• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.277-283
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• 2001

The emergence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase(ESBL) producing bacteria is causing very serious problems in Korea. Although there have been many reports about these bacteria isolated from patients and clinical specimens, there is no report of ESBL-producing organisms isolated from natural evironment in Korea. This is the first study on the ESBL producing bacteria out of the medical system in Korea. Twenty-six ESBL producing bacteria were isolated only from sewerage plant drain water at Kwang-an beach among the sampling collected sites including snakehead fish plants in Myungi, Aquaculture Engineering Lab. in Pukyong National University and two public-bathrooms in Pusan, Korea. ESBL producing bacteria were identified by double-disk synergy test, conjugation, isoelectric focusing values and PCR. The species of ESBL producing bacteria were Enterobacter cloacae(4 strains), E. sakazakii(8 strains), Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae(8 strains) and K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae(6 strains). TEM and SHV specific PCR products were detected from all the ESBL strains produced TEM+SHV products on the PCR plates. The pI values of ESBL produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae, Enterobacter cloacae, and E. sakazakii were 5.9, 5.9+5.4; 5.9, $5.9+5.4;{\ge}8.5$, 8.0+5.4, and 8.0+5.4, respectively on the IEF. Seven strains of the isolates were transfered their genes to E. coli RG488 $Rif^r$ by conjugation.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2013

Background: The prevalence of extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is increasing rapidly worldwide. Treatment options for ESBL-producing E. coli are limited, and infections caused by this organism are associated with improper antibiotic use, a long hospital stay, and increased mortality. Thus, the assessment and early recognition of the risk factors of nosocomial infections due to ESBL-producing E. coli are important for the infection control and proper treatment. Methods: A case-control study was performed that included nosocomial episodes of ESBL-producing E. coli bacteremia at a tertiary care hospital from January 2004 to December 2007. For each case patient, three controls were randomly selected and data on predisposing factors were collected. Results: Fifty-five cases of nosocomial ESBL-producing E. coli bacteremia were studied. Carbapenem usage (OR: 11.3, 95% CI: 1.1-115.9, p=0.041), quinolone usage (OR: 4.5, 95% CI: 1.1-18.8, p=0.042), biliary obstructive disease (OR: 11.8, 95% CI: 3.0-46.7, p<0.001) and the APACHE II score (OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.2- 1.5, p<0.001) were analyzed as independent risk factors of nosocomial ESBL-producing E. coli bacteremia. Conclusion: Our results showed that physicians caring for patients with risk factors of nosocomial bacteremia should consider ESBL-producing E. coli as the causative organisms of the disease.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.267-274
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• 2006

Klebsiella pneumoniae is the leading cause of nasocomial infection and the most commonly isolated from clinical specimens. $Extended-spectrum-{\beta}-lactamase$ (ESBL) producing K. pneumoniae infection was associated with a significantly longer duration of hospital stay and greater hospital charges. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antibiotic resistant patterns and the DNA fingerprint types of extended-spectrum ${\beta}-lactamase$ (ESBL) producing K. pneumoniae. 223K. pneumoniae strains were collected from three general hospitals with more than 500 beds in Busan, Korea from September 2004 to October 2005. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics was measured using the Gram negative susceptibility (GNS) cards of VITEK (Vitek system, Hazelwood Inc., MO). Random amplified polymorphic DNA method was used to detect DNA fingerprint of the organisms. Of the 226 K. pneumoniae isolates 65 ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae strains were detected by the Vitek system and confirmed by the double-disk synergy test. All the 65K. pneumoniae strains were resistant cefazolin, cefepime, ceftriaxone and aztreonam, and 83.0% of the organisms were resistant to ampicillin/sulbactam, 66.1% to tobramycin, 67.6% to piperacillin/tazobactam, 61.5% to ciprofloxacin, and 47.6% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and 43.0% to gentamicin. The RAPD patterns were distincted as 10 types by three random 10-mer primers (208, 272, 277). Among ten type patterns, three types (Ic, IIb, IIIe) were remarkably represented at patient of internal department, nerve surgery department, general surgery department, and neonatal room. These results indicate that RAPD can be useful for DNA of strains typing in the epidemiological investigations. Therefore more investigation are needed in order to prevent the ESBL type-producing K. pneumoniae from spreading resistance to oxyimino cephalosphorin antibiotics.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.916-923
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• 2022

Water samples were collected from three spots(Namcheon, Changwoncheon and Cheongwoonji) in Changwon and genomic DNA was isolated from them. Quantitative PCR was performed with the isolated DNA as template and primers targeting five different class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamase(ESBL) genes(bla_OXA-1, bla_SHV, bla_TEM, bla_CTX-M-1, bla_CTX-M-9). The number of total ESBL genes from each sample showed large variations between each sample. Thirty nanograms of DNA from Namcheon contained 1.93×10⁶ copies of ESBL genes whereas the same amount of DNA from Changwoncheon contained 1.47×10⁵ copies of ESBL genes. However, the same amount of DNA from Cheongwoonji pond contained only 9.5×10³ copies of ESBL genes. The ratio of each ESBL genes showed little difference between Namcheon river and Changwoncheon river, but DNA from Cheongwoonji pond showed a large difference from the rest. bla_OXA-1 gene was present at 65.3%, and bla_CTX-M-1 gene 33.6% for Namcheon comprising together almost 99%. bla_OXA-1 gene was present at 64.1%, and bla_CTX-M-1 gene 19.1% for Changwoncheon comprising together over 83%. bla_CTX-M-1 gene was present at 87.5% and bla_CTX-M-9 genes 9.8% for Cheongwoonji, a pond which is a closed and isolated environment.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.161-166
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• 2007

To develop a rapid and reliable single-tube-based PCR technique for detection simultaneously the quinolone resistance qnrA, qnrB and qnrS genes. After multiple alignment, primers were designed to detect known qnr variants. I was used for A total of 43 extented-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from university hospital were tested for screening, as with qnr genes. In optimized conditions, all positive controls confirmed the specificity of the PCR primers. Out of 43 isolates, qnrA genes were detected 19 (44.2%), qnrB genes 5 (11.7%), qnrS genes 15 (34.9%) and 8 (18.6%) isolates were not detected. I report here a fast and reliable technique for rapid screening of qnr positive strains to be used for epidemiological surveys.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1065-1069
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• 2009

Of 143 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae collected from Korean non-tertiary hospitals, 24 (16.8%) showed an extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase-positive phenotype. PCR and sequence analysis revealed the presence of TEM-116 (n=13), CTX-M-3 (n=5), CTX-M-14 (n=2), CTX-M-15 (n=3), and SHV-12 (n=16). Each of the 24 isolates encoded more than one ${\beta}$-lactamase, and seven isolates (29%) harbored two different SHV-type ${\beta}$-lactamase genes ($bla_{SHV-11}$ and $bla_{SHV-12}$) bounded by insertion sequence IS26 in a single transferable plasmid.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.163-169
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate the type of extended-spectrum $\beta$-lactamases (ESBL) produced by bacteria isolated from the sewage of wastewater treatment plant at Minragdong, Suyong-gu in Busan. The facility is located at sushi restaurants and guides its drain water to the wastewater treatment plant at Yonghodong, Nam-gu in Busan. Samples were collected on January, 2009. A total of 19 strains were selected as potential ESBL positive strains through a double disk synergy test. On the basis of the results from biochemical tests including indole, methyl-red, Voges-Proskauer, Simmon's citrate, decarboxylase-dihydrolase and sugar-fermentation tests, the 19 strains were identified with 16 strains of Escherichia coli and 3 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Out of 19 strains, 4 transconjugants against Escherichia coli J53, which is sodium azide resistant recipient strain, were obtained. The plasmids isolated from transconjugants were used for PCR analysis. The type of each extended-spectrum $\beta$-lactamase (ESBL) produced by the strains was determined on the basis of isoelectric focusing analysis and DNA sequencing. The results indicated that the types of ESBL from Klebsiella pneumoniae were SHV-12 (3 strains), and Escherichia coli was SHV-12/TEM-1 (1 strain), respectively.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.223-228
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• 2016

Shigella is a common cause of bacterial enteritis worldwide. Shigella sonnei accounts for 90% of Shigella infections and Shigella flexneri is rarely reported in Korea. Although the incidence of Shigella infection has decreased, the incidence of organisms with antibiotic resistance has gradually increased in Korea. An outbreak of extended-spectrum ${\beta}-lactamase$ (ESBL)-producing S. sonnei in children was reported in Korea; however, ESBL-producing S. flexneri has not yet been reported. We report the first two cases of multidrug-resistant CTX-M-14-producing S. flexneri infections in Korean children.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.676-682
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• 2010

This study focused on typing of the extended-spectrum $\beta$-lactamase (ESBL) produced in organisms isolated from a natural environment, rather than a clinical setting. Samples were collected from drain water issuing from a sewage plant in Kwanganri (Busan, Korea). Following double disk synergy testing, 29 strains were selected as potential ESBL positive strains. Of these, 15 strains were transconjugants of the sodium azide resistant recipient strain Escherichia coli J53 and analyzed biochemically including indole, methyl-red, Voges-Proskauer, Simmon's citrate, decarboxylase-dihydrolase and sugar-fermentation tests. The tests classified the 15 strains as Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=13) and Escherichia coli (n=2). The type of ESBL from each strain was deduced by isoelectric focusing point analysis and DNA sequencing. The results indicated that the types of ESBL were SHV-12 (n=4) and SHV-12/TEM-1 (n=9) from K. pneumoniae and TEM-1 (n=2) from E. coli strains.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.293-304
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• 2007

The emergence of extended spectrum $\beta$-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria is worldwide concern. Until recently, the most frequently identified strains in the Republic of Korea were E. coli and Klebsiella spp. The incidence of resistance to extended spectrum $\beta$-lactam antibiotics is increasing in Wonju city, Korea. Total 57 strains of ESBL producing E. coli and Klebsiella species were isolated from Wonju Christian Hospital during a 9 month-period from April to December, 2003. To determine the prevalence and genotypes of the ESBL producing clinical isolates, antibiotic susceptibility and ESBL activity test by VITEK system and double disk synergy (DDS) test, and PCR based genotyping were performed. Fourteen (82%) isolates of 17 ESBL producing E. coli were found to have $bla_{TEM}$ gene and 5 (29%) isolates were found to have $bla_{CTX-M}$ gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thirty (75%) isolates of 40 ESBL producing Klebsiella species with $bla_{TEM}$ gene, 38 (95%) isolates with $bla_{SHV}$ gene, and 7 (20%) isolates with $bla_{CTX-M}$ type gene were also identified. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) PCR and similarity index by dendrogram for genetical similarity to band pattern of each clinical isolates were examined. ESBL producing E. coli were grouped into 6 clusters up to 84% of similarity index and Klebsiella species were grouped into 12 clusters up to 76% of similarity index. In conclusion, ESBL producing clinical isolates were characterized with the results from antimicrobial resistance pattern and genetical similarity using ERiC PCR.