• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.155-161
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• 1999

Objectio ostinato the carcinogenic risks from the ingestion of some carcinogenic pesticides (CPs) in vegetables sampled at a local agricultural product market in Seoul. Methods: After applying a hazard identification step, we selected four pesticides, such as DDT, dieldrin, folpet, and heptachlor epoxide, for this risk assessment. Concentrations of each pesticide were measured from randomly sampled vegetables. In order to estimate the human exposure levels, we combined the concentration of pesticides in the vegetables with consumption rate of those vegetables. Three scenarios were hypothesized for human exposure assessment. Scenario I was the most conservative which supposed the undetected CPs would be the detection limit values. Scenario II was assumed that the undetected CPs would be a half of the detection limit values, and finally scenario III merely considered only values greater than the detection limit values. We finally presented the estimated carcinogenic risks on the basis of the traditional risk assessment procedure suggested by U.S. EPA. Results: Pesticides including DDT, dieldrin, folpet and heptachlor epoxide were detected in 9 samples (6%) in the range of $0.0006\sim0.09ppm$. The daily intake levels of carcinogenic pesticides were estimated in the range of $0.0009\sim0.0079{\mu}g/day$. As we expected, excess cancer risks based on scenario I was also the highest $(1.1\times10^{-8}\sim5.5\times10^{-5})$. Conclusions: We found that the estimated risks from the pesticides we investigated were not serious. We, however, propose that a continuos monitoring is needed to make sure for the protection of public health.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제28권
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• pp.13.1-13.5
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• 2013

Objectives: Potential environmental risks caused by chemicals that could be released from a recycled plastic product were assessed using a screening risk assessment procedure for chemicals in recycled products. Methods: Plastic slope protection blocks manufactured from recycled plastics were chosen as model recycled products. Ecological risks caused by four model chemicals - di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb)-were assessed. Two exposure models were built for soil below the block and a hypothetic stream receiving runoff water. Based on the predicted no-effect concentrations for the selected chemicals and exposure scenarios, the allowable leaching rates from and the allowable contents in the recycled plastic blocks were also derived. Results: Environmental risks posed by slope protection blocks were much higher in the soil compartment than in the hypothetic stream. The allowable concentrations in leachate were $1.0{\times}10^{-4}$, $1.2{\times}10^{-5}$, $9.5{\times}10^{-3}$, and $5.3{\times}10^{-3}mg/L$ for DEHP, DINP, Cd, and Pb, respectively. The allowable contents in the recycled products were $5.2{\times}10^{-3}$, $6.0{\times}10^{-4}$, $5.0{\times}10^{-1}$, and $2.7{\times}10^{-1}mg/kg$ for DEHP, DINP, Cd, and Pb, respectively. Conclusions: A systematic ecological risk assessment approach for slope protection blocks would be useful for regulatory decisions for setting the allowable emission rates of chemical contaminants, although the method needs refinement.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권18호
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• pp.8221-8226
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• 2016

Background: Misreporting self-reported family history may lead to biased estimations. We used Bayesian methods to adjust for exposure misclassification. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based case-control study was used to identify breast cancer risk factors among Iranian women. Three models were jointly considered; an outcome, an exposure and a measurement model. All models were fitted using Bayesian methods, run to achieve convergence. Results: Bayesian analysis in the model without misclassification showed that the odds ratios for the relationship between breast cancer and a family history in different prior distributions were 2.98 (95% CRI: 2.41, 3.71), 2.57 (95% CRI: 1.95, 3.41) and 2.53 (95% CRI: 1.93, 3.31). In the misclassified model, adjusted odds ratios for misclassification in the different situations were 2.64 (95% CRI: 2.02, 3.47), 2.64 (95% CRI: 2.02, 3.46), 1.60 (95% CRI: 1.07, 2.38), 1.61 (95% CRI: 1.07, 2.40), 1.57 (95% CRI: 1.05, 2.35), 1.58 (95% CRI: 1.06, 2.34) and 1.57 (95% CRI: 1.06, 2.33). Conclusions: It was concluded that self-reported family history may be misclassified in different scenarios. Due to the lack of validation studies in Iran, more attention to this matter in future research is suggested, especially while obtaining results in accordance with sensitivity and specificity values.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국HCI학회 2006년도 학술대회 2부
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• pp.639-645
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• 2006

During abstinence from alcohol, craving is elicited by the cues and contexts previously associated with alcohol, and contributes to relapse. To prevent the craving and relapse experienced by alcoholics, cue-exposure therapy (CET) has been used to extinguish the association between alcohol and alcohol-related cues and contexts. This study applied CET, using a virtual reality (VR) system, to eight members of an Alcoholics Anonymous group, in eight sessions. Cues and contexts most likely to elicit an urge to drink were selected through a preliminary survey in order to compose VR-CET scenarios: a glass, bottle, food, and a bar were judged to be the most tempting for people in alcohol dependence and abstinence. By these cues and contexts, a Japanese style pub and a western bar were composed. Each session was administered for 30 minutes by a psychiatrist and included an introduction, immersion, VR navigation, interviews about feelings, and self-report questionnaires about cravings. The eight sessions consisted of initial and closing sessions, and six cue- and context-focused sessions. As a result, a reduction in cue-elicited craving after VR-CET was reported. A mean score of 15.75 (SD = 10.91) on the Alcohol Urge Questionnaire in the first session decreased to 11.57 (SD = 6.88) in the final session.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2014

당해 연구의 제 1 부 논문에서 확률론적으로 접근한 데에 이어, 파이로처리 방사성 폐기물 처분장에 대하여 폐쇄 후 처분장의 성능에 영향을 줄 수 있는 근계 영역 내 세가지 주요 설계 관련 요소에 대하여 각 핵종별로 최종 피폭 선량에 주는 민감도를 결정론적인 방법을 통하여 조사해 보았다. 농축 피폭 집단에 방사선 피폭을 주는 주요한 핵종들이 처분장에서 유출된 후 처분 시스템 근계 영역 내 다양한 매질을 이동하는 것에 관련되어 이들 요소가 어느 정도의 영향을 주게 되는지 보기 위하여 제 1 부에서 처분 용기의 수명, 선원항으로서의 처분 용기에서의 연간 핵종 유출률, 그리고 처분장 주요 인공 방벽으로서의 완충재의 손실도 등의 변화를 확률론적 접근 방법으로 검토한 데 이어, 제 2 부의 이 연구를 통해서는 통계적인 확률론적 민감도를 검토하는 대신 세가지 인자에 대하여 가장 나쁜 경우와 이상적인 조합을 구성한 후 이를 결정론적으로 평가하여 인지된 3개의 요소들이 제 1 부에서의 결과와 동일하게 처분장 설계에 매우 중요할 수 있다는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.330-336
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to determine whether crops and fruits absorb the naturally occurring asbestos (NOA). The concentration of asbestos in various crops and fruits grown in NOA areas was analyzed and background levels of asbestos in ambient air and soil samples were assessed. Actinolite/Tremolite asbestos were detected in all soil samples. Among 21 ambient air samples, 2 samples were recorded to contain 0.0005 f/cc (fiber per cubic centimeter) but no asbestos was detected in the other samples using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). However, no evidence suggesting that the crops and fruits could be contaminated by NOA was found in this study. The excess lifetime cancer risks (ELCRs) of ABS scenarios (agricultural activities) used in this study were calculated by using the Arithmetic (AM) and Geometric mean (GM) of ELCRs. The AM and GM of ELCRs estimated from digging soil and weeding activities did not exceed $1{\times}10^{-4}$, which was defined as the general acceptable risk range for exposure. The results of this study would be informative to NOA managers and related policy makers to make plans to prevent unexpected exposure to asbestos to residents living in an NOA area.

• 지질공학
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.437-448
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• 2022

위해성 평가란 위험 물질에 대해 인체 건강에 대한 위협을 계산하는 것으로 발암성 평가와 비발암성 평가로 나뉜다. 본 연구는 경남 한 농촌 지역의 비소 오염 지하수를 생활용수, 음용수로 사용할 경우 인체에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 연구를 위해 국가지하수정보센터의 지하수 수질 자료를 이용하였다. 자료에 따르면 연구지역인 농촌 지역의 지하수는 평균 비소 농도가 16.27 ㎍/L로 세계보건기구가 제시한 비소 농도(10 ㎍/L)보다 높게 나타난다. 이에 따라 건강 위해가 있을 것이라고 판단하여 미국환경청에서 제시한 방법을 이용하여 위해성 평가를 수행하였다. 세 가지 노출 시나리오(생활용으로 이용하는 시나리오 1과 음용으로 이용하지만 사용량이 다른 시나리오 2와 3)를 작성하여 비소 노출에 대한 경우를 통해 위해성을 계산하였다. 시나리오 1에서의 HQ의 중앙값은 0.77, CR의 중앙값은 0.013을 보이며 시나리오 2에서는 HQ의 중앙값은 0.08, CR의 중앙값은 3.69 × 10^-5로 나타났다. 시나리오 3은 HQ의 중앙값은 0.11, CR은 4.82 × 10^-5였다. 인체에 잠재적 위험성이 가장 높게 나타난 것은 시나리오 1로 나타났다. 지하수 내의 비소 기원을 자세히 밝힐 필요가 있으며 지하수 이용 시 정화할 수 있는 대책 마련이 필요하다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2008

국내 환경을 고려하여 개발된 도시환경 방사능오염 평가모델 METRO-K (${\underline{M}}odel$ for ${\underline{E}}stimates$ the ${\underline{T}}ransient$ Behavior of ${\underline{R}}adi{\underline{O}}active$ Materials in the ${\underline{K}}orean$ Urban Environment)는 IAEA (${\underline{I}}nternational$ ${\underline{A}}tomic$ ${\underline{E}}nergy$ ${\underline{A}}gency$) 주관 국제공동 연구프로그램 EMRAS (${\underline{E}}nvironmental$ ${\underline{M}}odelling$ for ${\underline{RA}}diation$ ${\underline{S}}afety$)의 도시환경 방사능오염평가 분과에서 체르노빌 원전사고로 오염된 Pripyat 지역과 가상 방사능테러로 인한 오염 시나리오의 평가에 참여해 오고 있다. 본 논문에서는 EMRAS 프로그램의 일환으로 수행된 Pripyat 지역에 대한 METRO-K의 평가 결과를 제시하였고 다른 모델의 예측값과 비교, 논의함으로써 만일의 도시환경 방사능오염시 대응행위 결정지원을 위한 동 모델의 실용성을 고찰하였다. METRO-K를 사용한 평가결과에서 방사성물질의 오염 후 신속한 대응행위는 무엇보다 중요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. EMRAS 프로그램에 참여한 각기 다른 모델로 평가된 예측값의 차이는 1) 모델의 수학적 구조와 관련 변수값, 2) 모델에 반영된 피폭경로, 3) 피폭영향을 주는 오염표면의 종류, 표면의 넓이 등과 같은 평가에 대한 가정, 4) 각기 다른 문헌으로부터 선택된 대응행위 관련인자의 적용값 등의 차이에 기인하였다. METRO-K을 사용하여 EMRAS 프로그램에서 요구하는 다양한 오염 시나리오에 대해 대부분의 결과를 제출하여 상호 비교되었으며, 이를 통해 METRO-K는 만일의 도시환경 방사능오염으로 인한 대응행위 결정지원에 유용한 도구가 될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권9호
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• pp.2085-2091
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• 2020

The license for Kori-1, the first commercial reactor in Busan, Korea, was terminated in June 2017; therefore, preparations are being made for its decommissioning. Because the radioactivity of Bio-shield varies greatly throughout the structure, the doses received by the workers depend on the location, order, and duration of dismantling operations. Thus, a model for evaluating the worker external dose during the dismantling of the Kori-1 bio-shield was developed, and work scenarios for dose assessment were designed. The Dose evaluation code VISIPLAN was used for dose assessment. The dose rate around the bio-shield was evaluated and the level of exposure to the operator was evaluated according to the work scenario. The maximum annual external dose was calculated as 746.86 mSv for a diamond wire saw operator under dry cutting conditions, indicating that appropriate protective measures, such as changing dismantling sequence, remote monitoring, shield installation, and adjustment of work team are necessary for the safe dismantling of the bio-shield. Through these protective measures, it was found that the worker's dose could be below the dose limit.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.165-169
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• 2013

Freshwater fish intake is a critical parameter for deriving water quality criteria and water quality standards for protection of human health based on human health risk assessment. Although the freshwater fish intake parameter should be accurate and representative of Korean fish consumption for the water quality criteria to be reliable, data are limited in Korea and have low reliability. In this study, Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2008-2010 were analyzed to reevaluate freshwater fish consumption. Based on these results, an average consumption rate of 3.0 g/day per person, a $90^{th}$ percentile consumption rate of 0.0 g/day per person, an average consumption rate of 65.7 g/day per fish consumer, and a $90^{th}$ percentile consumption rate of 153.4 g/day per fish consumer were proposed for derivation of water quality criteria using a conservative approach and various exposure scenarios.