• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제48권
• /
• pp.57-76
• /
• 2010

This study reviews maritime transport policy regarding liner conference and the changes in the liner market over the decades. Liner shipping industry has long been protected from competition by block exemption. To prevent excessive competition in punctual operation and its inelastic market structure, liner shipping companies formed conferences that are protected to fix the prices under the law. In the US, deregulation in transport sector began from 80's and continuing with OSRA 1998, conferences were dissolving. On the other hand, the EU with close conference system, Regulation 4056/86 contained block exemption remained in force for unlimited time without review clause. However, in Oct 2008, the EU has announced its removal, and conferences were no longer permitted to fix the price nor exchange information. Although OSRA 1998 has already broken up conferences by allowing individual service contracts, but the repeal of the immunity for price fixing will alter significantly the rule on cooperation in the industry since it is a unilateral move by the EU, especially in transatlantic lane. There are rapid changes in shipping market getting much more complicated, and with removal of 4056/86 allowing the market to be more competitive, opening up the industry with far more diverse strategic options. Hence this paper reviews on liner shipping industry and its changes of policies over the years from protected market to open competition market of today.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
• /
• 제48권1호
• /
• pp.387-413
• /
• 2014

이 연구는 저작권 법 제31조를 비롯하여 도서관 서비스에 활용할 수 있는 저작권 면책의 내용을 종합적으로 파악하기 위한 것이다. 특히 그 가운데에서도 최근에 새롭게 도입된 공정이용 조항에 초점을 맞추어서 도서관서비스에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해서 현행 저작권법에서 도서관이 활용할 수 있는 저작권 면책의 내용을 종합적으로 정리하고, 도서관이 자유롭게 활용할 수 있는 저작물의 종류를 정리하였다. 아울러 포괄적 공정이용 도입의 의의를 살피고, 공정이용으로 채택되기 위해서 필요한 세부적인 요건과 더불어 도서관 서비스에 실질적으로 활용될 수 있는 사례 몇 가지를 심층적으로 분석하였다. 공정이용의 도입이 도서관 서비스에 획기적인 변화를 가져오리라 기대하기는 어렵지만 그동안 묵인되거나 방조되었던 특정한 복제나 전송 행위를 합법화하는 수단으로써의 의미를 지닐 수는 있으며, 미세하지만 도서관 서비스를 적극적으로 개선하는 데 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국방사성폐기물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국방사성폐기물학회 2019년도 춘계학술논문요약집
• /
• pp.383-384
• /
• 2019

• 건축사
• /
• 통권632호
• /
• pp.228-229
• /
• 2021

• 통상정보연구
• /
• 제11권4호
• /
• pp.263-287
• /
• 2009

This paper aims at examining whether the current Korean customs punishment system is appropriate and reasonable for eliminating customs offenses, such as smuggling, and explores ways to improve the penal provisions of customs law. The current multiple fine system, governed by the penalty for evasion of customs duty, penalty for abatement and exemption by fraud or unfair practices and penalty for drawback by fraud or unfair practices, clearly violates a sense of responsibility and the constitutional principle of no excess punishment. Therefore it should be changed to a fixed fine system and confiscate and collect in addition the items with customs evasion and exemption by fraud or unfair practices.

• 한국안전학회지
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.129-134
• /
• 2004

Educational programs for promoting occupational safety and health have widely been established in advanced countries, such as United States and Germany, in the area of disaster prevention Focused attentions and investments for safety and health education have been placed especially for small and medium sized companies. Recently, information technologies have also been applied for the development and management of educational programs in those countries. It is also worth noting that a wide variety of incentive systems has been implemented for managers and workers to voluntarily Participate in safety and health education. Based on the brief survey on incentive systems in advanced countries, this study proposes two different incentive models, such as 'Supervision Exemption Model for Participants in Safety and Health Education' and 'Compensation Program fur Educational Expenses and Losses', which may efficiently be employed in Korea. These incentive models may contribute to revitalizing the occupational safety and health education which has recently been dwindled due to the changes in governmental regulations.

• 한국마린엔지니어링학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2011년도 후기공동학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.114-116
• /
• 2011

By 33 CFR 154.828 regulation, a liquid seal must be installed on the inlet to vapor destruction unit in vapor control system. However, install and maintenance of liquid seal are subject to many problems in ship environment. Therefore, US Coastguard, which is the governing body of the regulation, have prepared another clause in the regulation for the exemption from previous clauses. In this paper, relevent regulation is reviewed, together with the requirements for exemption from liquid seal installation. A previous example case is also studied to propose how safety assessment for the alternative safety devices replacing liquid seal should be performed.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제45권3호
• /
• pp.277-294
• /
• 2013

In the early 1980s, attention focused on the possibility that pressurized thermal shock (PTS) events could challenge the integrity of a nuclear reactor pressure vessel (RPV) because operational experience suggested that overcooling events, while not common, did occur, and because the results of in-reactor materials surveillance programs showed that RPV steels and welds, particularly those having high copper content, experience a loss of toughness with time due to neutron irradiation embrittlement. These recognitions motivated analysis of PTS and the development of toughness limits for safe operation. It is now widely recognized that state of knowledge and data limitations from this time necessitated conservative treatment of several key parameters and models used in the probabilistic calculations that provided the technical of the PTS Rule, 10 CFR 50.61. To remove the unnecessary burden imposed by these conservatisms, and to improve the NRC's efficiency in processing exemption and license exemption requests, the NRC undertook the PTS re-evaluation project. This paper provides a synopsis of the results of that project, and the resulting Alternate PTS rule, 10 CFR 50.61a.

• 전기전자학회논문지
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.346-349
• /
• 2019

제조물 책임은 자동차 산업에서 매우 중요한 규제 요소로 작용하고 있으며, 이에 대한 면책 수단으로 제정된 것이 ISO 26262 국제 표준이다. 자율주행자동차에서는 제조물 책임의 중요성이 더욱 높아지기 때문에 추가로 ISO/PAS 21448이 제정되었으나, 이 역시 주로 센싱 단계에만 적용이 가능하기 때문에 제조물 책임을 어느 정도 면책시킬 수 있으나 완전한 면책은 어렵다. 이에 따라 자율주행자동차의 상용화를 위해서는 완전한 면책수단으로서 새로운 국제 표준이 개발될 때까지 한시적으로 법체계의 개선이 반드시 필요하다.

• 한국원자력학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국원자력학회 2001년도 추계학술발표회요약집
• /
• pp.96-96
• /
• 2001