• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.103-114
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• 2005

The transit fare resulted from the renovation of public transit system in Seoul is basically determined based on the distance-based fare policy (DFP). In DFP, the total fare a passenger has to pay for is calculated by the basic-transfer-premium fare decision rule. The fixed amount of the basic fare is first imposed when a passenger get on a mode and it lasts within the basic travel distance. The transfer fare is additionally imposed when a passenger switches from one mode to another and the fare of the latter mode is higher than the former. The premium fare is also another and the fare of the latter begins to exceed the basic travel distance and increases at the proportion of the premium fare distance. The purpose of this study is to propose an algorithm for finding K number of paths, paths that are sequentially sorted based on total amount of transit fare, under DFP of the idstance-based fare policy. For this purpose, the link mode expansion technique is proposed in order to save notations associated with the travel modes. Thus the existing K shortest path algorithms adaptable for uni-modal network analysis are applicable to the analysis for inter-modal transportation networks. An optimality condition for finding the K shortest fare routes is derived and a corresponding algorithms is developed. The case studies demonstrate that the proposed algorithm may play an important role to provide diverse public transit information considering fare, travel distance, travel time, and number of transfer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.17-28
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• 2008

Favorable policies for freight vehicles (i.e., trucks), such as exclusive "Truck-ways," have been proposed, and at the same time restricted policies for freight vehicles have been suggested because transportation of goods by truck aggravates traffic congestion and environmental conditions in urban areas. This study discusses the limitations of assessment processes for freight vehicle route management systems which have been carried out from limited perspectives such as physical distribution efficiency and traffic circulation. The objective of this study is to propose an assessment method of truck route management systems in urban areas which includes more varied criteria. This research modified the two existing assessment indices of physical distribution efficiency and traffic circulation. In addition two new assessment indexes are proposed: (i) exposure indices for population directly influenced by nitrous oxide, a representative pollutant, and (ii) a friction index between trips for attending elementary school and freight vehicle trips. It was found that from the perspective of physical distribution efficiency and traffic circulation, the "before" alternative is better than "after". However, from the aspect of traffic safety and environmental impacts the "after" alternative is better than "before". It is expected that the proposed evaluation method in this study would be useful when identifying reasonable policies for truck route management in urban areas.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2013

The present study proposed a methodology to analyze the networking efficiency of arterial road networks. The methodology was motivated to design three-dimensional networks and to analyze the networking ability quantitatively, which is a novel approach compared to existing methods depending on the two-dimensional network definition and the qualitative analysis for improving arterial road networks. The method considered the interdependence between high-level freeways and low-level highways, the ITS-based information for traffic and road conditions, and the physical networking. These three factors were quantified by a networking index (NI), and the networking efficiency was measured by a networking rate (NR). The present study proved that the networking efficiency (NR) was influenced by travel information sharing (i.e., ITS) and physical factors. This supports the fact that the integrated improvements of physical and ITS factors are necessary for an arterial road. The proposed method was applied for an actual arterial road network. It was found that the nation-wide NR was higher than that for the metropolitan area, which might be due to the difficulty in switching between high- and low-level networks and the lack of ITS functions in the metropolitan area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2013

There is a need to provide appropriate transportation safety services to foreigners residing in Korea. The main purpose of this study is to enhance transportation safety services for foreigners. In order to identify the risk of traffic accidents, analysis of traffic accidents was conducted using a survey of foreigner travel behavior. According to the results of this model, the study suggests directions to achieve improvement of traffic safety services for foreigners who are unfamiliar with the transportation systems. The study results show that the risk of traffic accidents is influenced by two factors: comprehension of transport geography and of traffic laws. Necessity of policy is influenced by two factors: comprehension of transportation system and the risk of traffic accidents. Intention of using policy is influenced by two factors: the risk of traffic accidents and necessity of policy. Effect of policy is affected by the intention of using policy. The results also demonstrate that the traffic safety services for foreigner can be described as endogenous variables which are approximately 88% of the traffic safety education, 85% of the demanded multicultural district, and 75% of the portal traffic information. Compared with existing research, this study provides a systematic methodology to evaluate effects and the order of priority in establishing traffic safety policies for foreigners.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.197-209
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• 2017

With the advent of age that people spend more time and money on leisure activities, there is increasing interest in professional sport games. The location of large scale sport facilities has substantial impacts on existing transportation pattern because the facility attracts and generates massive traffic volume within a short period of time. This study aims to develop a mode choice model of leisure trips of which the destinations are a sport facility. A structured SP (stated preference) survey questionnaires were developed through an experimental design, and professional sport spectators were asked to state their preference in the choice of transport mode to the sport facility. The survey results show that public transportation is preferred to passenger cars for their trip to big sports event, implying that the convenience of back home trip after the event is an important factor of their mode choice. This study is a rare research on the trip pattern to sports complex in Korea, which provides policy implications on the provision of mass transit including subway system to large scale sport complexes. And it is also expected that this study contributes to future researches on leisure trip pattern.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.19 no.2 s.20
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• pp.203-212
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• 1986

Hypertension is one of the most well known risk factors for cerebrovascular or coronary heart disease and is a major public health problem. Early detection and treatment of hypertension are essential, but the compliance of treatment on hypertension is not easy to achive. Hypertensive workers are being detected by the annual screening under the Labour Standard Law in Korea but the solidified control system for them is not existing. This study about workers 'Motive-Belief-Action in non-drug and drug treatment of their hypertension would be worthwhile to interpret how the workers actually behave in coping with hypertension, and also would be advisable to construct the follow-up program in Korea. In the field research process two criteria were used to select sample group. The first criterion included the workers who were screened to be hypertensive with their blood pressure above 160/95 in this survey. The second one was used to classify study-group respondents who had known their hypertension by successive annual screening. From such criteria a total of 156 male workers were sampled in 21 industries, the author interviewed them using the structured questionnaire which consisted of Belief-Motive-Action items about non-drug and drug treatment for hypertension with open-ended question on symptom of hypertension. The summary is as follows: 1) Sixty-one percent of respondents had ever checked their blood pressure somewhere besides the annual screening. 2) Most respondents(97.2%) complained no symptoms of hypertension at all. 3) Belief level of non-drug treatment was relatively high (82.1%-64.7%), but motive(55.1%-28.2%) and action(38.5%-16.7%) levels were low. 4) Belief level of drug treatment was relatively lower than that of non-drug treatment, blue collar workers showed higher artier level of drug treatment than white collar workers, and correlation coefficient between belief and motive on drug treatment was lower in group of not-recognizing their family history of hypertension than recognized group. Such findings indicated that belief on drug treatment of hypertensive workers would be problematic. 5) White collar workers showed significant lower correlation coefficients between Motive and Action of salt restriction, restriction of fatty diet and relaxation than blue collar workers. 6) Mild hypertension group showed low levels of Motive and Action of non-drug treatment(salt restriction, restriction of fatty diet and relaxation) and also showed low correlation coefficient between Belief and Motive of above non-drug treatment.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.4 s.28
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• pp.542-554
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• 1989

The skyrocketing inflation of medical costs has become a major health problem among most developed countries. Korea, which recently covered the entire population with National Health Insurance, is facing the same problem. The proportion of health expenditure to GNP has increased from 3% to 4.8% during the last decade. This was remarkable, if we consider the rapid economic growth during that time. A few policy analysts began to raise cost containment as an agenda, after recognizing the importance of medical cost inflation. In order to Prepare an appropriate alternative for the agenda, it is necessary to find out reasons for the cost inflation. Then, we should focus on the reasons which are controllable, and those whose control are socially desirable. This study is designed to articulate the theory of medical cost inflation through literature reviews, to find out reasons for cost inflation, by analyzing aggregated data with a deterministic model. Finally to identify determinants of changes in both medical demand and service intensity which are major reasons for cost inflation. The reasons for cost inflation are classified into cost push inflation and demand pull inflation, The former consists of increases in price and intensity of services, while the latter is made of consumer derived demand and supplier induced demand. We used a time series (1983-1987), and cross sectional (over regions) data of health insurance. The deterministic model reveals, that an increase in service intensity is a major cause of inflation in the case of inpatient care, while, more utilization, is a primary attribute in the case of physician visits. Multiple regression analysis shows that an increase in hospital beds is a leading explanatory variable for the increase in hospital care. It also reveals, that an introduction of a deductible clause, an increase in hospital beds and degree of urbanization, are statistically significant variables explaining physician visits. The results are consistent with the existing theory, The magnitude of service intensity is influenced by the level of co-payment, the proportion of old age and an increase in co-payment. In short, an increase in co-payment reduced the utilization, but it induced more intensities or services. We can conclude that the strict fee regulation or increase in the level of co-payment can not be an effective measure for cost containment under the fee for service system. Because the provider can react against the regulation by inducing more services.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.290-298
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• 2013

The genus Mycobacterium includes crucial animal and human pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, and Mycobacterium bovis. Although it is important to understand the genetic basis for their virulence and persistence in host, genetic analysis in mycobacteria was hampered by a lack of sufficient genetic tools. Therefore, many functional vectors as molecular genetic tools have been designed for understanding mycobacterial biology, and the application of these tools to mycobacteria has accelerated the study of mechanisms involved in virulence and gene expression. To overcome the pre-existing problems in genetic manipulation of mycobacteria, this paper reports new vector systems as effective genetic tools in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Three vectors were developed; pKOTs is a suicide vector for mutagenesis containing a temperature-sensitive replication origin (TSRO) and the sacB gene encoding levansucrase as a counterselectable marker. pMV306lacZ is an integrative lacZ transcriptional fusion vector that can be inserted into chromosomal DNA by site-specific recombination. pTnMod-OKmTs is a minitransposon vector harboring the TSRO that can be used in random mutagenesis. It was demonstrated in this study that these vectors effectively worked in M. smegmatis. The vector systems reported here are expected to successfully applicable to future research of mycobacterial molecular genetics.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.37-52
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• 2006

A mobile device like ceil phone is the necessity of modern people, of ich con be easily connected to a wireless internet through such a mobile device. The demand for a wireless data communication is growing rapidly. However, agencies have not yet completed standardization of a markup language. Due to the development of the Mobile Device, agencies in this field have provided different data formats with each Mobile Device Platform. Traditionally, contents is hand-tailored to suit the target device. A key problem is that the characteristics and capabilities of the mobile device are too diverse to service the most suitable mobile contents. Because of these problems, the need for a re-usable document description language increases. In this paper, we defined Template file that is common data to service mobile devices. We proposed a method that could be an effective wireless web service though design and the implementation of the Call manager & the XSL Generator. In the methodology, when requesting a wireless internet service, a mobile device finds out markup language and a hardware specification of the mobile device through the Call Manager component supports. The XSL Generator component creates the XSL file dynamically that is the most suitable to a device. Finally, contents is serviced to each device by XSLT. It can generate a wireless page more easily by reusing the existing web contents through such course. Therefore, it can save the time and expense for generating a wireless page.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.109-127
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• 2014

This study is devised out of the recognition that the existing standardization-related research has not sufficiently examined the overall social environment where a standard is actually made and diffused and the roles of the actors and the changes in them in the complex social system where multiple stakeholders exist. Against this backdrop, this study purports to reconstruct the dynamic process of developing and standardizing an innovative technology through a socio-technical approach involved by multiple stakeholders with different interests in the context of a socio-technical institutional environment. The specific goals to achieve the purpose include first, inspecting the characteristics of the interactions between the human actors and between the human and non-human actors in the socio-technical network surrounding a standardization process. Second, the study aimed to observe the activities of the focal actor who led the standardization process and its changing role. To that end, it analyzed the dynamic features of the process of standardizing a HD 3DTV broadcasting technology that took place in South Korea based on the actor network theory. As for the analysis method, the researchers personally took part in the actor network involving the new technology to analyze the dynamic characteristics of the network, applying the qualitative research method of survey and in-depth interviews and exploring the overall dynamics of environment, behavior and technology observed over the course of the entire standardization process.