• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.8
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• pp.864-869
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• 2006

Purpose : We evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of eIPV(Imovax $Polio^{(R)}$) in a group of healthy Korean infants on a three-dose primary vaccination. Methods : Eighty one healthy infants aged 8-10 weeks were enrolled, and 79(male 42, female 37) completed the study. Three doses of eIPV were injected intramuscularly at 2, 4 and 6 months of age as of primary vaccination. Most subjects received concomitant vaccines such as DTaP and/or Hib at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. Immediate reactions were monitored for 30 minutes after each injection. Local and systemic events were recorded for 72 hours following each immunization by parents/guardians. Poliovirus specific neutralizing antibodies were measured using enzyme immuno-assay (EIA) at prior to and 1 month after the third dose. An antibody titer of 1:8 or higher was considered seroprotective. Geometric mean titers(GMTs) to each poliovirus type antigen were also measured. Results : One month after the third dose of eIPV, all infants(100 percent) were seroprotective. The geometric mean titers(GMTs) were 1,532(95 percent CI : 1,312-1,788) in type 1 and 835(95 percent CI : 684-1,018) in type 2 and 846(95 percent CI : 692-1,035) in type 3. Overall, local reactions were observed in 10 percent of infants and systemic reactions in 26.2 percent of infants. All reactions were observed within 3 days after vaccination and resolved without treatment. Conclusion : eIPV(Imovax $Polio^{(R)}$) is a well-tolerated and highly immunogenic vaccine. It can be administered either alone or simultaneously with other routine vaccines to Korean infants.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.258-267
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• 2006

Purpose : We have done this retrospective study to know the relative incidence and clinical manifestations of organic acidopathies in Korea during 8 years(from Jul. 1997 to May 2005). This results of organic acid analysis of 1,787 patients were compared with the results of organic acid analysis that were published three years ago. Methods : The results of quantitative organic acid analysis of samples of 1788 patients, referred from Jul. 1997 to May 2005, were analyzed retrospectively according to four age group(-2 mon, 3 mon-2 years, 3-12 years) and major clinical manifestations. Quantification of 83 organic acids was done with gas chromatography and mass spectometry. Results : We diagnosed 470 patients with 27 diseases of organic acid metabolism during this study period. Diseases found more than 10 cases are cytosolic 3-ketothiolase deficiency, mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders, PDHC deficiency, mitochondrial 3-ketothiolase deficiency, glutaric aciduria type II, biotinidase deficiency, methylmalonic aciduria and propionic aciduria. Other diseases were diagnosed in less than 10 cases. Conclusion : Though the incidence of individual organic acidemia is low, the overall incidence of organic acidemia as a whole seems to be relatively high in Korea. Compared with the results of organic acid analysis that were reported three years ago, we couldn't find a new disease and the difference of the relative incidences of high incident diseases. We were apprehensive of the errors that was owing to the short study period(3 years), but the relative incidences of our study(8 years) were similar to the results of organic acid analysis that were reported three years ago.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.967-972
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• 2002

Purpose : A retrospective study was undertaken to evaluate the usefulness of low risk criteria for identifying febrile infants younger than three months unlikely to have serious bacterial infection. Methods : We conducted a retrospective study of 527 infants younger than three month with a axillary temperature ${\geq}37.4^{\circ}C$. If they met the following all four criteria, appear well, WBC $5,000-20,000/mm^3$, urine stick WBC(-) and nitrite(-), CSF WBC < $10/mm^3$, they were considered at low risk for serious bacterial infection(SBI). SBI was defined as a positive culture of urine, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid. The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value of the low risk criteria were calculated. Results : Of 527 febrile infants, 110(21.0%) had serious bacterial infections. The 2.7% who met the low risk criteria had SBI and negative predictive value was 97.3%. SBI was diagnosed in 103 infants(38.6%) who didn't meet the low risk criteria including urinary tract infection(78.6%), most commonly, bacteremia(16.5%), bacterial meningitis(8.7%), Salmonella gastroenteritis(1%), osteomyelitis( 1%), septic arthritis of hip joint(1%). There were no differences in the sensitivity and negative predictive value according to the monthly-age-group. Conclusion : This low risk criteria to identify infants unlikely to have SBI early is available, however low risk infants must be carefully observed.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.1016-1023
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• 2002

Purpose : Brain tumors are the most common solid tumor in children. We retrospectively investigated the clinical characteristics of pediatric brain tumors, such as age, sex, tumor site and survival, as seen in a single institution over the last 15 years. We tried to evaluate the role of chemotherapy on the survival of some brain tumors. Methods : Three hundred fifty four children with primary brain tumor who were treated at Severance Hospital from Jan. 1985 to Sep. 2001 were enrolled. Results : Pediatric brain tumors were found most frequently in 10-15 years of age group(35.3%) and the ratio of male to female was 1.3 : 1. Supratentorial tumors(52%) were more frequent than infratentorial tumors(48%). Medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor(PNET) was the most common type(24.6%), followed by cerebellar astrocytoma(14.1%). Ten year survival rate of medulloblastoma, cerebellar astrocytoma and cerebral astrocytoma were 59.4%, 79.3% and 71%, respectively. The prognosis for brain stem glioma and glioblastoma multiforme were still grim with a 10 year survival rate of 12.7% and 13.3%, respectively. The addition of chemotherapy for high grade medulloblastoma led to an improved 10 year survival rate of 54.5%, compared with 40% without chemotherapy. Conclusion : The combined use of chemotherapy and radiation and surgery improved survival rate of pediatric brain tumors in our study. Chemotherapy for high grade medulloblastoma improved the 10 year survival rate. Further data analysis of the treatment modalities will lead to better comparisons.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2009

Purpose : Early surfactant treatment and minimal ventilation, bronchopulmonary dysplasia needed prolonged oxygen supplement is a problem. This study aimed to report the effects of early surfactant treatment and minimal ventilation on the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in respiratory distress syndrome. Methods : We retrospectively studied 139 premature newborn infants (gestational age, 36 weeks; birth weight, 1,500 gm) admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Daegu Fatima Hospital between January 2001 and December 2006. We analyzed the occurrence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia with respect to ventilator care and surfactant treatment. Results : The incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia was significantly higher with prolonged ventilator care, moderate to severe respiratory distress syndrome, and low Apgar score (P<0.001). Despite early surfactant treatment and minimal ventilation, mild bronchopulmonary dysplasia occurs in a considerable number of patients with mild respiratory distress syndrome. The patient group with low Apgar scores required ventilator care for a prolonged period (P=0.020). Conclusion : Early surfactant treatment and minimal ventilation shortens the duration of ventilator care; however, the preventive effects on bronchopulmonary dysplasia are limited. Therefore, not only early surfactant treatment and minimal ventilation but also appropriate management in the delivery room is essential.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2009

urpose : The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been demonstrated to play a major role in regulating blood pressure. Therefore, components of the RAS are likely candidate genes that may predispose an individual to essential hypertension and cardiovascular complications. Among them, the M235T polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene has been speculated to be associated with elevated circulating angiotensinogen concentrations and essential hypertension. This study aimed to analyze the angiotensinogen M235T polymorphism in hypertensive adolescents and investigate its relationship with cardiovascular risks. Methods : Forty Korean hypertensive adolescents (aged 16-17, systolic $BP{\geq}140 mmHg$ and/or diastolic $BP{\geq}90 mmHg$) and fifty seven normal adolescents were included. Obesity index (OI), body mass index (BMI) were calculated. BP was measured by oscillometric methods in resting state. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was performed on DNA from the hypertensives subjects to analyze the M235T polymorphism. Serum homocysteine, insulin, renin, aldosterone and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) were tested according to each genotype. The carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and carotid artery diameter, Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) were measured according to each genotype. Results : Genotype frequencies of T/T, M/T and M/M were 62.5%, 35.0%, 2.5%, respectively in hypertensive adolescents. The results were not significantly different compared to control group. Serum insulin, renin levels, BMI and OI were significantly higher in thoses with the M/M genotype as compared to those with the T/T of M/T genotype. Conclusion : This study showed that the M235T polymorphism was not associated with essential hypertension or any cardiovascular risks. Further clinical research is required to ascertain the relationship between this polymorphism and cardiovascular complications in Korean hypertensive adolescents.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.9
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• pp.998-1006
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• 2008

Purpose : Hypertension is defined as average systolic blood pressure and/or diastolic blood pressure that is ${\geq}95^{th}$ percentile for gender, age, and height on ${\geq}three$ occasions. Knowing that blood pressure values increase in children as they grow older, the purposes of this study were to measure blood pressure by an oscillometric device and to determine normal values and percentile curves for children. Methods : Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured twice with an oscillometric device in 3,545 boys and 3,145 girls under six years of age, in Seoul. Using this data, we determined average blood pressure values and percentile curves based on gender and age; we subdivided these values into blood pressures of $50^{th}$, $90^{th}$, $95^{th}$, and $99^{th}$ percentiles, by percentile of height. The regression coefficients and standard deviations of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were obtained from linear regression models. Results : Older boys and girls had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure values. Older boys and girls in the same percentile of height for age had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure values. Taller boys and girls within the same age group had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure values. Conclusion : Blood pressure standards based on gender, age, and height were obtained via an oscillometric method. Llimitation of this study is that the study population was not from the whole country, but exclusively from Seoul. Nonetheless, the data from this study will be helpful in diagnosing and managing hypertension in Korean children.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.122-128
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• 2007

This study aims to analyze the voices of the patients with voice disorders including vocal fold paralysis, vocal fold cyst and vocal nodule/polyp in the aspect of acoustic phonetics. This study intends to collect subsidiary acoustic data in order to make a speech treatment and an standardization of vocal disorders. Subjects and Methods: The subjects of this study were 64 adult patients who underwent indirect laryngoscopy and laryngostroboscopy, and were diagnosed as vocal fold paralysis, vocal fold cyst or vocal nodule/polyp. Experimental group consisted of 20 patients who were diagnosed as vocal fold paralysis, 21 patients who were diagnosed as vocal fold cyst and had the average age of 42.0 $({\pm}10.03)$ ; and 23 patients who were diagnosed as vocal nodule/polyp and had the average age of 40.9 $({\pm}13.75)$. For the methodology of this study, the patients listed above were asked to sit in a comfortable position at intervals of 10cm apart from the patient's mouth and a microphone, and subsequently to phonate a vowel sound /e/ for the maximum phonation time with natural tone and vocal volume then the sound was directly inputted on a computer. During recording, sampling rate was set to 44,100Hz and the 1-second area corresponding to stable zone except the first and the last stage of waveform of the vowel sound /e/ vocalized by the individual patients was analyzed. Results: First, there was no statistically significant difference in jitter and shimmer between vocal fold paralysis and vocal fold cyst, while there was highly statistically significant difference in them between vocal fold paralysis and vocal nodule/polyp. Second, looking into the mean values obtained from NNE, HNR and SNR results associated with noise ratio, the disease showing the most abnormal characteristics was vocal fold paralysis, followed by cyst and nodule/polyp in order. For NNE, there was statistically significant difference between vocal nodule/polyp, and cyst or paralysis. In other words, it was found that the NNE of vocal nodule/polyp was weaker than that of cyst or paralysis. Similarly, HNR and SNR also showed the same characteristics; there was statistically significant difference between vocal fold paralysis and vocal fold cyst or nodule/polyp, and HNR and SNR values of vocal fold paralysis were lower than those of vocal fold cyst or nodule/polyp. Conclusion: For vocal fold paralysis, the abnormal values of acoustic parameters associated with frequency, amplitude and noise ratio were statistically significantly higher than those of vocal fold cyst and nodule/polyp. This finding suggests that the voices of the patients with vocal fold paralysis are the most severely injured due to less stability of vocal fold movement, asymmetry and incomplete glottic closure. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference in the acoustic parameters of tremor among vocal fold paralysis, vocal fold cyst and vocal nodule/polyp. Further studies need to ascertain reasonable acoustic parameters with various vocal disorders as well as to clarify the correlation between acoustics-based objective tools and subjective evaluations.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.198-203
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• 1993

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect the Seokibyung, when the ingrdients were changed in a variety aspects ; the amount of Seoki flour to rice flour, and several kinds of sweeteners such as sugar, honey and syrup and condition of water. The evaluation of these result were as followings ; 1. According to sensory evaluation, the, flavor, grain, softness, moistness, chewiness, sweetness, overalquality of Seokibyung were the most excellent the mixture of 60g sugar, 280g rice flour, 70g glutious rice flour and 10.5g seoki flour mixed in 90$m\ell$ boiled water. 2. According to Instron evaluation that the higer level resulted to the left to the right treatment that Hardness : syrup, honey, sugar Cohesiveness : honey, syrup, sugar, Adhesiveness : syrup, honey, sugar Gumminess : honey, syrup, sugar Springness : honey, sugar, syrup, Chewiness : honey, syrup, sugar. there was no significant difference among the three treatment groups in each experimental group. 3. The Color & color difference evaluation_that Overall color difference was sugar, honey, syrup in turn. 4. percentages of moisture of honey-added, sugar-added and syrup-added Seokibyung were 42.49%, 41.45% and 36.73% respectively.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.83-93
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• 1997

Although IVF-ET is widely applied in the treatment of couples with male factor infertility, it may fail in many infertile couples with normal semen parameters, and certain couples cannot be accepted for standard IVF-ET due to unfertilization or extremely low fertilization rate of oocytes. Recently, several procedures of microassisted fertilization (MAF) using micromanipulation have been introduced, and pregnancies and births have been obtained after partial zona dissection (PZD), subzonal insertion (SUZI), and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). This clinical study was performed to develop and establish ICSI as an effective procedure of MAF in infertile couples who could not undergo standard IVF-ET repetitively because of failure in fertilization or extremely low fertilization rate of oocytes with the conventional fertilization technique in the previous IVF-ET cycles. From March, 1995 to May, 1996, 27 cycles of IVF-ET with ICSI in 19 infertile patients were included in study group, and the outcomes of ICSI were analyzed according to fertilization rate, cumulative embryo score (CES), and pregnancy rate. The number of oocytes retrieved after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) was $10.50{\pm}6.13$ in 30 previous cycles, and $10.57{\pm}5.53$ in 27 ICSI cycles. In ICSI cycles, the number of oocytes optimal for ICSI procedure was $7.89{\pm}4.30$, and the fertilization rate of $67.9{\pm}20.2%$ could be obtained after ICSI. The number of embryos transferred was $1.43{\pm}2.40$ in previous cycles, and $4.36{\pm}1.77$ with the mean CES of $41.8{\pm}27.4$ in ICSI cycles. In ICSI cycles, the overall pregnancy rate was 29.6% (8/27) per cycle and 42.1% (8/19) per patient with the clinical pregnancy rate of 22.2% (6/27) per cycle and 31.6% (6/19) per patient. In conclusion, MAF of human oocytes with ICSI is a promising fertilization method for IVF-ET patients, especially with the past history of failure in fertilization or low fertilization rate of oocytes in the previous IVF-ET cycles, and ICSI using micromanipulation procedures applied to human oocytes will provide a range of novel techniques which may dramatically improve the pregnancy rate in IVF-ET program and contribute much to effective management of infertile couples.