Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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v.21
no.4
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pp.410-418
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2020
This study examined the correlations between investigating human rights sensitivity, interpersonal caring behavior, and biomedical ethics in nursing students who have clinical practice experience. The data were collected using structured questionnaires for 3rd and 4th grade nursing students who were attending three universities in Gyeonggi-do and Chungcheong-do. As a result of this study, nursing college students' human rights sensitivity, interpersonal caring behavior, and biomedical ethics were scored as 112.23, 3.95, and 2.03 points, respectively. There were significant differences in human rights sensitivity according to major satisfaction (t=3.320. p=.001), clinical practice satisfaction (t=2.557, p=.012), and clinical peer relationship (t=4.234, p<.001), interpersonal care behavior according to major satisfaction (t=3.423. p=.001), clinical practice satisfaction (t=4.364, p<.001), and clinical peer relationship (t=3.708, p=.001), and biomedical ethics according to major satisfaction (t=-2.404, p=.018). Human rights sensitivity showed positive correlations with biomedical ethics (r=.27, p<.01), and interpersonal caring behavior showed a positive correlation with biomedical ethics (r=.17, p<.05). Based on these findings, it is necessary to develop systematic nursing education programs to strengthen interpersonal caring behavior, biomedical ethics, and human rights sensitivity.
I had an interview with some unemployed career staffs who had retired and worked for more than twenty years in order to research impacting elements on reemployment for l retired special security government officials. This interview included an officer and a consultant for supporting employment in order to explore compacting elements on retired security government official's reemployment. Looking over analysis results, first, there is a shortage of reemployment opportunities and information. The job applicant's employment requirements are not in accordance with the company's employment conditions. They don't have enough professional experience necessary for employment. There is no positive employment supporting counterplan or vocational education program in the organization. Second, their insight about finding a job is high for the current employment market condition. The reemployment offices have a very difficult task because job applicants prefer a full-time job which offers long term work and guarantees a social position. Third, it is a huge obstacle to undertake going into various enterprises and fields because they don't have the right mind set and enough preparation for reemployment. Moreover, they would prefer to depend on organization employment support rather than getting a new job by themselves when they don't possess other careers' qualifications. Finally, they know that social networks and personal connections are extremely important in obtaining vocations, but actually have poor social networks and few personal connections. Accordingly, Their organization and related persons need to reflect on analysis results about impacting elements on reemployment for retired special security government officials.
According as the automation of clerical work(OA ; Office Automation) develops, the use of VDT(Visual or Video Display Terminal) is increasing suddenly. But, in proportion to the spread of office automation(OA tendency), the self-conciousness syptom attendant upon the work is appearing also (Kim, Jung Tae, Lee, Young Ook, 1990). The apparatuses of office enable the clerical workers to be convenient and perform mass businesses. But, they are increasing the opportunity to be exposed to VDT syndrom, techno stress, computer terminal disease, pain by muscle strain(RSI), bradycausia of noise nature, and electromagnetic waves, etc. which are referred to as the new type of occupational diseases to the workers. It is the real situation that the workers to use VDT is complaining of the physical inconvenience sense in the recent newspaper and literature, it is the point of time that the sydrome to come from VDT use and computer terminal disease, etc. must be classified into the occupational disease(Lee, Kwang Young 1990, Lee, Kyoo Hak 1990, Lee, Won Ho 1991, Lee, Si Young 1991, Lee, Joon 1991, Choi, Young Tae 1991, Heo, Seung Ho 1989). In addition, it is the real situation that the scientifitic study result about the scope that electromagnetic waves has influence on the human body has not been suggested yet, and criticism on the stable exposure permission standard about electromagnetic waves to be emitted from VDT and on the problem in the health about electromagnetic waves is continuing. (IEEE Spectrum, 1990). In addition according to the experience of nursery business of industry field, it is the real situation that the patients who consult complaining of physical and mental inconvenience sence, among the users of apparatus of office automation, are reaching 10% of the patients coming to doctor's room. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm the self-consciousness symptom that the clerical workers complain of multilaterally with the actual state examination about the use of the apparatuses of offices automaton. Thus, this study was tried as th basic data for the cosultation and education for the maintenance and furtherance of the health of workers as the nurse of industry field, by confirming the contents of self-consciousness symptom attendant upon the use of the apparatus for office outomation making the financial institution in which the spparatus for office automation in most frequently used as the subject, and by examining whether there is the difference according to the subject of study, the data were collected, by using the questionnaire method, making 200 workers who consented to the study participation as the subject, among the persons who have spent over 3 months since they used the apparatuses for office automation and didn't receive the treatment in hospital due to the clerical disease for recent 3 years. The period of data collection was from Oct. 9, 1991 to Oct. 12. As for the measurement instrument about the complaint if self-consciousness symptom attendant upon the use of apparatuses fo office automation, the question item on the complaint symptom of health problem attendant upon the treatment of VDT that Kim(1991) developed and on CMI health problem and the question items on the fatigue degree due to industry were used by previous examination to 25 persons. Collected data were analyzed with the statistical method such as percentage, arithmetic mean, Person correlation coeffient, Kai square verfication, t-test, ANOVA, etc. by using SPSS/PC+ program, and the result is as follows : 1. The self-consciousness symptom that the clerical workers complained of most frequetly appeared high in 'My eyes are tired'(99.4%), 'I feel fatigue and weariness'(99.4%), 'I feel that my head is heavy5(90.0%), 'eyesight fell'(88.8%), 'I have a stiff neck'(88.8%), 'I fell pain in the shoulder'(85.0%), 'I feel cold and painful in the eyes'(76.9%), 'I feel the dry sense of eyeball'(76.2%), 'My nerves are edgy, and I an fretful, (75.6%), 'I feel pain in the waist'(73.2%) and 'I fell pain in the back'(72.8%). It emerged that the subject use the apparatuses for office automation complained of self-consciousness symptoms related to visual symptoms and musculoskeletal symptoms. 2. As for the general feature of examination subjects, the result to see the distribution by classifying into sex, age, school career, use career of apparatuses for office automation, skillfulness degree of the use of apparatus for office automation, use hours of the apparatuses for office automation per 1 day, type of business of the apparatus for office automation, rest hours during the use of apparatus for office automation, satifaction degree of business of office automation, and work circumstance, etc. emerged as follows : As for the sex of subjects, the distribution showed that men were 58.8% and women were 41.3%, Age was average 26.9. As the distribution of school career, the distribution showed that4below the graduation of high school' was 58.8%, 'graduation from junior college-university' was 35.0%, and 'over graduate school' was 6.3%. In the question to ask the existence or non-existence of experience of health consultation in connection with the work of office automation, the response that I had the consultation exprience and I feel the necessity emergerd as 90.1% And, the case that the subject who didn't wear the glasses or lens before using the OA apparatus wear glasses or lens after using OA apparatus emerged as 28.3% of whole. As for the existence or non-existence of use career of OA apparatus, the case under 3 years was highest as 52. 7%. As for the skillfulnness degree about the use of apparatus for office automation, most of them are skillful with the fact that 'common' was 44.4%, 'skill' was 42.5%, and 'unskillful' was 13.1% As for the use average hours of the apparatus for office automation per 1 day, the distribution showed that the case under 3-6 hours was 33.1%, the case under 6-9 hours was 28.1%, the case under 3 hours was 30.6%, and the case over 9 hours was 8.1% Main OA business and the use hours for 1 day showed in the order of keeping and retrieval, business of information transmission(162min), business of information transmission(79.3 min), business of document framing(55.5 min), and business of duplication and printing(25.4min). as for the rest during the use of apparatus for affice automation, that I take rest occasion demands the major portion, but that I take after completing the work emerged as 33.8%. Though the subiness gets to be convenient by the use of the apparatus for of office automation, respondents who showed the dissatisfaction about the present OA business emergd high as 78.1%. The work circumstances of each office was good with the fact that the temperature of office was 21.8, noise was average 42.7db, and the illumination was average 364.4 lx, in the light of ANSi/HFS 100 Standard. 3. Sight syptom, musculoskeletal symptom, skin and other symptoms showed the significant difference according to the extent of skillfulness of the apparatus for office automation. All the symptoms exept skin symptom showed the difference according to the use hours of the apparatus for office automation. All the question items exept the sytoms of digestive organs and the rest hours during the apparatus for office automation showed the signicant difference. The question item which showed the signicant difference from the satisfaction degree of present OA business showed the significant difference from all the question item classified into 6 groups. But, age and school career didn't significant difference from the complaint of any self-consciousness symptoms.
. In conclusion, the self-consciousness symptoms of the subjects to use OA apparatus appeared differently, according to sex distiction, skillfull degree of OA apparatus, use hours of OA apparatus, the rest hours during th use of OA apparatus, and the satiafaction degree of persent business. Therefore, it is necessary that the nurse in the inuctry field must recognize to receive the education about the human technological physical condition which is most proper for te use of OA apparatus and about the proper rest method until they get accustomed to the use of OA apparatus. In addition, the simple exercise relax the tention of muscle due to the repetitive simple movement, and the education for the protection of eyesight are necessary.
Today's consumers perceive consumption as a representation of themselves. It is not simply an act that fulfills a consumer's physical and practical needs. Even in terms of life quality, consumers increasingly want to achieve an emotional and sensible experience through consumption. Consumers now make decisions based on their need to express their position in relation to other people, pursue emotional satisfaction, and try to improve the quality of life. Culture-art products that meet such internal and external demands of consumers have made significant improvements in both quantity and quality, because of the social interest and policy support. The recognition of personal and social values of culture and arts has brought about interest in and need for culture-art products. Businesses have agilely embraced such change and actively implemented various marketing strategies utilizing culture and arts. For example, businesses began to sponsor artists who produce culture-art products while building facilities for cultural and art performances or exhibitions. Businesses have also provided performances and exhibitions free-of-charge or at affordable prices. As a result, the supply in the market has started to exceed its demand as is often the case in many of other markets. However, such imbalance has occurred not because of over-supply but because of a lack of demand. Given these circumstances, the government and culture and art related organizations, which had mainly concentrated on the supply side, started to recognize the importance of creating personal and social values in culture and arts. As a result, the government and various organizations are now creating various strategies that include policy measures to achieve their new found goal. Unfortunately however, such efforts are not meeting the expectations. Focusing on above-mentioned circumstances and problems, this study aims to find measures to create demand for culture-art products in the internal conditions of those who consume culture-art products. In other words, given that the demand for culture-art products has not increased despite all external conditions to encourage consumption, this study aims to find the reasons in consumers' value judgment on culture-art products. Though there were recent studies on culture-art products that applied consumer behavior on marketing theories, most of them focused on peripheral aspects such as people's motivation for or satisfaction from watching culture-art events. Hence, there is a need to understand what kind of value consumers perceive from culture-art products and how such value cognition leads to consumption in a comprehensive manner. This study acts as follow-up to a separate study entitled "Qualitative Study about Value Cognition and Benefits of Consumer on Culture-Art Products". The current study aims to extend practical implications that enhance the effectiveness of marketing strategies among the producing and policy agencies in the industry. The purpose of this study is to investigate dimensions of value cognition, benefits and attributes of culture-art products, and identify the effects of consumer value cognition on benefits and attributes. The questionnaire was developed based on the conceptual structure of qualitative research and previous researches. It was composed of value cognition, benefits, attributes of culture-art products and demographic variables. This survey was conducted on-line and off-line among a total of 662 persons ranging from their teens to their 50's who were living in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, various metropolitan cities, and small and medium-sized cities. The data collected was analyzed by factor analysis and path analysis using SPSS WIN 18.0 and AMOS 16.0. This empirical study found that the dimensions of value cognition of culture-art products were categorized into personal goods, aesthetic goods and public property. This shows that the consumers perceive culture-art products as products that are worthy enough to pay the costs not just for personal benefits but also for their social values. Also the formation of value cognition for culture-art products requires special conditions unlike that for physical consumer goods and services, which simply require marketing stimuli. The dimensions of benefits pursued by consuming culture-art products were found to be composed of four types - pursuit of aesthetic benefits, pursuit of actual benefits, pursuit of emotional benefits, and pursuit of conspicuous character. This result implies that people consume culture-art products not just to pursue pleasure from emotional and intelligent satisfaction as well as social relations, but also to seek the needs and benefits embodied at a social level. The dimensions of attributes of culture-art products had seven different factors, - environmental, price, evaluation, people, artwork, composition, and personal relations - which is plentiful. This is because the attributes of culture-art products are very complicated compared to other consumer goods or services. Since culture-art products include not just cultural or artistic works but also all physical, human, environmental, and systemic elements of the products in a comprehensive manner, consumers perceive everything they experience in the process of consuming culture-art products as part of the products. The dimensions of value cognition was found to affect attributes of the products, mostly using pursued benefits as a mediating factors. This result is consistent with the result of qualitative research, and proves that applying the means-end chain theory in the reverse direction is reasonable. The result can be interpreted that consumers' value cognitions for culture-art products turns into actual benefits leading to consumers' decisions. Furthermore, this result reveals that when consumers choose culture-art products, they take into account the attributes of culture-art products depending on the benefits they pursue. These results confirm that despite their conceptual and abstract attributes, culture-art products have values that contribute to actual benefits for individual consumers and society. Hence, value cognition generates benefits to be pursued and this in turn affects the consumers' choices of attributes on products. Based on the conceptual structure of consumers' value cognitions on culture-art products and its dimensions, it is possible to find detailed methods to provide opportunities for education and training to form and reinforce positive value cognition on culture-art products. And through those methods, it will be possible to develop attributes of culture-art products according to the dimensions of pursued benefits, and allow conceptual products become the subject to valuable consumption in real life. These results provide theoretical understanding of consumer behavior in culture marketing and useful information to culture-art producers, companies that use culture and art, and government agencies that use culture-art as a mean to improve the public perception of quality of life. As a follow up on this study, there should be experimental studies that can develop criteria visualizing the demands of consumers who purchase culture-art products and identify their detailed attributes. Studies that compare characteristics of different areas within the culture-art product category and in-depth studies on a specific area or genre will also be needed. In order to develop marketing strategies for culture-art products, studies on the formation and reinforcement of positive value cognition on culture-art products and education for the development of consumer demand as well as on the development and differentiation of attributes of culture-art products depending on types of consumer groups should also follow.
The purpose of this research was to find out the state of the nursing performance of the home care nurses in Seoul in order to provide the data for the practical work guide. The data were collected from fifty home care nurses working in 22 institutions located in Seoul. The research tool used for this research was modified and tested by Song Jong-Rye(1999) which was originally modified the standard tool of American Nurses Association (1998) and was partly supplement and adjusted for this research. The reliability of this tool was Cronbach's $\alpha$=.0982. The collected data were statistically processed using SAS for t-test, ANOVA. $Scheff\'{e}$ test. Among the surveyees, 50% have been working as a home care nurse more than three years and 74.0% of them were married. And 52% have B.S degree with certification of home care nurse from the certification program for Home Care Nurses affiliated at nursing schools. Half of the home care nursing organizations were based on the general hospitals, and most(78%) of the responsible senior personnels of those organizations were nurses. The following results are drawn from this research. 1) The level of nursing performance by the task sectors General performance level of home care nurses was relatively high in grade of 3.06 from total 4.00. Among the task sectors. the ethical field scored the highest points, and the next were nursing intervention, professional training, and data gathering, and the research sector scored the lowest point. 2) The level of nursing performance by general features of home care nurses Statistically relevant correlation between performance according to the duration of working experience as a nurse(p=0.8951) and performance according to the duration of working as home care nurse(p=0.2263) did not emerge. Also, performance by marriage status(p=0.2218), education(p=0.5733), and taking the certification program for home card nurse(p =0.1560) has no statistically meaningful correlation. 3) The level of nursing performance by the type of home care nursing organizations There exists a significant difference(p=0.002) between performances by the types of organizations. Most of the responsible senior personnels of the home care nursing organization were nurses. The level of nursing performance of the home care nursing organization under nurse management was relatively higher than that of home care nursing organizations led by medical doctors or non-medical professional, but this was not proved as statistically meaningful(p =0.3617). 4) The level of nursing performance by task sectors according to the characteristic of home care nursing service organization There exists a significant difference between nursing performances by task sectors according to the characteristics of home care nursing organization(p=0.002). In case of model research center of one College of Nursing, the nursing performance in the sectors of organization, theory, and data gathering were lower than that of in hospital based home care nursing service. And in case of local home care centers, performances in sectors of organization, theory, data gathering, nursing intervention. professional training, and research sectors were significantly low. Based on the obtained results, overall performance of home care nurses can be appraised as relatively good. Especially, performances in sectors of the nursing intervention, nursing plan. and data gathering including the in direct nursing were recorded high scores. From this, it can be concluded that high quality of nursing is relatively practicing for home patients at these days. Since the high quality of nursing for patients was directly related to the level of nursing performances of home care nurses, it is required to improve practical performance level of them by making constant evaluation and running continual education program and supplementing curriculum for the sectors with low scores.
The specific purpose of this study was as follows: 1) To identify the level of sexual awareness and demand for sex education of teenagers, their parents and teachers. 2) To investigate the attitude toward and acceptance of heterosexual friendships by teenagers, their parents and teachers. 3) To identify the experience and direction of sex education of parents and teachers. For this purpose, this study selected 341 male and female teenagers at three high schools located in a city, 119 parents with high school students and 243 elementary/middle/high school teachers. The structured questionnaire was distributed to each of them and returned by them. This study was conducted over the period between June 1. 2001 and Aug 31. 2001. A total of 720 questionnaires were distributed to them and 703 were returned. Data analysis was conducted to obtain percentage and frequency using the SAS program. As a result, the following findings were obtained: Parents and teachers showed a similar attitude about sexual awareness, but teenagers showed a different attitude. In terms of the level of feeling of and interest in 'sex', teenagers, parents and teachers were comfortable in accepting it. As for sexual curiosity in puberty, 84.8% of the parents and 95.5% of the teachers responded that it was natural, whereas only 14.7% of teenagers responded that it was natural. But As for the item that 'sex is natural as one of human needs', 3.6% of the teenagers, 16.8% of the parents and only 1.2% of the teachers responded that it was not. As for the item that 'A man has a stronger sexual impulse than a woman', 6.1% of the teenagers, 16.8% of the parents and 17.3% of the teachers responded that it was not. 64.2% of the teenagers and 90.2% of the teachers responded that it was impossible to overcome the sexual impulse, whereas only 8.4% of the parents responded that it was possible. As for the item of masturbation, 64.5% of the teenagers responded that it was possible for male students and not possible for female students. 67.2% of the parents and 91.1% of the teachers responded that it was possible regardless of sex. As for the item of an attitude toward virginal purity, both the parents and teachers showed that virginal purity was important for both man and woman, but teenagers showed a weak awareness of virginal purity. As for the item, 'It is possible to have sexual intercourse with a lover during adolescence', 20.2% of the teenagers, 79% of the parents and 87.7% of the teachers responded that it was impossible. As for the item 'It is necessary to keep premarital virginal purity for a happy married life', 21.1% of the teenagers, 74.8% of the parents and 55.1% of the teachers responded that it was necessary, which shows that teenagers had a different opinion than parents and teachers. In case of pregnancy in adolescence, most of the responding teenagers, parents and teachers chose abortion. As for the item 'female refusal on male sexual approach', respondents accepted female refusal as they did for orders of teachers, parents and adolescents. As for item 'An assaulter is entirely to blame for sexual assault', all of three groups responded in the affirmative.
The survey with questionnaire were conducted to grasp the actual condition of four cautious drugs-antibiotics, sedative hypnctics, mincr tranquilizer, analeptics-self -medication behavior through drugstore use and to analyze the primary factors connected with it. The following six objectives were established. 1) To catch the reason why the man who medicate himself buy four cautious drugs at a drugstore, and to know the choice motive of each drug purchased. 2) To grasp the distribution of four cautious drug taken by the man who medicate himself and to analyse the reason of taking the drug. 3) To find out whether the buyer has taken the same drug past and to know the duration and the frequency. 4) To grasp the degree of recognition about four cautious drugs and the attitude toward continuous taking them. 5) To analyze the degree of recognition about the influence on human body and the attitude of medication behavior. 6) To know "the experience of side-effects" and to grasp the kind of the side-effects. The data were collected from 15 drugstores with 677 respondents in seoul from August 17 to september 21, 1987. The following results were obtained. 1) The reasons for drugstore use were first, "for easy access and convenience" (53.7%) second, "for the slightness of illness" (19.9%) third "for the cheap price" (13.2%). According to that result, the factor of "the easy access of drugstore" was most influential. In case of the poor, the factor "for the cheap price "was revealed second (37.3%). And "for the slightness of illness" was second reason in the medically insured (22. 9%), "for the cheap price" was second reason in the others (29%). 2) The kind of drugs purchased were antibiotics (62.8%), analeptics(17.2%), minor tranquilizer(13.3%) and sedative hypnotics (6.7%) on the whole. In teenagers, besides antibiotics the percentage of taking analepits came second (42.4%) and it was revealed that the percentage of sedative hypnotics, minor tranquilizer increase with age. But in proportion to the increase of age, the taking of analeptis decreased. 3) The choice motives of each drug purchased were all different. In case of antibiotics "recommendation of pharmacist" was 39.6%, sedative hypnotics "recommendation of pharmacist" and "my own judgement", 28.9%, respectively, minor tranquilizer "my own judgement", 35.2%. and in case of analeptics "my oun judgement" was most common with 53.5%. 4) The reasons for taking drugs were as follows. antibiotics was taken for the inflammation mitigation of a wound and a swelling (38.5%), sedative hypnotics for the removal of insomnia (97.5%), minor tranquilizer because of restlessness and qloominess(39.3%), and analeptics for the shortening of sleeping hours (35.1%). 5) Those experienced in taking four cautious drugs were 78.2% on the average. It was revealed that antibiotics use duration was "from one week to one month" (38.9%), the frequency was "rarely" (62.1%), sedative hypnotics and minor tranquilizer; "More than three years", (35.7%, 30.4%), respectively, "Somtimes", (43.8%, 35%), respectively. analeptics ; "from one year to three years", (27.6%), "Sometimes", (42.7%). 6) In regard to the source of information in taking drugs, 35.3 percent of male were relied on "recommendation of pharmacist", 32.6 percent of female "my own judgement", There was a difference between below the middle school graduates and over the high school graduates Thease were relied on "recommendation of pharmacist" first, those "my own judgement" first. And "my own judgement" was the first source of specialist(40%), labours(41.4%), salesman(43.5%), and jobless men(36.8%), "recommendation of ralatives on friends" was the first source of students (30.4%), "recommendation of pharmacist" was the first soure of teachers, administrative office workers (39%) and housewives (40.7%). 7) The degree of recognition about four cautious drugs was as follows. "know a little" was (43.0%), "don't know" (30.2%), "know" (26.8%), respectively. In regard to the attitude toward continuous taking them, it was revealed that "I will take it according to circumstamces" was first (56.2%), " I will not take it as possible" was first(56.2%), "I dont know well" (12.9%), "I will take it continuously" (8.3%). 8) About the influence on human body, "if proper, it is effect" was common attitude toward antibiotics (43.6%), "Probably bad influence on the health" was first toward the other drugs (46.2%), In terms of the degree of observance to taking-time and dose of drugs, "suitably" was first (37.3%), "relatively correctly" second (27%), "correctly" (17%). 9) The percentage of four cautious drugs side-effects was 27.5 on the average. The kind of side-effects were eruption and urticaria (28.5%), heart acceleration and so forth. (25.4%), headache and Giddiness, dyspepsia (23%), respectively.
This study aims to analyze the oral health status of the elderly. Study subjects were 9,340 elderly aged over 65 who took the health examination (the first) for the local insured when the National Health Insurance Corporation carried out its survey from January to December, 2002. The subjects took an oral examination and filled in the questionnaire. Major results from the analysis are as follows: 1. Analysis of Oral Health Behavior For oral health behavior, 38.2% of total subjects had visited a dental hospital (or clinic) in the last one year in the order of the elderly of big cities (48.3%), the elderly of medium cities (43.9%), and the elderly of rural areas (29.0%)(P<0.001). Elderly men had a higher rate than elderly women, and the younger age had a higher rate(P<0.01). For experience of oral prophylaxis, 12.3% of the total elderly had experienced it in the order of the elderly of big cities (18.8%), the elderly of medium cities (16.0%), and the elderly of rural areas (6.4%) (P<0.001). For elderly men, the younger age had a higher rate of oral prophylaxis. The number of toothbrushing in order was twice(47.5%), once (26.7%), three times (25.0%), and none (0.7%). The younger age brushed their teeth more often (P<0.001). 2. Analysis of Oral Health Status The rate of caries was 10.6% of the elderly surveyed. By area, the elderly of rural areas had a higher rate of caries than the elderly of cities (p<0.001) and elderly men were higher than elderly women (p<0.001). By age, many elderly aged over 80 had more than two caries. For missing teeth, the elderly of rural areas had a higher rate than the elderly of cities (p<0.001) and the older age had a higher rate(p<0.001). The rate of periodontal disease was 43.2% of the total elderly. By area, the elderly of big cities (46.2%) had a higher rate of periodontal disease than the elderly of medium cities (39.4%) and rural areas (43.6%)(p<0.001), and elderly men (46.4%) were higher than elderly women (40.2%)(p<0.001). By age, the lower age had a higher rate of peridontal disease (p<0.001). Dental abrasion was observed in 16.9% of the total elderly. The elderly of cities (21.0%) had a higher rate than the elderly of rural areas (12.0%)(p<0.001) and elderly men (21.3%) were higher than elderly women (12.8%)(p<0.001). Also the lower age had more dental abrasion symptoms (p<0.001). For needing a denture, the rate among the elderly was 48.5% and was higher for the elderly of rural areas(20.9%), than the elderly of big cities(7.0%) and medium cities (10.5%)(p<0.001). For the rate of denture wearing, the elderly of rural areas(41.8%) were higher than the elderly of big cities (27.7%) and medium cities (28.2% )(p<0.001). For the relation of drinking and smoking to oral health, the elderly who had a higher frequency of drinking, had a higher rate of caries (p<0.001)periodontal disease(p<0.001) and missing teeth(p<0.001) Smokers had a higher rate of caries (p<0.001), periodontal disease (p<0.05), and missing teeth (p<0.001) than nonsmokers.
Objectives : OHIP-14 and EQ-5D were used, targeting the residents of farming communities to identify the elements that influence oral cavity's health and quality of life due to health and to identify the importance of oral cavity's health in order to increase health of adults' oral cavity and quality of life via improved health. Methods : This research was conducted from July 17th, 2010 to August 16th, 2010 targeting 600 residents in Goryeong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, aging over 40. The data has been analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test and hierarchical multiple regression through SPSS Win Program 18.0 version. Results : 1. OHIP-14 and EQ-5D based on general characteristics showed lower oral health-related quality of life and health-related quality of life on the following cases: women (p=0.004, p<0.001), older (p<0.001, p<0.001), lower scholastic ability (p<0.001, p<0.001), lower average of average spending money (p<0.001, p<0.001), higher number of chronic disease (p<0.001, p<0.001), less drinking (p=0.012, p=0.008), lower perceived oral health and health status (p<0.001, p<0.001) and non smoking showed only EQ-5D (p<0.001). 2. OHIP-14 and EQ-5D based on oral health behavior showed lower oral health-related quality of life and health-related quality of life on the following cases: no periodic oral check-up (p<0.001, p<0.001), less experience of oral health education (p<0.001, p<0.001), horizontal tooth-brushing method(p<0.001, p<0.001) and lower frequency of tooth-brushing showed only OHIP-14 (p=0.042). OHIP-14 and EQ-5D based on oral health status and subjective oral symptom showed lower oral health-related quality of life and health-related quality of life on following cases: number of existing tooth less than 20 (p<0.001, p<0.001), the number of missing teeth more than 9 (p<0.001, p=0.044), DMFT (Decay, Missing, Filling Teeth) index more than 18 (p<0.001, p<0.001), wears denture (p<0.001, p<0.001), edentulous (p<0.001, p=0.002), have xerostomia (p<0.001, p<0.001) and have chewing discomfort (p<0.001, p<0.001). 3. Factors affecting OHIP-14 were gender, age, perceived oral health status, perceived health status, number of existing teeth, dental status, xerostomia and chewing discomfort, and the of reliability (how well it explains) the final model was 48.7%. EQ-5D showed relevance on gender, age, presence of chronic disease, perceived health status, xerostomia, chewing discomfort and oral health-related quality of life, and the reliability of the final model was 42.9%. Conclusions : In order to improve the quality of life of ruralists, oral health needs to be improved or remained by increasing the rate of possession of the existing teeth and preventing the loss of teeth. In order to do so, improvement of accessibility of dental clinic, change of direction from treatment-centered to prevention-centered health care system, development of oral health education program and various oral health care policies which would vitalize continuous oral health care system are considered to be necessary.
Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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v.14
no.5
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pp.61-78
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2019
This study is about the effect of the founder's self-efficacy on the sales of the founding company by focusing on the factors that are currently emphasized in the founding education. In particular, this paper starts from the consciousness of the problem that the education that is being implemented to achieve the purpose of successful start-up among various government-based start-up support projects is failing to produce many start-up failures. Entrepreneurs cannot be assessed by objective financial data, but there is a high degree of uncertainty that should be determined based on their personal and learning abilities. In addition, many previous studies, which are likely to be successful when there is a high self-efficacy in a specific field due to the influence of factors such as personal experience or learning, will answer the direction of support for start-up companies. This study focuses on the impact of the founder's self-efficacy on the sales of the founding firms, especially the sales that are the key to the survival of the founding firms. This study has six major studies. First, to analyze whether the self-efficacy of entrepreneurs with respect to entrepreneurship affects the sales of entrepreneurs. Second, to analyze whether the self-efficacy of entrepreneurs with respect to market orientation affects the sales of entrepreneurs. Analysis of whether the founder's self-efficacy affects the sales of the founding firms. Fourth, analysis of whether the founder's self-efficiency affects the sales of the founding firms' understanding of management environment changes. An analysis of whether efficacy affects the sales of a start-up company, and sixth, an analysis of whether the founder's self-efficacy of business model building ability affects the sales of a start-up company. As a result of the empirical analysis, this study found that the self-efficacy of entrepreneurs on product differentiation capability and business model building capacity had a positive influence on the sales of entrepreneurs. The self-efficacy had a positive effect on self-efficacy, and the customer orientation had a positive effect on self-efficacy on business model building capacity. Also, it was confirmed that a path exists between the components of self-efficacy and that self-efficacy through the path has a positive effect on the sales of the start-up company. Therefore, the results of this study suggest the implications of establishing such a path and strengthening self-efficacy to create the survival and start-up performance of a start-up company if the goal of the start-up company is to survive when implementing various support projects for the start-up company.
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