in trunk through sagittal plane after Trunk Flexion-Extension Exercise. Methods : 18 students of Gimcheon College participated in this study for the period of July 9-30, 2007. Analyzed factor were 1) degree of pain 2) presence of Gillet test and 3) difference of right-left for 7 landmark region in trunk applying I.B.S.-2000 after Trunk Flexion - Extension Exercise. We used the SPSS $PC^+$ program for classifying into analysis of frequency, $x^2$-test, t-test and Simple Linear Regression analysis test. Results: Followings are concluded For degree of pain, 13(72.2%) of students answered "No pain" after Trunk Flexion-Extension Exercise and in the result 4 more students decreased the pain. In the Gillet test, 14(77.8%) of students answered "positive" after Trunk Flexion-Extension Exercise and in the result 4 more students increased mobility of Sacroiliac joint. In the differences of right-left for 7 landmark region in trunk by B.M.I. scale, Slim type was decreased both Acromion(0.45mm), both Iliac crest(0.44mm), and both ASIS(0.31mm) to anterior plane, Normal type was decreased both inferior angle of Scapular(0.02mm), both L4-5(0.07mm), and both PSIS(0.09mm) to posterior plane Fatness type was decrease both Acromion(0.05mm), both ASIS(0.05mm) to anterior plane. In the differences of right-left for 7 landmark region in trunk for degree of pain No pain group was decreased both Acromion(0.17mm), both Nipple(0.25mm) to anterior plane and both PSIS(0.13mm) to posterior plane Pain group was decreased both Acromion(0.04mm), both Iliac creast(0.03mm) to anterior plane and both inferior angle of Scapular(0.18mm) both PSIS(0.13mm) to posterior plane. In the difference of right-left for 7 landmark region in trunk for each of the exercises, Both iliac crest(0.1mm), both ASIS(0.12mm) to anterior plane were decreased after Flexion Trunk Exercise. Both acromion(0.27mm) to anterior plane, both inferior angle of scapular(0.14mm) and both PSIS(0.12mm) to posterior plane were decreased after Extension Trunk Exercise. Each of the exercises, The both inferior angle of Scapular showed high scores($0.65{\pm}0.23$) at Trunk Extension Exercise group and there was statistical significance between Trunk Flexion Exercise group and Extension exercise group(t :-2.502, p < 0.05). 7. At Pre-exercise group, Both inferior angle of Scapular showed low scores($0.23{\pm}8.27$) at Trunk Extension Exercise group and there was statistical significance between Pre- Exercise group and Trunk Extension Exercise group(t :-2.5430, p<0.05). Conclusion : The simple linear regression analysis was presented at Acromion(-0.243), L4-5(-0.753), PSIS(0.576) and there was statistical significance in BMI scale(p<0.01).