• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.41
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• pp.379-405
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• 2015

The purpose of this thesis is to seek the methodologies for forming the fandoms of the Theatre. For the research, I explain by giving the example of the K-POP, of which the fandom has already been spread. Afterwards, I describe about the items which can substitute the plays and about the limits. By escaping from the passive consumptions, the fandoms have been expanded to the domain in which the culture is reborn. The cultural activities of the fandoms have come out of simply liking the fans, and the domain has been widened to the social activities. In the case of the K-POP, it has gone beyond Korea and has the fandoms in the whole world. Regarding the reasons why the fandoms could be formed in relation to the K-POP, firstly, it is because the project-type stars made by the large-scale agency had existed. Secondly, it is because the methods of accessing the contents had become simple through the online proliferation, such as the YouTube and the SNS's. Lastly, it is because the cultural activities of the fandoms give the joys, thereby continually maintaining the fandoms. If this is substituted for the Theatre, in the case of the Theatre, in order for the large-scale agencies to make the plans for and train the actors and the actresses, there are, somewhat, the excesses. However, if a PR method suitable for the online environment is developed and if the common joy is given to the audience of the Theatre, there is the possibility that the fandoms can be invigorated regarding the Theatre. Although, with regard to the K-POP and the Theatre, there exist the differences between the contents, if the methodologies of the K-POP fandoms, which have invigorated the fandoms and have been managing stably, are substituted for the plays, the invigoration of the fandoms is possible regarding the Theatre, too.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.582-590
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• 2018

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs) play a pivotal role in vascular regeneration in ischemic tissues; however, their therapeutic application in clinical settings is limited due to the low quality and quantity of patient-derived circulating EPCs. To solve this problem, we evaluated whether three priming small molecules (tauroursodeoxycholic acid, fucoidan, and oleuropein) could enhance the angiogenic potential of EPCs. Such enhancement would promote the cellular bioactivities and help to develop functionally improved EPC therapeutics for ischemic diseases by accelerating the priming effect of the defined physiological molecules. We found that preconditioning of each of the three small molecules significantly induced the differentiation potential of $CD34^+$ stem cells into EPC lineage cells. Notably, long-term priming of OECs with the three chemical cocktail (OEC-3C) increased the proliferation potential of EPCs via ERK activation. The migration, invasion, and tube-forming capacities were also significantly enhanced in OEC-3Cs compared with unprimed OECs. Further, the cell survival ratio was dramatically increased in OEC-3Cs against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress via the augmented expression of Bcl-2, a pro-survival protein. In conclusion, we identified three small molecules for enhancing the bioactivities of ex vivo-expanded OECs for vascular repair. Long-term 3C priming might be a promising methodology for EPC-based therapy against ischemic diseases.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.28-36
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• 2000

This study describes to analyze the characteristics for separation and recovery of both the dried particles and the purified solvent from the waste solvent through the vaporization process by the continuous and instantaneous vacuum drying system. The vacuum drying system for the waste solvents recovery consists of a feeding pump, a double pipe heat exchanger, a vacuum spray chamber, and a condenser. The vacuum drying system heats the waste solvent to the vapor in the double pipe heat exchanger and the expanded vapor is sprayed at the end of the tube. The vaporized solvent in the condenser are recovered. The particles in the waste solvent are separated and dried from the vapor in the vacuum spray chamber. Performance evaluation of the vacuum drying system was conducted using the mixture of the dried pigment particles and benzene or alkylbenzene as test samples. For the mixture of 10 wt% pigment particles an 90% benzene, the recovery efficiency of benzene was 88% with the purity of 99% and the recovery efficiency of dried particles was 94% with the moisture of 1.1 wt%. The size of pigment particles was decreased from $6.5\mu\textrm{m}$ to $5.6\mu\textrm{m}$ in diameter due to high speed spraying and dispersion in the vacuum drying system during drying process. Therefore, the vacuum drying system showed to be an effective method for separating particles and solvent in the waste solvent.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.330-347
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• 2022

Folate, a water-soluble vitamin, acts as a coenzyme for one-carbon metabolism in nucleic acid synthesis and amino acid metabolism. Adequate folate nutritional status during the periconceptional period is known to prevent neural tube defects. In addition, insufficient folate intake is associated with various conditions, such as anemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, cardiovascular disease, cancer, cognitive impairment, and depression. This review discusses the rationale for the revision of the 2020 Korean dietary reference intakes for folate, and suggestions for future revisions. Based on the changes in the standard body weight in 2020, the adequate intake (AI) for infants (5-11 months) and the estimated average requirements (EARs) for 15-18 years of age were revised, but there were no changes in the recommended nutrient intakes (RNIs) and tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for all age groups. Mean folate intake did not reach RNI in most age groups and was particularly low in women aged 15-29 years, according to the results of the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The percentages of folate intake to RNI were lower than 60% in pregnant and lactating women, but serum folate concentrations were higher than those in other age groups, presumably due to the use of supplements. Therefore, total folate intake, from both food and supplements, should be evaluated. In addition, the database of folate in raw, cooked, and fortified foods should be further expanded to accurately assess the folate intake of Koreans. Determination of the concentrations of erythrocyte folate and plasma homocysteine as well as serum folate is recommended, and quality control of the analysis is critical.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.882-889
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• 2002

Acute Complications of Remodelling Plasty of Costochondral Rib Cage For Pectus excavatum Recently, Remodelling Plasty of Costochondral Rib Cage has been introduced as an minimally invasive procedure and expanded its application for pectus excavatum. Outcomes and acute complications were reviewed Material and Method: A retrospective survey of 55 patients who underwent Remodelling Plasty of Costochondral Rib Cage from September, 1999 to February, 2002 was conducted to review complications, postoperative treatments, and outcomes. Result: Age ranged from 1 to 27 years(mean 11.4 $\pm$ 7.1). 35(64%) were less than 15-year old and 20(36%) were more than 15-year old. There were 44(80%) Male patients and 11(20%) female patients. Length of hospital stay was 7.8 $\pm$ 2.1 days for less than 15-Y-old group, 10.6 $\pm$ 6.2 days for more than 15-Y-old group(p ＝ 0.042) One substernal bar was inserted in 52 patients and two substernal bars were inserted in 3 patients. As for stabilizer, one lateral side was fastened in 15 patients and both lateral sides were fastened in 6 patients. In the less than 15-Y-old group, 4 patients needed stabilizer, whereas in the more than 15-Y-old group, 18 patients needed stebilizer(s)(p ＝ 0.000). Including all kinds of complications, 28(51 %)patients had postoperative complications. Of them, only 7 patients were treated for complications(C-tube insertion was done in 7 patients and reoperation for bar refixation or removal was done in 3 patients of them). Conclusion: Most complications after Remodelling Plasty of Costochondral Rib Cage For Pectus Excavatum were trivial without treatment although C-tube drainage was needed in some patients. However bar displacement such as rotation and lateral sliding should be corrected as soon as detected in order not to remove the bar(the worst situation).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.7 s.276
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• pp.492-498
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• 2007

Background: Malignant pleural effusion is a common condition in neoplastic patients and palliative therapy is the usual treatment. Talc has been generally accepted to be the most effective sclerosant for chemical pleurodesis, but the optimal route of administration remains controversy. We compared the results of video-assisted thoracoscopic talc poudrage (VTP) with administering a bedside talc slurry through a chest tube (BTS) for the treatment of malignant pleural effusion. Material and Method: From December 2004 to May 2006, 20 patients with malignant pleural effusion underwent chemical pleurodesis via VTP (group A, n=10), and BTS (group B, n=10). Result: The durations of chest tube placement after the procedure were $7.0{\pm}4.0$ days (group A) and $6.7{\pm}3.6$ days (group B). The hospital stays were $24.3{\pm}9.4$ days (group A) and $30.7{\pm}21.5$ days (group B), respectively. The symptoms of dyspnea were much more improved in group A (p-value=0.014) after discharge (mean f/u group $A=8.5{\pm}2.2$ months, group B $8.0{\pm}7.4$ months). The collapsed portions of lung were better expanded in group A than in group B (p-value=0.011). Conclusion: We recommend VTP for the selected patients with malignant pleural effusion because of the advantages of dissecting the fibrous peel to relieve the atelectasis and dyspnea, and excising the pleura for diagnosis with direct viewing of the lesion.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.240-247
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• 2001

The history of rehabilitation of disabilities in Korea began with the foreigners and missionaries who were interested in it after Korean War. In 1981, Disabled Persons Welfare Act was enacted and the 88 Paralympics brought the nations attention to the welfare and rehabilitation of persons with disabilities. Since then, the facilities and the services for the disabled persons have expanded rapidly and the rehabilitation treatment and nursing intervention are drawing more attention. Against this background, the survey on the current status of disabilities, welfare service, facilities, and rehabilitation nursing was conducted. The results of this survey are as follows. 1. According to the 2000 census of disabilities, the number of persons with disabilities in Korea is estimated at 1,449,500, or 3.09% of the entire Korean population, 0.74% up from 2.35% in 1995. 2. Disability Types in 2000 The 2000 census showed that the persons with disabilities numbered 1,449,496 out of the total population and 1,024,371 persons are registered for disability, making up 70.7% of the estimated disabled population. Among them, physically disabled persons accounted for the largest 41.7% (605,127) and mentally retarded persons stood at the smallest 9% (13,481). 3. Percentage of Disability Presence The survey showed that more than 90% of disability were acquired. However, 44.8% of mental disability and 61.4% of hearing/speaking disability were not acquired after birth. This means that these disabilities happened by congenital cause or birth accident. 4. Yearly Figure of Registered Disabled Persons In 1989, 218,601 persons registered for disability and, in 2000, the number increased by 4.7 times to 1,024,371. These figures are different from the actual number of disabled persons. According to the 1995 census, 1,053,486 were disabled persons but only 378,323registered for disability. And, in the 2000 census, 1,024,371 out of the 1,449,496 of disabled persons registered for disability. 5. Welfare Service for Persons with Disability 62.6% of the total disabled people are registered and physically disabled persons accounted for the highest percentage of 96.7%. 26.5% of non-registered disabled people said that they didnt know the registration procedure. The rest of them replied that they didnt think they were disabled or that registration didnt seem to give any benefits. 6. Welfare Policies for Disabled Persons The welfare benefits given to the disabled are as follows: Issuance of disabled sign for car drivers, Permission to use LPG fuel, Communication fee reduction, Tax exemption related to cars, Reduction of public facility fees, Household allowance, Tax reduction or exemption, Medical allowance and education subsidy for children, and Housing. 7. Current Condition of Welfare Facilities by Disability Type The welfare institutions for disabilities numbered 188 in total and they can accommodate 16,823 persons. Categories of these institutions are physical disability(37), visual disability(10), hearing/speaking disability(14), mental retardation(59), and sanatoriums(68). 8. Human Resource of Rehabilitation of Disabilities Advanced education programs include rehabilitation nursing in its curriculum and this was selected as the program of Korean Academic Society of Nursing in 1990. In November 1997, Korean Academic Society of Rehabilitation Nursing was launched and many academic meeting and seminars were held. This organization is also making efforts to develop the education program for qualified rehabilitation nursing professionals and to develop the standards of rehabilitation nursing practice. In the professionals of the rehabilitation, there are rehabilitation specialist, physical therapist, speech therapist, occupational therapist. It is needed to come up with the measures to supply stable human resources following the demand of disabled persons and to recognize the private certificates for rehabilitation professionals as official ones after reviewing the education and training programs of private institutions. 9. Rehabilitation Nursing 1) Rehabilitation nursing was taught as an independent subject in 11 undergraduate programs and 9 graduate programs. 2) Research on rehabilitation nursing in Korea were 24 experimental research and 11 non-experimental research. The intervention of experimental research were mostly education and exercise rehabilitation programs. 3) In the three rehabilitation hospitals, nursing is divided into two categories, direct nursing and education & counseling. Direct nursing includes tracheostomy or nasogastric tube care, urination and defication, skin care, pain control, complication prevention and care, prevention of injury from a fall, etc.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 2010

With the expanded use of radiation in modern medical practices, the most important issue in regards to efforts to reduce individual exposure dose is quality assurance. Therefore in order to study the present condition of quality assurance, the Gwangju Metropolitan City area was divided into five districts each containing ten hospitals. Four experiments were conducted: a reproducibility experiment for kVp, mA, and examination time (sec) intensity of illumination; half-value layer (HVL) measurement; and beam perpendicularity test matching experiment. The tube voltage reproducibility experiment for all fifty hospitals resulted in a 95.33% passing rate and mA and examination time both resulted in a 77.0% passing rate. The passing rate for intensity of illumination was 86.0% and 52.0% for HVL, which was the lowest passing rate of all four factors. For the beam perpendicularity test matching experiment, generally the central flux is matched to within $1.5^{\circ}$. Of all fifty hospitals 30.0% were beyond $3^{\circ}$. The results of the survey showed that 58% responded that they knew about quality assurance cycle. All fifty respondents stated that they have not received any training in regards to quality assurance at their current place of employment. Although quality assurance is making relative progress, the most urgent issue is awareness of the importance of quality assurance. Therefore, the implementation of professional training focusing on safety management and accurate quality assurance of radiation will reduce the exposure to radiation for radiologists and patients and higher quality imaging using less dosage will also be possible.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.3
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• pp.462-477
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to understand changes in domestic forest policy and social perception of forests from a macro perspective using big data analysis of news articles and editorials. A total of 13,570 'forest' related data were collected from metropolitan and economic journals from 1946-2017 using keyword and CONCOR (Convergence of iterated Correlations) analysis. First, we found the percentage of articles and editorials using the keyword 'forest'increased overall. Second, news data on 'forest' in the field of reporting was concentrated in the "social" sector during the first period (1946-1966), followed by forest-related issues expanding to various fields from the second (1967-1972) to fifth (1988-1997) periods, then toward the "culture" sector in the sixth (1998-2007) and "politics" after the seventh (2008-2017) period. Third, we found changes in the policy paradigm over time significantly changed social awareness. In the first and second periods, people experienced livelihood issues rather than forest greening or forest protection policy and expanded their awareness of planned and scientific afforestation (third) to environmental protection (fourth) and ecological perspectives (sixth to seventh). The key outcome of our analysis was leveraging news big data that reflected polices on forests and public social perception To further derive future social issues,more in-depth analysis of public discourse and perception will be possible using textual big data and GDP of various social network services (SNS), such as combining blogs and YouTube.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.448-455
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• 1999

Background: Recent developments in techniques of video-assisted thoracic surgery(VATS) and endoscopic equipment has expanded the application of video-assisted surgical procedures in the field of thoracic surgery. Especially, it will probably become the treatment of choice of spontaneous pneumothorax(SP). There is, however, a high recurrence rate, high cost, and paucity of long-term results. We report the results of postoperative follow-up and analyze perioperative parameters affected to recurrence, retrospectively. Material and Method: From march 1992 to march 1997, 276 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax underwent 292 VATS procedures. Conversion to open thoracotomy was necessitated in eight patients, and this patients excluded from the study. Result: The sex distribution was 249 males and 31 females. The mean age was 28.1 12.2 years(range, 15 to 69 years). Primary SP was 237cases(83.5%) and secondary SP was 47cases(16.5%). The major underlying lung diseases associated with secondary SP were tuberculosis 27cases(57.4%) and emphysema 8cases (38.3%). Operative indications included Ipsilateral recurrence 123(43.9%), persistent air-leak 53(18.9%), x-ray visible bleb 40(14.3%), tension 30(10.7%), contralateral recurrence 21(7.5%), uncomplicated first episode 8(2.9%), bilateral 3(1.1%), complicated episode 2(0.7%). Blebs were visualized in 247cases(87%) and 244cases(85.9%) performed stapled blebectomy. Early postoperative complications occurred in 33 cases(11.6%): 16 prolonged air-leak more than 5 days(four of them were required a second operation and found missed blebs); 5 bleeding; 5 empyema; 2 atelectasis; 1 wound infection. No deaths occured. The mean operative time was 52.8 23.1 minutes(range, 20 to 165 minutes). The mean d ration of chest tube drainage was 5.0 4.5 days(range, 2 to 37 days). The mean duration ofhospital stay was 8.2 5.5 days (range, 3 to 43days). At a mean follow-up 22.3 18.4 months(range, 1 to 65 months), 12 patients(4.2%) were lost to follow-up. There were 24 recurrences and seven patients underwent second operation and 6 patients(85.7%) were found the missed blebs. 12 perioperative parameters(age, sex, site, underlying disease, extent of collapse, operative indication, size of bleb, number of bleb, location of bleb, bleb management, pleural procedure, prolonged postoperative air-leak) were analyzed statistically to identify significant predictors of recurrence. The significant predictors of recurrence was the underlying disease[17.0%(8/47): 6.8%(16/237), p=0.038], prolonged postoperative air-leakage[37.5%(6/16): 6.7%(18/268), p=0.001], and pleural procedure [11.4%(19/167): 4.3%(5/117), p=0.034]. Blebectomy has less recurrence rate then non-blebectomy [8.2%(20/244) : 10.0%(4/40), p>0. 5]. However, this difference was not statistically significant(p=0.758). Conclusion: We conclude that it is important that we shoud careful finding of bleb during VATS due to reducing of recurrnece, and cases of no bleb identified and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax were indicated of pleurodectomy. VATS is a valid alternative to open procedure for the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax with less pain, shorter hospital stay, more rapid return to work, high patient acceptance, less scar and exellent cosmetics. But, there is high recurrence rate and high cost, and than it is necessary to evaluate of long-term results for recurrence and to observate carefully during VATS.