• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.964-972
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• 2000

We report three patients with pulmonary hypertension in Takayasu's arteritis, who showed long-term favorable response, clinically and hemodynamically, to the nitric oxide donor, molsidomine. In these patients, the inhaled nitric oxide was effective in reducing pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) as was shown in the acute vasodilator response test using the invasive hemodynamic monitoring. Molsidomine (single oral dose of 4 mg) was also effective in reducing PAP and PVR in the acute test, but nifedipine was not. With 4 mg of molsidomine three times daily, their dyspnea, exercise capacity and hemodynamic parameters were improved. These favorable responses have lasted during the 1st and 3rd month follow-up in all patients.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.255-264
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• 2017

The study is aimed to investigate the relationship between physical competence and physical education class satisfaction. For this purpose, 556 questionnaires were used for the final analysis by using convenience extraction method for middle and high school students. For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics for each factor were presented using PASW ver. 18.0 program, and exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted for factor extraction and item internal consistency confirmation. Furthermore, a multiple regression analysis was conducted to clarify the relation between physical competence and satisfaction of class, and the results were as follows: First, feedback factors influenced the relationship between physical competence and teaching behavior. Second, athletic performance, victory, peer comparison factor, etc. influenced the relationship between physical competence and satisfaction of class. Third, the feedbacks and the experience factors influenced the relationship between the physical competence and the physical environment. Fourth, feedback factors also influenced the relationship between physical competence and athletic ability.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.221-230
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• 2023

Purpose : This study was performed to evaluate the effects of virtual reality combined robot assist gait training (VRG) on improvement of balance and respiratory function in chronic stroke patients. Methods : A single-blind, randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted with 35 chronic stroke patients. They were randomly allocated 2 groups; VRG group (n=18) and conservative treatment group (CG; n=17). The VRG group received 30 minutes robot assisted gait training combined virtual reality training, robot assisted gait training was conducted in parallel using a virtual reality device (2 sessions of 15 minutes in a 3D-recorded walking environment and 15 minutes in a downtown walking environment). In the conservative treatment group, neurodevelopmental therapy and exercise therapy were performed according to the function of stroke patients. Each group performed 30 minutes a day 3 times a week for 8 weeks. The primary outcome balance and respiratory function were measured by a balance measurement system (BioRescue, Marseille, France), Berg balance scale, functional reach test for balance, Spirometry (Cosmed Micro Quark, Cosmed, Italy) for respiratory function Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁), and maximum expiratory volume (PEF) were measured according to the protocol. The measurement were performed before and after the 8 weeks intervention period. Results : Both groups demonstrated significant improvement of outcome in balance and respiratory function during intervention period. VRG revealed significant differences in balance and respiratory function as compared to the CG groups (p<.05). Our results showed that VRG was more effective on balance and respiratory function in patients with chronic stroke. Conclusion : Our findings indicate that VRG can improve balance and respiratory function, highlight the benefits of VRG. This study will be able to be used as an intervention data for recovering balance and respiratory function in chronic stroke patients.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.1101-1108
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• 2023

We report the case of a lung transplantation patient whose cough and dyspnea symptoms improved after receiving complex Korean medicine treatment. Lung transplantation provides a solution to many end-stage patients with lung disease who are refractory to conventional treatment, but the five-year survival rate of lung transplantation remains around 50%, and even surviving patients suffer from side effects, including infection, respiratory difficulty, and gastrointestinal problems. A 66-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease was advised to undergo lung transplantation surgery when she suffered from dyspnea and failing respiratory symptoms after being diagnosed with COVID-19 and contracting pneumonia. Approximately five months after receiving a bilateral lung transplantation operation, she experienced acute pulmonary thromboembolism, and even after receiving anticoagulation therapy, she still struggled with cough and respiratory difficulty. After she received complex Korean medicine treatments, including herbal medicine, cupping therapy, and electrical moxibustion, we observed a decrease in inflammation, alleviation of symptoms such as cough and dyspnea, and improvement of pulmonary function and exercise capacity.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.446-455
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• 2018

This study examined the effects of different performance sequences of aerobic and strength exercises for 10 weeks on the body composition, physical function, and hormones in males aged in their 20s. A total of 30 subjects (N=30) were assigned randomly to either aerobic and resistance exercise (n=10, A+R), resistance and aerobic exercise (n=10, R+A), or a control group (n=10, CON). The different order of aerobic (HRmax 50-80%, 30 min) and resistance (50-80% 1RM, 30 min) exercises for 10 weeks was consisted of 3 times per week and 80 minutes per session. The body composition, physical function, and hormones were measured before and after the training period. The lean body mass (p=.015) was increased and the fat mass (p=.042) and % body fat (p=.007) in the A+R were decreased. The skeletal muscle mass (p=.001) in the R+A was increased and % body fat was decreased (p=.003). The weight (p=.03) and % body fat (p=.039) in the CON were increased. The aerobic capacity (p=.011) and muscular endurance (p=.001) in the A+R group were improved. The muscular endurance (p=.0016) in the R+A was improved. The epinephrine (p=.048), norepinephrine (p=.013), and cortisol (p=.045) levels in the A+R group were increased. The epinephrine (p=.046) level in the R+A group was increased. The insulin (p=.007) level increased in the CON group. In conclusion, both A+R and R+A groups produced superior results to the CON group but the A+R group was slightly more efficient than the R+A group.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 1981

In the present study, an effort was directed to elucidate the effect of the physical training on the pulmonary function. Twenty-four male athletics major students who have undergone regular physical training for more than five years were randomly chosen as the athletic subjects, and 12 regular male students who have not been engaged in any form of regular physical exercise or training were chosen as the non-athletic subjects, and a comparison was made between the two groups. The following were mainly observed by spirometry for the study; respiratory rate, tidal volume, vital capacity, maximum voluntary ventilation(MVV), forced expiratory volume for 1 second$(FEV_1)$, percent $FEV_1$ to forced vital capacity$(FEV_1%)$, forced expiratory flow for initial 1 liter$(FEF_{0.2-1.2}L)$, and forced mid-expiratory flow$(FEF_{\;25-75}%)$. The results obtained are summarized as follow. 1) The respiratory rate, tidal volume, and vital capacity showed no significant difference between athletes and non-athletes. The MVV in athletes was significantly (p<0.01) increased to $148.1{\pm}3.1\;L/min$ comparing with $118.3{\pm}9.1\;L/min$ in non-athletes. 2) $FEV_1$ was $3.310{\pm}0.070\;L$ in athletes and $2.779{\pm}0.104$ in non-athletes; $FEV_1%\;83.63{\pm}1.29%$ in athletes and $75.33{\pm}1.75%$ in non-athletes, both showing significant(p<0.01) increase in athletes. 3) $FEF_{0.2-1.2}L$ was $297.1{\pm}13.5\;L/min in athletes and $222.7{\pm}15.0\;L/min$ in non-athletes; $FEF_{\;25-75}%$ was $3.543{\pm}0.109\;L/sec$ in non-athletes, both showing significant(p<0.01) increase in athletes. 4) Some discussions were made on these results. The lung volumes showed no significant difference between the two groups. But MVV, $FEV_1$, $FEV_1%$, $FEF_{0.2-1.2}L$ and $FEF_{25-75}%$ in athletes were significantly(p<0.01) higher than in non-athletes. It is therefore concluded that the athletes have more powerful respiratory muscles, or higher compliance of the lung and thorax than the non-athletes.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.59-70
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• 2009

The purpose of the study is to suggest the amount of space for each behavior according to the classification of behavior in the housing to plan the optimal floor space of the elderly housing. The method for calculating space for behavior begins with classifying behaviors, identifying them and then taking pictures of the model of elderly people who reproduce each behavior. Based on the pictures, body parts which are necessary for each behavior are assembled and the formula for behavioral space is created. The space for behavior is produced considering the body dimensions of Korean elderly in their sixty's as well as the furniture size and the psychological distance between people. 3D modeling is used to verify the result. Human behaviors can be classified into individual-related, housework-related, family-related, reception-related and other behaviors. These five behaviors are subdivided into more specific behaviors. The area for each specific behavior is calculated with the anthropometric data of the elderly, preferred furniture dimension and psychological area. As a result the required area for specific behaviors is as follows: the behavior of sleeping in a bed needs $4.3m^2$; the behavior of changing clothes on a chair, $1.7m^2$; the behavior of watching TV on the floor $1.3m^2$, the behavior of working and reading using a desk, $2.1m^2$, the behavior of exercise, $2.5m^2$; the behavior of showering on a chair, $1.3m^2$ and showering using a wheelchair, $1.9m^2$; the behavior of toileting using a wheelchair, $2.3m^2$; the behavior of washing up using a wheelchair, $1.9m^2$; the behavior of eating using a table for four persons, $4.4m^2$; the behavior of cooking and washing dishes, $0.9m^2$ per counter-top; the behavior of washing clothes using a washing machine, $0.9m^2$; the behavior of ironing on the floor $1.4m^2$; the behavior of reception(three persons) on the floor considering personal space, $4.0m^2$; the behavior of taking on and off shoes on a chair, $1.3m^2$. The result of the study is utilized as quantitative data to calculate optimal floor space for elderly housing. In addition, qualitative data such as characteristics of housing preference, spacial usage and storage capacity are necessary to produce the floor space which can provide convenient and safe living environment.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.311-342
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• 2015

We evaluate two main rationales of massive policy intervention of Lee Administration in the Korean transportation fuel market: high market share of domestic refineries, perceived by the Administration as the result of high market concentration, and asymmetry in price adjustment, perceived as the result of collusion. Domestic refineries, huge in capacity and located at seaports, maintain international competitiveness in price. Considering market openness offering preferential treatment to importers, they set domestic prices competitively on the basis of MOPS prices. Yet, the price competitiveness of domestic refineries is so high that they are able to sustain high market share. We confirm that the Korean before-tax consumer prices of gasoline and diesel are lower than Japan's and the weighted averages of 27 EU countries by as much as 159KRW and 21KRW per liter in the case of gasoline and 170KRW and 63KRW in the case of diesel. Price asymmetry is caused by diverse economic and managerial reasons and, as FTC (2005) states, price asymmetry does not immediately imply exercise of market power or collusion. We analyzed price asymmetry in Korea, Japan and 14 EU countries, and found asymmetry in Korea and 11 EU countries in the case of gasoline and in Korea and 8 EU countries in the case of diesel.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.193-205
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• 1999

This study was carried out to identify the important risk factors for reduced bone mass of postmenopausal RA patients and to develop discriminant function which can classify postmenopausal RA patients with either reduced or normal bone mass. Through the literature review, individual characteristics such as age, body weight, height, age of menarche, duration of menopause, gravity, parity, and breast feeding period and factors of life style such as milk consumption exercise habit, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, coffee consumpt ion , disease activity, corticosteroid therapy were identified as influencing factors of reduced bone mass in RA patients Sixty eight postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis aged between 42 and 76 were selected among those who checked bone mineral density in lumbar spine and femur from october, 1998 to Apr il, 1999 at Dong-a university hospital in Pusan. Assessment of disease activity, duration of disease and corticosteroid therapy were made by the same rheumatologist and included Ritchie articular index, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein on measuring bone mineral density. Cumulative steroid dosage was calculated from the daily dosage multiplied by t h e number of days received. The information of other risk factor including health assessment score, individual characteristics and life style factors were collected by questionnaire. Bone mineral density(BMD) was measured using DXA at lumbar spine and femoral Ward's triangle. Discriminant function(regression equation) was developed for estimating the likelihood of the presence or absence of reduced bone mass. The results are as follows: Among the subjects, thirteen(19.1%) exhibited osteoporosis in lumbar spine and twenty four(35.3%) exhibited osteoporosis in femoral Ward's triangle. For lumbar spine, the variables significant were age, body weight, health assessment score, while for femoral Ward's triangle, age, body weight, duration of disease. But disease activity and corticosteroid therapy were not signigicant to distinguish reduced bone mass from normal bone mass. When the discriminant function was evaluated by comparing the observed out come with predicted out come, the discriminant function correctly classified 85.4% of patients with reduce bone mass and 63.0% of patients with normal bone mass in the lumbar spine and 100% of patients with reduced bone mass and 9.1% of patients with normal bone mass in the femoral Ward's triangle. In summary, we found that osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with RA is more evident at the femur than the lumbar spine. Also the important discriminant factors of reduced bone mass postmenopausal women with RA were age, body weight , duration of disease and health disability. In nursing situation, the efforts to improve of functional capacity of postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis should be considered to prevent osteoporosis and fractures. Also we recommend those postmenopausal women with RA who are classified as a group of the reduced bone mass in the discriminant function should examine the bone mineral density to further examine the usefulness of this discriminant function.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.76 no.5
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• pp.226-232
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• 2014

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation and results from environmental factors and genetic factors. Although cigarette smoking is a major risk factor, other environmental exposures can influence COPD. The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical characteristics of COPD according to the history of environmental exposure. Methods: The study population comprised of 347 subjects with COPD who were recruited from the pulmonary clinics of 14 hospitals within the Korean Obstructive Lung Disease Study Group. We classified environmental exposures according to history of living near factory, and direct exposure history to firewood or briquette. According to living environmental exposures, we compared the frequency of respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function, quality of life, exercise capacity, and computed tomography phenotypes. Results: Thirty-one subjects (8.9%) had history of living near factory, 271 (78.3%) had exposure history to briquette, and 184 (53.3%) had exposure history to firewood. Patients with history of living near a factory had a significantly longer duration of sputum, while patients with exposure to firewood tended to have lower forced expiratory volume in one second, and patients with exposure to briquette tended to have lower six minute walk distance. Conclusion: COPD subjects with the history of living near factory had more frequent respiratory symptoms such as sputum. Our data suggest that environmental exposure may influence clinical phenotype of COPD.