• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.14
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• pp.5715-5719
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• 2015

Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy of women in the world. The disease is caused by infectious and non-infectious, environmental and lifestyle factors. Tobacco smoke has been one of the most widely studied environmental factors wiith possible relevance to breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of tobacco smoking in breast cancer patients in a hospital based cohort and to establish prognostic implications if any. Materials and Methods: A retrospective audit of 100 women with pathological diagnosis of invasive breast cancer was included in this study. The verbal questionnaire elicited information on current and previous history of exposure to smoking in addition to active smoking. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders, including stage at presentation, alcohol intake, hormonal replacement therapy, oral contraceptive intake, obesity and menopausal status. Results: The mean age at presentation of breast cancer was $51.4{\pm}10.86$ years. Mean age of presentation was $53.1{\pm}11.5$ and $45.7{\pm}11.9$ years in never smokers and passive smokers, respectively. Age at presentation varied widely in patients exposed to tobacco smoke for >10 years in childhood from $40.3{\pm}12.0$ years to $47.7{\pm}13.9$ in patients exposed for > 20years as adults. Among passive smokers, 60.9% were premenopausal and 39.1% of patients were postmenopausal. In never smokers, 71.4% were post menopausal. Expression of receptors in non-smokers vs passive smokers was comparable with no significant differences. Metastatic potential in lung parenchyma was slightlyelevated in passive smokers as compared to never smokers although statistically non-significant. Conclusions: An inverse relationship exists between the intensity and duration of smoking and the age at presentation and poor prognostic factors. The results strongly suggest efforts should be taken to prevent smoking, encourage quitting and restrict exposure to second hand smoke in India.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.280-292
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the long-term survival rate and peri-implant marginal bone loss related to multiple risk factors including the clinician's experience. Materials and Methods: Four hundred twenty implants in 146 patients, who had involved a supportive periodontal therapy program every 3 to 6 months and had follow up data for at least 5 years, were selected as the study group. Peri-implant marginal bone loss, data of demographic, implant and surgical characteristics were collected from peri-apical radiographs and chart review. Implant survival was regarded as the remaining with radiographic marginal bone level in excess of 50% of the fixture length for any reason. Results: The cumulative survival rate after 5 years of loading was 94.9%. In binary logistic regression analysis, smoking status (P = 0.033) and presence of spontaneous cover screw exposure (P < 0.001) were significantly related to 5-year survival of implants. In stepwise multiple regression analysis, smoking status (P < 0.001), type of abutment connection (P < 0.001) and implant surface (P = 0.033) were significantly related to peri-implant marginal bone level. And the year of resident was not statistically related to 5-year implant survival in simple logistic regression analysis (P = 0.171). Conclusion: Smoking status, spontaneous cover screw exposure, type of abutment connection and implant surface might influence the implant success. There was no significant correlation between the year of resident and implant failure.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.113-120
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• 2022

Scuticociliatosis caused by Miamiensis avidus is a very important parasitic disease in olive flounder farming industry. The aim of this study was to determine effect of combined treatment with blue LED (light-emitting diode) illumination and formalin on olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) infected with M. avidus. Different intensity of 405 nm LED (20, 40, and 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) was illuminated on 2.2×10⁴ cells/well of M. avidus in a 24 well microplate for 24 h. Also, 2.4×10⁴ cells/well of M. avidus were exposed to varying combinations of 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 of 405 nm LED and serial 10-fold dilutions of formalin (from 10 to 100 ppm) for 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. Surviving M. avidus were counted using a hemocytometer. For in vivo test, flounder acclimatized at 11-12 practical salinity unit (psu) were challenged with 2×10⁶ cells/ml of M. avidus by immersion method for 1 h. Then, fish were moved and divided into four groups; "F" group, treated with formalin at 50 ppm; "L" group, treated with 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 of 405 nm LED; "C" group, treated with combination of the two methods; and the control group. After treatment for 30 min, fish were transferred to new tanks (salinity = 11-12 psu) and observed for 3 weeks. As a result, illumination of 405 nm LED at 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 killed 100% of M. avidus after 12 h, while 67% and 90% of the scuticociliate died at 20 and 40 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, respectively, after 24 h exposure. One hundred percent of M. avidus was killed at 90, 80, 80 and 70 ppm after exposure to formalin for 15, 30, 45 and 60 min, respectively. However, combined method (e.g., 60 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 of 405 nm-LED plus 50 ppm formalin) killed the parasite within 30 min. From in vivo test, similarly, survival rates of fish challenged with M. avidus were 100%, 43%, 29% and 0% in the C, F, L, and control groups, respectively. Results obtained in this study demonstrates that the combined treatment method has clear synergistic effect on scuticociliatosis in fish.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.140-154
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• 2023

Purpose: Deodeok (Codonopsis lanceolata) is generally used in conventional medicines and is considered to have remedial properties to cure several diseases. However, application of the C. lanceolata bud as a novel food ingredient has not been fully explored. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is associated with the production of oxidative damage that results in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and cell death. This study examines the neuroprotective effect of C. lanceolate bud extracts (CLBE) on H₂O₂-stimulated apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Methods: C. lanceolata bud of length 10 to 15 cm was collected and extracted using 70% ethanol. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by the EZ-cytox reagent, measurement of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) release and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The morphological changes of the nuclei were determined using the Hoechst 33258 dye. Enzyme activities were analyzed using the caspase activity assay kit. Related protein expressions were quantified by the Western blot immunoassay in H₂O₂-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells. Results: Cell viability, LDH release and ROS generation, demonstrated neuroprotective effects of CLBE in H₂O₂-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells. The occurrence of apoptosis in H₂O₂-stimulated cells was confirmed by caspase activity, which was increased in H₂O₂-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells compared to the unexposed group. Pretreatment of CLBE was observed to inhibit the H₂O₂-stimulated apoptosis. In addition, exposure to CLBE resulted in increased expression of the Bcl-2 (B cell lymphoma 2) protein and decreased expression of the Bax (Bcl2 associated X) protein. Conclusion: This study shows that exposure to CLBE alleviates the H₂O₂-stimulated neuronal damage in SH-SY5Y cells. Our results indicate the potential application of CLBE in neurodegenerative disease therapy or prevention.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.383-389
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• 2024

In this study, we aimed to analyze the probability of secondary cancer occurring in the abdomen, a normal organ, due to photoneutron exposure during intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer. The design of the radiation treatment plan for prostate cancer was established as a daily prescription dose of 220 cGy, a total of 35 treatments, and 7700 cGy. The experimental equipment was a True Beam STx (Varian, USA) linear accelerator from Varian. The energy used in the experiment was 15 MV, and the treatment plan was designed so that the photoneutron dose would be generated within the planning target volume (PTV). The radiation treatment plan was an Eclipse System (Varian Ver. 10.0, USA), and the number of irradiation portals was set to 5 to 9. The irradiation angle was designed so that 95% of the prescription dose area was set to 0 to 320°, and the number of beamlets per irradiation portal was set to 100. The optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter used in this study to measure the dose of photoneutrons was designed to measure photoneutron doses by coating ⁶LiCO₃ on a device containing aluminum oxide components. It was studied that there is a minimum of 7.07 to 11 cases per 1,000 people with secondary cancer due to the photoneutron dose to the abdomen during intensity-modulated radiotherapy. In this study, we studied the risk of secondary radiation dose that may occur during intensity-modulated radiotherapy, and we expect that this will be used as meaningful data related to the probabilistic effects of radiation in the future.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.670-676
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• 2004

Chemical pneumonitis is caused by the inhalation of noxious chemical substances and is a cause of occupational lung disease. Nitric acid, which is a one of the common air pollutants and a potential oxidant for refining and cleansing of metals, has a chance for occupational and environmental exposure. A 52-year-old man visited our hospital due to coughing and dyspnea after the inhalation of nitric acid fumes at his workplace. He had conditions of tachypnea (respiratory rate 26 /min) and hypoxemia ($PaO_2$ 42.6 mmHg, $SaO_2$ 80.2% in room air) in our emergency department. The chest radiographs showed diffuse interstitial infiltrates and ground glass opacity in both lungs. The patient made improvements in clinical symptoms and chest radiography after being given a supply of oxygen, antibiotics, and bronchodilator therapy without systemic glucocorticoid therapy. On his follow up visit after 4 weeks, he showed no symptoms and sequelae, and the pulmonary function test showed a normal pulmonary function.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.104-108
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• 2001

Aging is a senescence and defined as a normal physiologic and structural alterations in almost all organ systems with age. As Leonard Hayflick, one of the first gerontologists to propose a theory of biologic aging, indicated that a theory of aging or longevity satisfies the changes of above conditions to be universal, progressive, intrinsic and deleterious. Although a number of theories have been proposed, it is now clear that cell aging (cell senescence) is multifactorial. No single mechanism can account for the many varied manifestations of biological aging. Many theories have been proposed in attempt to understand and explain the process of aging. Aging is effected in individual by genetic factors, diet, social conditions, and the occurrence of age-related diseases as diabetes, hypertension, and arthritis. It involves an endogenous molecular program of cellular senescence as well as continuous exposure throughout life to adverse exogenous influences, leading to progressive infringement on the cell's survivability so called wear and tear. So we could say the basic mechanism of aging depends on the irreversible and universal processes at cellular and molecular level. The immediate cause of these changes is probably an interference in the function of cell's macromolecules-DNA, RNA, and cell proteins-and in the flow of information between these macromolecules. The crucial questions, unanswered at present, concerns what causes these changes in truth. Common theories of aging are able to classify as followings for the easy comprehension. 1. Biological, 1) molecular theories - a. error theory, b. programmed aging theory, c. somatic mutation theory, d. transcription theory, e. run-out-of program theory, 2) cellular theories - a. wear and tear theory, b. cross-link theory, c. clinker theory, d. free radical theory, e. waste product theory, 3) system level theory-a. immunologic/autoimmune theory, 4) others - a. telomere theory, b. rate of living theory, c. stress theory, etc. Prevention of aging is theoretically depending on the cause or theory of aging. However no single theory is available and no definite method of delaying the aging process is possible by this moment. The most popular action is anti-oxidant therapy using vitamin E and C, melatonin and DHEA, etc. Another proposal for the reverse of life-span is TCP-17 and IL-16 administration from the mouse bone marrow B cell line study for the immunoglobulin VDJ rearrangement with RAG-1 and RAG-2. Recently conclusional suggestion for the extending of maximum life-span thought to be the calory restriction.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.142-148
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• 2002

Although ionizing radiation (IR) has been used to treat the various human cancers, IR is cytotoxic not only to cancer cells but to the adjacent normal tissue. Since normal tissue complications are the limiting factor of cancer radiotherapy, one of the major concerns of IR therapy is to maximize the cancer cell killing and to minimize the toxic side effects on the adjacent normal tissue. As an attempt to develop a method to monitor the degree of radiation exposure to normal tissues during radiotherapy, we investigated the transcriptional responses of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) following IR using cDNA microarray chip containing 1,221 (1.2 K) known genes. Since conventional radiotherapy is delivered at about 24 h intervals at 180 to 300 cGy/day, we analyzed the transcriptional responses ex-vivo irradiated human PBL at 200 cGy for 24 h-period. We observed and report on 1) a group of genes transiently induced early after IR at 2 h, 2) of genes induced after IR at 6 h, 3) of genes induced after IR at 24 h and on 4) a group of genes whose expression patters were not changed after IR. Since Biological consequences of IR involve generation of various reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thus oxidative stress induced by the ROS is known to damage normal tissues during radiotherapy, we further tested the temporal expression profiles of genes involved in ROS modulation by RT-PCR. Specific changes of 6 antioxidant genes were identified in irradiated PBL among 9 genes tested. Our results suggest the potential of monitoring post-radiotherapy changes in temporal expression profiles of a specific set of genes as a measure of radiation effects on normal tissues. This type of approach should yield more useful information when validated in in vivo irradiated PBL from the cancer patients.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1042-1048
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• 2008

Prostate cancer is the most predominant cancer in men and related death rate increases every year. Till date, there is no effective therapy for androgen independent prostate cancer. To investigate the mechanism for cell growth inhibition or apoptosis in human androgen independent prostate cancer PC-3 cells after gamma irradiation. The aim of this study was to examine the potential of gamma irradiation to induce apoptosis in PC-3 cells and to assess the mechanism of gamma irradiation-induced apoptosis. Five different assays were employed in this study: cell proliferation assay, morphological assessments of apoptotic cells, DNA fragmentation analysis, quantification of apoptosis by annexin V (AV) and propidium iodide (PI) staning, and western blot analysis. Cell viability was inversely related to radiation dose. DAPI-positive cells were detected 48 hr after 40 Gy radiation exposure. And nuclear morphological changes of cells were observed by gamma irradiation. DNA ladder patterns in the cells exposed to gamma-radiation were appeared at 24 hr. Also, gamma irradiation induces apoptosis of PC-3 cells via Caspase3, Bax and PARP-dependent fashion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.467-474
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• 2018

CBCT is useful for improving the accuracy of the treatment site, but Repeated use increases the exposure dose. In this study, we aimed to provide basic data for dose reduction in CBCT implementation by dataization the simulating and dose reduction effect using shielding substance. Material in this study, Analyzation the photon beam by simulate the CBCT Through MCNPX and then calculate the absorption dose of body organ at shooting moment of thoracic abdominal position as target UF-Revise simulated body. At this time. Dose reduction effects at this time were evaluated according to the texture of materials and presence of shielding materials( lead, antimony, barium, sulfate, tungsten, bismuth). When CBCT was taken without shielding, the dose was calculated to be high in the breast and spine, and the dose in the esophagus and lung was calculated to be low. The doses according to the shield material were calculated as barium sulfate, antimony, bismuth, lead, and tungsten. The shielding rate was the highest in the thymus (73.6%) and the breast (59.9%) compared with the dose reduction according to presence or absence of the shield. However, it showed the lowest shielding rate in lung (2.1%) and spine (12.6%).