• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.279-287
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• 2014

Estrogen deficiency results in a reduction of skin quality and function in postmenopausal women. Over the past decade, many studies have supported that estrogen provides anti-aging effects as a result of the ability of estrogen to prevent skin collagen decline, restore skin elasticity, and increase skin hydration in postmenopausal women skin. Due to their structural similarity with estrogen, isoflavones have been called phytoestrogens. Photoprotective effects of isoflavones are well established while their estrogenic-like activities are not fully understood in human skin. In this study, we investigated whether daidzein, an effective isoflavone, has phytoestrogenic activity and induces transcriptional change of extracellular matrix components in dermal fibroblasts. We examined the luciferase activity of daidzein and ${\beta}$-estradiol using transiently transfected NIH3T3-ERE cells. The estrogenic receptor-dependent transcriptional activity was increased in a dose-dependent manner when treated with daidzein, with a maximum of 2.5-fold induction at $10{\mu}g/mL$ of daidzein compared with non-treated control. In addition, daidzein significantly in creased the expressions of collagen type I, collagen type IV, elastin, and fibrillin-1 in human dermal fibroblasts. By comparing with the effects of ${\beta}$-estradiol through out all the experiments, we confirmed that daidzein had estrogenic activity and function in fibroblasts. These results suggest that daidzein-based application, having both photoprotective and phytoestrogenic effects, may be a powerful approach for skin anti-aging of postmenopausal women.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.115-124
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to investigate skin whitening effect of Resorcinol dipentyl ether [1,3-di(pentyloxyl)benzene] by in vitro experiments. Resorcinol dipentyl ether was prepared by alkylation of resorcinol with 1-bromopentane. The reaction products were confirmed by NMR, MS and other analytical equipments. In order to evaluate the skin safety of resorcinol dipentyl ether, the cytotoxicity of the cells constituting the skin (keratinocyte, melanocyte, fibroblast) was analyzed and similar cell viability was observed in all cell lines as compared with the control group. Inhibition of extracellular melanin synthesis effect of resorcinol dipentyl ether was approximately 65.75% at $20{\mu}g/mL$ and inhibition of intracellular melanin synthesis effect of resorcinol dipentyl ether was approximately 53.89% at $20{\mu}g/mL$. The real-time PCR and western blot analysis of mRNA expression and protein expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 related to melanogenesis revealed that melanin inhibitory effect of resorcinol dipentyl ether was inhibited from the transcription stage respectively. Finally, this study suggested applicability of Resorcinol dipentyl ether [1,3-di(pentyloxyl)benzene] as a whitening functional cosmetic new material.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.154-162
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• 2009

Sonic wave dispersion characteristics are one of the most important targets of study, particularly in estimating shear wave velocity from borehole sonic logging. We have tested dispersion characteristics using monopole and dipole sources. Theoretical dispersion curves were computed for tool-absent and tool-included models having the same physical properties but different diameters (including ${\Phi}520mm$, ${\Phi}150mm$, and ${\Phi}76mm$). Comparisons were made between boreholes of different sizes and between tool-absent and tool-included models. Between the tool-included and the tool-absent boreholes, a close similarity in dispersion curve shape was revealed for the monopole source, and a significant difference was shown for the dipole source. However, for the cut-off frequency, particularly in the engineering boreholes (${\Phi}76mm$ and ${\Phi}50mm$), a significant difference was observed for signals from the monopole source, but approximately the same cut-off frequencies were found with the dipole source. This indicates the need of careful choice of source frequency in monopole-source sonic logging, particularly in an engineering borehole. The results of numerical experiments show that cut-off frequency is exponentially proportional to the inverse of borehole radius, irrespective of the mode type and the presence of a tool, and that the cut-off frequencies for each borehole environment could be expressed as an exponential function, rather than the inversely proportional relationship between the cut-off frequency and the borehole radius that was previously generally recognised. From the direct comparison of dispersion curves, the effects on the dispersion characteristics of borehole size and the presence of the tool can be revealed more clearly than in previous studies, which presented the dispersion curve and/or characteristics for each borehole environment separately.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2009

Natural magnetic fields are attenuated by electrically conductive water. For that reason, marine magnetotelluric surveys have collected data at long periods (1000-100 000 s). The mantle structure has been the main target of seafloor magnetotelluric measurements. To ascertain crustal structure, however, electromagnetic data at shorter periods are important, e.g. in investigations of megathrust earthquake zones, or in natural resource surveys. To investigate of the former, for example, electromagnetic data for periods of less than 1000 s are necessary. Because no suitable ocean bottom electromagnetometer (OBEM) has been available, we have developed a small OBEM and ocean bottom electrometer (OBE) system with a high sample rate, which has an arm-folding mechanism to facilitate assembly and recovering operations. For magnetic observation, we used a fluxgate sensor. Field observations were undertaken to evaluate the field performance of our instruments. All instruments were recovered and their electromagnetic data were obtained. Results of the first experiment show that our system functioned well throughout operations and observations. Results of other field experiments off Tottori support the claim that the electromagnetic data obtained using the new OBEM and OBE system are of sufficient quality for the survey target. These results suggest that this device removes all instrumental obstacles to measurement of electromagnetic fields on the seafloor.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.78-87
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• 2017

For efficient data processing, trace interpolation and regularization techniques should be antecedently applied to the seismic data which were irregularly sampled with missing traces. Among many interpolation techniques, MWNI (Minimum Weighted Norm Interpolation) technique is one of the most versatile techniques and widely used to regularize seismic data because of easy extension to the high-order module and low computational cost. However, since it is difficult to interpolate spatially aliased data using this technique, model-constrained MWNI was suggested to compensate for this problem. In this paper, conventional MWNI and model-constrained MWNI modules have been developed in order to analyze their performance using synthetic data and validate the applicability to the field data. The result by using model-constrained MWNI was better in spatially aliased data. In order to verify the applicability to the field data, interpolation and regularization were performed for two field data sets, respectively. Firstly, the seismic data acquired in Ulleung Basin gas hydrate field was interpolated. Even though the data has very chaotic feature and complex structure due to the chimney, the developed module showed fairly good interpolation result. Secondly, very irregularly sampled and widely missing seismic data was regularized and the connectivity of events was quite improved. According to these experiments, we can confirm that the developed module can successfully interpolate and regularize the irregularly sampled field data.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2006

In the browning reaction of Korean ginseng, it appears that enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning reaction occurred In initial stage of steaming fresh ginseng at low temperature, and then non-enzymatic browning reaction followed in the drying period after steaming. Browning reaction of red ginseng occurred between $60{\sim}90$ min of steaming at $100^{\circ}C$, and browning pigments of red ginseng were mostly water soluble substances. The structural characteristics of water soluble browning reaction products(WS-BRPs) isolated from Korean red ginseng were showed the presence of hydroxyl, amide carbonyl and aliphatic methane groups. From sugar analysis it was identified that L and S-1, melanoidins isolated from red ginseng, contained two kinds of sugars, glucose and xylose, and the other melanoidin S-2 contained the previous and fructose. In order to find out pertinent methods for the acceleration of browning during ginseng processing, various treatment were made on fresh ginseng with sugars, amino acids and inorganic nitrogenous compounds and the extent of browning was measured. Among sugar tested, maltose resulted in the greatest acceleration of browning followed in decreasing order by glucose and lactose, whereas pentoses, fructose, sucrose and raffinose had negligible effect. A marked browning occurred in ginseng treated with basic amino acids, while the extent of browning was not greatly increased when ginseng was treated with aliphatic amino acids, hydroxyl amino acids, or acidic amino acids. The brown color intensity gradually increased with an increase of glucose concentration far up to 0.5M. L, S-1, and S-2 were found to have an ability to donate hydrogen to DPPH, and also they had anti-oxidative activity in the experiments of hydrogen peroxide scavenging, inhibitory activity in the formation of MDA from linoleic acid, auto oxidation of ok-brain homogenates, lipid peroxidation by the enzymatic and non-enzymatic system in liver microsome fraction, and mitochondrial fraction etc. The amounts of acidic polysaccharide(AP) in red ginseng were higher than those of wild and cultured Panax quinquefolius, Panax notoginseng as well as white ginseng (Panax ginseng). In white ginseng, the AP amount is no difference in root ages or sizes, also, the AP amount of ginseng body was similar to that of rhizome, but was higher than that of leaf and epidermis. Addition of red ginseng acidic polysaccharide(RGAP) increased production of nitric oxide(NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$ in the rodent macrophage cultures, and treatment of RGAP in vivo stimulated tumoricidal activities of natural killer (NK) cells.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 2005

Microwave-assisted extraction (50 W, 2,450 MHz, MAE) with properties of selective heating and subsequent extraction for certain phytochemicals from natural materials was applied to pre-establish the extraction conditions for total yield total phenolics, and electron donating ability (EDA) from Brossica oleacea. The experiments with $50\%$ EtOH solvent showed that 20 mesh in particle size of cabbage flake $(moisture\;4.5\%)$ and 1:10 (g/mL) in the sample to solvent ratio for both raw $(moisture\;90.2\%)$ and flake cabbages were optimal for MAE efficiency. Under these conditions, total yield increased with extraction tim, which was highest for raw cabbage extract in $50\%\;EtOH$ solvent followed by $100\%\;EtOH$ and water. While that of flake cabbage extracts was highest in $50\%\;EtOH$ followed by water and $100\%\;EtOH$. The contents of total phenolics and EDA in extracts gradually increased after 3 min of MAE, which were highest when using $100\%\;EtOH$ solvent followed by $50\%\;EtOH$ and water in raw cabbage and $50\%\;EtOH$ followed by water and $100\%\;EtOH$ in flake cabbage, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.949-956
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• 2017

This study attempted to find optimum extract range of active ingredient for barley sprouts (Hordeum vulgare L.). Extracts from Hordeum vulgare L. were made by microwave extraction method and total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH) were measured with extract of Hordeum vulgare L.. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to a extraction process, and central composite design (CCD) was also used for this process to examine the optimum condition. Independent variables ($X_n$) are concentration of ethanol ($X_1$: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100%), microwave power ($X_2$: 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 W), extraction time ($X_3$: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 min). Dependent variables ($Y_n$) are TPC ($Y_1$), TFC ($Y_2$), DPPH radical scavenging ($Y_3$). It is formed by sixteen conditions to extract. The $R^2$ value of dependent variables is ranged from 0.90 to 0.97 (p<0.05). Experiments values within the optimal range (40% of ethanol concentration, 120 W of microwave power, 18 min of extraction time) were 3.74 mg GAE/g (TPC), 3.00 mg RE/g (TFC), 35.43% (DPPH), respectively. Under the optimized conditions, predicted value showed no significant difference comparing with the experimental values.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.883-889
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• 2016

A new lactic acid bacteria with gluten-degrading activity which was isolated from salted sea foods (traditional Korea fermented food), identified as Weissella confusa (99%) by use of API kit and 16S rRNA sequencing, and designated as W. confusa. When the W. confusa cultured for 48 hours at $30^{\circ}C$ in a MRS medium containing 1% gluten, 45% of gluten was founded to be degraded. W. confusa showed 85% of survival rate at pH 3, and 94% tolerance at 0.1% oxgall, which indicates that W. confusa would survive in stomach of human. Experiments on the thermostability was confirmed that it has a stability of 70% in $50^{\circ}C$. W. confusa inhibited the growth of some pathogen, except for S. aureus. Results in this study suggest that using W. confusa for fermentation of grain flour containing gluten would be desirable to prepare the gluten-free foods needed for those who suffer from celia disease and gluten allergy.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.353-361
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• 2015

Spatio-temporal variation in fruit set in orchids would affect long-term population viability and will influence genetic diversity over many generations. The aim of this study was to examine the breeding system of the nectariferous terrestrial orchid Epipactis thunbergii, to specifically determine levels of fruit set in terms of time and space under natural conditions. We examined pollination under natural conditions and conducted hand pollination experiments during a 2-year survey in four populations located along 1.5 km of coastal line in Jinguiri (rual village) [Jeollanam-do (province), southern Korea]. We found that, over a 2-year period, levels of percentage of fruit set were similar within patches of the four populations. By contrast, we detected significant differences in the percentage of fruit set among patches. We also found that plants with larger inflorescence size produced significantly more fruits than plants with fewer flowers. Over a 2-year period, the percentage of fruit set for E. thunbergii was similar but low (14.1%) compared to that averaged for eighty-four rewarding species (37.1%). However, an increase in fruit set was achieved by hand-pollinations: artificial self-pollination (90.5-95.2%), artificial geitonogamy (94.7-95.0%), and cross-pollination (artificial xenogamy, 91.3-91.4%). No emasculated flowers produced fruits and no automatic pollination was found in E. thunbergii. Our findings suggest that E. thunbergii is a self-compatible terrestrial orchid that depends on pollinators (insects) to achieve fruit set in natural habitats, and that local environmental conditions were similar over a period of 2 years in the study area. Our results also highlight the cryptic variation of fruit production in time, but more pronounced variability in space.