• 고전문학과교육
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• 제37호
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• pp.75-109
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• 2018

이 글에서는 유의양이 자기의 유배체험을 기록한 ${\ll}$남해문견록${\gg}$과 ${\ll}$북관노정록${\gg}$을 대상으로 작품에 제시된 유배체험의 양상과 작가의식을 검토하였다. 18세기 관료문인인 유의양은 영조의 노여움을 사 남해, 아산, 종성으로 해를 이어 유배를 갔는데 남해와 종성의 유배체험을 각각 ${\ll}$남해문견록${\gg}$과 ${\ll}$북관노정록${\gg}$을 통해 기록으로 남겼다. 우선 여정이 큰 비중으로 제시된 ${\ll}$북관노정록${\gg}$의 경우 작자는 자기가 지나는 각각의 장소와 관련된 역사적 사건이나 설화, 한시 작품 등을 제시하는 방식으로 유배지로 향하거나 유람을 하는 여정을 구성하였다. 작자는 여정을 서술하면서 임진왜란과 익조 도조의 행적을 집중적으로 제시하였으며, 옛사람이 지은 시를 통해 그들이 노래한 경관을 자기 눈으로 직접 확인하기도 하고, 그들의 처지와 감회에 공감하면서 자기의 현재를 돌아보기도 하고, 스스로 시를 지어 자기의 회포를 드러내기도 하였다. 이는 작자가 자기가 지나는 장소들을 역사적이고 문학적인 의미망 속에서 이해하고, 인식하려 했다는 것을 의미한다. 또한 작자는 유배지 지역민들의 삶의 모습과 방식에 주목하여 산물, 장례나 혼례 풍속, 음식, 가옥 구조, 방언 등을 상당히 자세하게 제시하고 있는데 이는 작자가 환경과 상황에 따른 지역민의 삶에 대한 이해를 통해 유배지를 인식하고자 했다는 것을 뜻한다. 한편 작자는 주위 사람들과의 교유와 대화를 중심으로 유배의 일상적 모습을 제시하기도 하고, 가족에 대한 그리움과 걱정을 시로 형상화하거나 토로하면서 유배의 고통을 드러내기도 하고, 유람을 통해 갑갑하고 고통스런 일상에서 벗어나는 모습을 제시하기도 하였다. 이처럼 작자는 역사와 문학을 통해 여정을 구성하고, 지역민의 삶의 모습과 방식을 통해 유배지를 인식하였으며, 유배지 사람들과의 교유와 대화에 관심을 기울이며 유배생활을 제시하였다. 유배체험을 이러한 방식으로 제시한 이유는, 우선 작자가 직접 언급하고 있듯이 작자가 스스로를 벼슬하는 관료로 인식하여 유배지의 지리적 상황과 백성들의 질고를 살피려 했다는 점, 그리고 그가 관료이면서 동시에 문인이기도 했다는 점에서 찾을 수 있다. 또한 유배의 원인이 그리 심각하지 않아 작자가 어느 정도 심적 여유를 가질 수 있었으리라는 점, 작자로서는 내면에 몰두하여 유배의 고통과 마주하기보다는 눈을 밖으로 돌려 여정과 유배지에 관심을 기울이는 것이 다소나마 고통에서 벗어날 수 있는 효과적인 방법일 수 있었다는 점을 그러한 제시 방식을 택한 이유로 아울러 고려할 필요가 있다.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제57호
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• pp.383-406
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• 2014

미암(眉巖) 유희춘(柳希春)(1513~1577)은 시를 생활의 일부로 여겼다. 그러므로 필자는 미암 유희춘의 한시에 초점을 맞추어 살펴보았다. 본고에서 논의한 사항들을 종합하여 결론으로 삼으면 다음과 같다. 미암(眉巖)은 문학을 재도적(載道的) 관점에서 이해하려고 하였다. 미암(眉巖)의 한시는 현재 300여수로 추산되는데, 필자가 파악한 작품은 285수이다. 그리고 미암(眉巖)은 진지한 자세로 작시(作詩)에 임했으며, 형식보다는 내용을 중시하였다. 고시(古詩) 율시(律詩) 절구(絶句) 가운데 絶句(특히 칠언(七言))가 가장 많으며, 오언(五言)보다 칠언(七言)을 더 선호한 것으로 보인다. 고시(古詩)의 경우, 전고(典故)가 비교적 많은 편이다. 절구(絶句)는 미암(眉巖)이 가장 능했던 시체(詩體)로, 주로 생활과 관련된 내용들이 주류를 이루고 있다. 그리고 율시(律詩)는 자기성찰이나 현실세계에 대한 자신의 심정을 표출한 내용의 시들이 많다. 미암(眉巖)의 시는 유배기와 해배 복관 이후기로 나눌 수 있다. 유배기는 학문 연마를 통한 자기수양(自己修養), 우정(友情), 애민(愛民) 등으로, 해배 복관 이후기는 충군(忠君), 지인(知人)들과의 교유, 감회(感懷), 숭조상문(崇祖尙門), 자기성찰(自己省察), 문학적 교감을 통한 부부애(夫婦愛) 등으로 나눌 수 있다. 미암(眉巖)의 시는 시제(詩題)에 음(吟) 송(送) 차운(次韻) 등이 붙은 작품이 많으며, 일상생활이나 체험사실 등과 관련된 시들이 주류를 이루고 있다. 그리고 태반은 담담하게 사실 그대로를 자연스럽게 표현하고 있다. 미암(眉巖)은 시를 생활의 일부로 여겼으며, 부인 송덕봉과 일상생활에서 겪었던 일을 시로써 수창하며 서로 문학적 교감을 하였다는 점에서 주목할 만하다.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제26집
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• pp.215-253
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• 2016

In 2007, according to the records, I made an on-the-spot survey of the place where Doju Cho Jeongsan and his family might have lived in exile in Manchuria and released a paper in which I decided that the site could be the Shuidongchun (village) of Luotongshanzhen in Liuhexian, Jilin Province. Thereafter, sponsored by the Doju Cho Jeongsan's Memorial Project from 2008 to 2013, many times, I carried out the field investigations and researches on Liuhexian, including the visits of the institutions which have the historical documents, in order to find the data related to the participation of him and his family in the anti-Japanese movement. I was, hence, able to reconfirm that the village had been the place of their exile, based on my collected data and the oral reports which the local historians and ethnic Korean elders had provided. In this study, using the historical documents and maps and the oral materials, I made an attempt to prove the historical truth thoroughly once again. First, the existing sources of Doju Cho and his family's settling in Manchuria from March 1909 to 1917, were carefully analyzed which were described in The Jin-gyeong. In doing so, the misspelling of the names and the spatio-temporal errors of the people's activities were corrected. Next, I researched on another town, Shuitungou of Liuhexian in Fengtian Province (in West Gando of Manchuria), which it is known that Doju and his family stayed in, and the Laogushan (mountain), which it is believed that Doju cultivated himself in. Finally, through the attempt, I reached the conclusion that Doju and his family had settled at Shuidongchun (once called Shuidonggou or Shuitongchun) of Luotongshanzhen (once called Datonggou) in Liuhexian, Jilin Province. In the Liuhexian-related documents and maps published in the eras of Republican China and Manchuria, the place name called Shuitungou was not found. However, I discovered a map in the era of Republican China on which Shuitongchun was recorded as Shuidonggou. In addition, considering the administration system of Republic China, tun(屯) and gou(溝) could not be used together in the place names. Accordingly, Shuitungou was more likely misspelled as Korean people in those days mispronounced Shuidonggou. Furthermore, people in China has habitually called the Dagushan(大孤山), located in the north of Gushanzizhen of Liuhexian, as the Laogushan(老孤山). This means that the Korean people who lived in the area then perhaps recorded the mountain as the Nogosan(老姑山), the mountain of the old goddess, according to Korean enunciation, because they had the custom of worshipping the mountain goddess. I tried my best to find the historical documents regarding Doju and his family's anti-Japanese activities to prove the location of exile in which they settled in northeastern China (Manchuria). However, I was not able to reach the initial goal completely due to the shortage of objective evidences, only to leave tasks to be solved. I hope that this study can give a little help to researchers who are interested in this matter.

• 융합정보논문지
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• 제9권10호
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• pp.94-100
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• 2019

본 연구는 김정희가 제주도 유배 전후 쓴 명호 세 용정의 용도, 의미, 서법 등을 분석하여 그의 서법의 우수성을 제시했다. 세 용정의 기본구조를 바탕으로, 시대 정황 등장인물 사이의 관계가 연구되었다. 그 변화 과정을 통해 다른 작품과의 예술공학적 차이가 비교 분석되었다. 김정희는 의도적으로 '용(龍)'이 들어가는 명호를 쓰며 어려운 상황을 헤쳐나갔다. 그는 주변 상황에 따라 명호 세 용정의 의미, 용도, 서체를 다르게 썼다. 결국, 김정희는 자신의 심정과 의도를 표현하기 위해 임금 헌종과 스님 초의에게 세 용정을 사용했다. 그의 필법은 예술공학적으로 뛰어났고 세계 유일무이했다. 모두 그의 금석학의 식견이 뒷받침되었음이 밝혀졌다. 본 연구 결과가 일반 예술가의 명호에 담긴 의미를 분석하는 데 새로운 연구방법론이 되길 기원한다.

• 영미문화
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.89-110
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• 2016

Since he was an exile, Henry James himself was well aware of agonies as an outsider in either Europe or America. Such an anguish is deftly depicted in the character of Felix Young with James's unique ironic tone. Unlike James, however, Felix is neither affluent nor distinguished as an artist. Nor is he supported by any patron. Furthermore, at first, he doesn't seem to survive the strict joyless environment in New England, but he possesses his own survival value. His unique esthetic value and his beautiful smile enable him to win Gertrude's heart. His adroit balance between pleasure-seeker and respect for American serious culture without hostility ultimately ends up with his marrying Gertrude. His arrival in Boston might pose a threat as Mr. Wentworth fears. Actually he subverts the traditional idea of an artist. He is armed with amiability and frankness, which are incongruous with a stereotypical idea of an artist: a willful, freakish, and self-righteous person. Felix here suggests to us that a new kind of modern art be possible. Gertrude is also a new woman who opposes to staying put under the patriarchal society. She is always wavering in and out of the house, searching for opportunities to quench her curiosity to see the world by breaking the bond of New England. Her ceaseless quest for independent values results in fortuitous encounter with a new species of artist Felix. Unlike Henry James's other novels, in which male characters assume a role of sophisticated "fortune-hunter," the union of Felix and Gertrude in The Europeans represents the compromise between two different cultures. According to Nietzsche, the birth of superman is possible by the union of Athens and Jerusalem. In other words, the matrimony of Felix and Gertrude means the commingling of his liberal arts and Gertrude's moral seriousness might contribute to the birth of the new culture.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.341-350
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• 2014

In this study, aquatic and aerial algae were collected in various environments in Hongcheon-river of Gangwan-do between December 2011 and June 2012, with the aim of adding newly described genera and species to the Korean flora. As a result, five genera and eight species were recorded for the first time in Korea. These newly recorded genera and species were Cylindrocapsa geminella, Leptosira mediciana, Pseudendoclonium basiliense var. brandii, Stichococcus minor, S. deasonii, Eustigmatos polyphem, Nephrodiella lunaris, and Xanthonema exile. The eight taxa identified in this study mostly corresponded to their reported morphological characteristics. However, some differences from previous published descriptions were found; N. lunaria, reported to be an aquatic species in a previous study, was found to be an aerial algae inhabiting on rocks and mosses. Cylindrocapsa geminella was found to transform into attached or planktonic algae depending on the environmental condition, and the cell wall was found to be changed. Likewise, E. polyphem was seen to change cell-shape or chloroplast color according to the environment.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.212-214
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• 2012

The Cymatium Roding, 1798 is a small- to large-sized marine gastropod genus. Three species has been reported thus far for Cymatium in the Korean waters. In general, Cymatium encausticum (Reeve, 1844) is known to occur in tropical seawaters including the Philippine Islands along with its congeners C. gutturnium, C. springsteeni, and C. exile. A single individual of the species was collected from Jejudo Island by SCUBA diving and morphological features were observed using a stereomicroscope. This is the first study to report the occurrence of Cymatium encausticum (Reeve, 1844) from the Korean waters, providing a detailed description of the species with the illustration for the shell morphology.

• Asian review of World Histories
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.231-256
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• 2016

This paper presents a case study of the Muslim diaspora through comparative analysis of Islamic tombstones from the Southeast Coast of China under Mongol rule. The locations of the nisbas in the Islamic tombstones are widely dispersed, covering Xinjiang, Transoxiana, Iran, Khorasan, Khwarazm, Armenia, Syria, Palestine, and Arabia. Unexpectedly, we did not find a single named location from India or Southeast Asia. It is well known that notable descendants of distinguished families traditionally produced officials, intellectuals, and wealthy merchants, and surrendered to the Mongols during the war against the Qara Khitai Khanate and the Khwarazm Empire. There were a great number of appointed officials with Muslim names in the Jianghuai (around Lower Yangtze) and Fujian regions. This is consistent with the concentration of epitaphs written in Arabic on the southeast coast of China. The frequent use of the specific tradition of the prophet Muhammad associating the death of the exile with martyrdom in Islamic tombstones in Quanzhou, Hangzhou, and Yangzhou indicates that the Muslims in these port cities eventually established an interregional or diasporic identity of Muslim foreighners whoimmigrated into the region.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제21권
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• pp.289-306
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• 2010

In Jamaica Kincaid's novel Lucy, the narrator grows up with the burden of colonial legacies embedded with Englands' imperial disciplinary projects, its language, educational institutions, discourses. Colonial education interpellates the narrator into a colonial subject through its multiple ideological discourses and systems. Teaching the literature of England is the most insidious form of the Empire's disciplinary colonial projects, more powerful than military enforcement: Its mode of operation is creating phantasy and instigating and planting desire for such phantasy. As Homi Bhabha aptly theorizes as colonial mimicry and ambivalence, the narrator as colonial subject grows up split and confused as an ambivalent subject, simultaneously mimicking and desiring for the phantasized England as real, while resisting and criticizing such up-bringing and mimetic desire. This paper explores Kincaid's rhetorical strategy of employing Wordsworth's poem, "I Wandered as a Lonely Cloud," especially her use of the flower "daffodil." Employing the concept of "daffodil gap" suggested by postcolonial critics, this paper closely examines two episodes involving the flower daffodil in the novel, one in a colonial classroom and the other in a garden in a new world and suggests that Kincaid accomplishes intertextual critique of colonial education and imperial projects.

• 미국학
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.193-210
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• 2021

Theresa Hak Kyung Cha's Dictée proliferates with many pronouns. Whether the various subjects invoked in Dictée refer to a single common figure remains ambiguous. By paying close attention to the ambiguity of narrative voice, this essay examines how the creation of narrative ambiguity in Dictée is closely linked to the author's employment of the second person voice. This essay particularly attends to how Cha explores the narrative possibilities of the second person voice in the text's "Calliope/Epic Poetry" section in order to reflect upon experiences of exile and migration on a transnational scale. Through the intimacy and narrative ambiguity of the second person voice, Cha is able to create an epic on migration that is not only transnational in scope, but also invites the reader to engage with the self-alienating aspects of exilic and immigrant life in an unusually intimate yet powerful manner.