• 한국정보과학회논문지:정보통신
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.446-457
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• 2007

무선 센서 네트워크에서 센서 노드들이 이벤트 발생에 따라 신속한 대응을 하기 위해서는 노드들 간에 유기적인 협력이 필요하다. 이러한 협동 기능을 오류 없이 수행하기 위해서는 센서 노드들이 이벤트를 동일한 시간에 인식하기 위한 시간 동기화 기능이 제공되어야한다. 무선 센서 네트워크에서는 시간 정보 메시지를 교환함으로써 센서 노드들 사이에 시간 동기화를 유지한다. 그러나 무선 센서 네트워크의 특성상 센서 노드들은 고립된 환경에서 제한된 전력으로 동작해야하므로 시간 동기화를 위한 과도한 메시지 전송은 센서 노드들의 수명을 단축시키는 결과를 가져온다. 본 논문에서는 시간 동기화를 위한 메시지 전송 개수를 감소시키기 위한 참조 보간 프로토콜을 제안한다. 제안된 방법은 센서 노드들의 시간 동기화를 위하여 참조 패킷의 시간과 베이스스테이션의 전역 시간을 보간 하는 과정을 수행한다. 기존의 참조 브로드캐스트 동기화 기법과 비교할 때 제안된 기법은 두 번의 메시지 패킷만을 시간동기화를 위하여 사용한다. 간단해진 동기화 절차로 인하여 제안된 참조 보간 프로토콜은 무선 센서 노드들의 시간 동기화를 위한 메시지 수를 크게 감소시켜 참조 브로드캐스트 동기화 기법에 비해 12.7배의 감소된 전력을 사용한다. 참조 보간 프로토콜로 인하여 감소된 메시지 패킷의 개수는 무선 센서들의 동기화 시간의 단축을 가져왔을 뿐만 아니라 절약된 배터리 에너지만큼 무선 센서 노드들의 수명을 연장시킨다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.574-580
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• 2019

기존의 에너지 효율적인 라우팅 프로토콜은 라우팅 메트릭 중 에너지에 높은 가중치를 적용하여 에너지 효율이 높은 경로에 노드가 집중되고 해당 경로의 에너지가 빠르게 고갈되는 문제가 발생한다. 이러한 무선 센서 네트워크의 불균형적인 에너지 소모는 네트워크의 분할 및 기능 상실을 야기하여 네트워크 수명을 감소시킨다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 무선 센서 네트워크의 불균형적인 에너지 소모를 해결하기 위해 링크 비용 기반 라우팅 프로토콜을 제안한다. 제안하는 라우팅 프로토콜은 네트워크 문제 상황에 따라 라우팅 메트릭의 가중치를 차등 적용하여 링크 비용을 산출하고 가장 낮은 값을 갖는 경로를 선정한다. 성능 분석 결과, 제안하는 라우팅 프로토콜이 기존 AODV 프로토콜 보다 네트워크 수명이 22%, 에너지 소모 표준편차가 2%, 데이터 수신율이 2% 향상되었음을 확인하였다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.297-303
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• 2002

The purpose of study is obtaining low-emission and high-efficiency in LPi engine with hydrogen enrichment. The test engine was named variable compression ratio single cylinder engine (VACRE). The fuel supply system provides LPG/hydrogen mixtures based on same heating value. A varied sensors such as crank shaft position sensor (CPS) and hall sensor supplies spark timing data to ignition controller. Displacement of VACRE is $1858.2cm^3$. VACRE was runned 1400rpm with compression ratio 8. Spark timing was set MBT without knocking. Relative air-fuel ratio($\lambda$) of this work was varied between 0,8 and 1.5.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.42-48
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• 1999

Engine misfire causes of the negative effect on exhaust emission such as HC, CO, and NOX . Moreover, it causes damage to the three-way-catalyst(TWC) system permanently. The crankshaft velocity fluctuation(CVF) method has been applied for the real cars as misfire detection system usually, which utilizes the crank angle sensor input to calculate the variation of the crankshaft rotational speed. But this approach has the limit due to the fact that three could be problem under certain engine condition like as deceleration or high speed condition . Therefore the development of new methods are requested today. This study introduced the new method of misfire detection using breakdown voltage(BDV) characteristics between spark plug electrouds.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2000

In a SI engine, three-way catalyst converter has the best efficiency when A/F ratio is near the stoichiometry. The feedback control using oxygen sensors in the commercial engine has limits caused by the system delays. So it is necessary to control fuel quantity in accordance with intake air amount in order to reduce exhaust emission and improve the specific fuel consumption. Precise A/F ratio control requires measurement of air amount with respect to the cylinder and injection fuel according to the air amount In this paper, we applied nonlinear fuel injection model and developed the algorithm of A/F ratio control. This algorithm includes the methods of measurement of transient air mass flowing into each cylinder, of calculation of injection pulse width for measured air mass, and the method of feedback and engine control by using lambda sensor. Also we developed control program for IBM-PC by using C++ Builder, and tested it in the commercial engine.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.75-78
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• 2017

We reports improved monitoring performance of Self plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (SP-OES) by augmenting a by-pass tube to a conventional straight (or single) tube type self plasma reactor. SP-OES has been used as a tool for the monitoring of plasma chemistry indirectly in plasma process system. The benefits of SP-OES are low cost and easy installation, but some semiconductor industries who adopted commercialized SP-OES product experiencing less sensitivity and slow sensor response. OH out-gas chemistry monitoring was performed to have a direct comparison of a conventional single type tube and a by-pass type tube, and fluid dynamic simulation on the improved hardware design was also followed. It is observed faster pumping out of OH from the chamber in the by-pass type SP-OES.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.515-523
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• 2015

In this paper, we fabricated and evaluated the gas sensor for the detection of CO gas and $NO_X$ gas among the vehicle exhaust emission gasses. The $SnO_2$ (tin dioxide) layer is used as the detection material, and the thin-film type and the nano-fiber type layers are deposited with various thicknesses using sputtering method and electro spinning method, respectively. The experiments are performed in the chamber where the gas concentration is controlled with mass flow controller. The fabricated devices are applied to the CO and $NO_X$ gas, where the device with the thinner $SnO_2$ layer shows better sensitivity. The nano-fiber has the larger surface area, and the shorter response time and recovery time are obtained. From the experimental results, both types of gas sensors successfully detect CO and $NO_X$ gases, which can be applied to measure those gases from the vehicle emissions.

• 분석과학
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.472-477
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• 1999

연소배기가스의 성분중 산소의 농도를 분석하여 적정연소에 필요한 공기량을 조절 할 수 있는 공연비 측정시스템의 산소센서를 개발하였다. 금환원전극을 이용한 갈바니식 산소센서를 제조하였고, 산소농도 측정범위는 0~30% $O_2$이다. 응답시간은 15~20초로 매우 빠르게 선택적으로 나타내었다. 센서의 재현성 및 안정성 면에서 매우 좋은 결과를 나타내었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.663-671
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• 2011

Although a scooter is a convenient transportation means for a short distance traveling with a light package in the congested urban center, it might be one of the significant sources of air pollutants to which many people can easily be exposed during its passing-by. In this paper, we measured concentrations of gases and particles emitted from a scooter at roadside with no other traffic. To understand the characteristics of scooter emissions with respect to driving speed (idling, 30 km/h) at the roadside, total particle number concentration, particle size distribution, average surface area of particles deposited in the alveolar region, and concentrations of black carbon, CO, and $NO_x$ were measured. The concentrations of the particle number, surface area of deposited particles, CO, and $NO_x$ were highly fluctuated in the scooter's idling condition. The trends of particle number concentration, CO, and $NO_x$ generation were similar to one another. When the scooter started to move, all of $NO_x$, CO and particle number concentrations increased and after it passed by at the speed of 30 km/h, the concentration peaks of the particles and gases appeared at the same time. Unimodal size distribution with ~70 and ~93 nm mode diameters was observed for the idling and cruising condition, respectively. From this work, we found that emission from a passing vehicle could be characterized using a roadside monitoring technique.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.197-211
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• 2007

The power of semiconductor, Korea is continuously constructing semiconductor production line for keeping a front-runner status. however, studies and data about potential risks in semiconductor factory are still short. If fire does not initially suppressed, the fire causes a great damage. To decrease fire risk factors, in addition to fire fighting safety equipment, more important thing is how to design and construct fire protection system. The current fire protection codes about semiconductor factory come under functional law, and this law is short of consideration about particularity of factory. The existing prescriptive fire codes depending on experience compose without evident engineering verifications, thus equipments which is created by the current prescriptive fire code may bring about a variety of problems. For example, the design under the current regulation can not cope with the excessive investments, low efficiencies, and the diversifying construction designs and be applied to the quick changes of new technologies. Ergo, an optimal design for fire protection is to equip fire protection arrangements with condition and environment of production field. Manufacturing factory of semiconductors is a windowless airtight space. And for cleanliness, there exists strong flow of cooperation. Therefore, there is a need for fire safety design that meets the characteristic of a clean room. Accordingly, we are to derive smoke flow according to cooperation process within a clean room and construction plan of an optimal sensor system. In this study, in order to confirm the performance of proposed smoke-exhaust equipment and suggest efficient smoke exhaust device when there is a fire of 1MW of methane in the clean room of company H, we have implemented fire simulation using fluid dynamics computation.