• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1999.07d
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• pp.1867-1869
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• 1999

Pulse electric field induced electron emission from ferroelectrics has been studied with Pb$(Zr_xTi_{1-x})O_3$ ceramics with varying Zr/Ti ratio from 35/65 to 65/35, Electron emission was proved to be concentrated on the electrode edge by emission profile test and emission capture photographs. The 65/35 composition showed largest emission charge in lowest field and lowest emission threshold field. The emission characteristics are closely dependent on their ferroelectric properties in hysteresis curve. Electron emission charge increases with the polarization charge and emission threshold voltage is dependent on coercive field regardless of their composition. But dielectric constant has little relation with emission property. Electron emission charge increases exponentially with pulse electric field irrespective of composition. On the assumption that the surface potential is linear with the pulse electric field, electron emission can be regarded as a field emission at the electrode edge using Fowler-Nordheim plot of ln$(Q_e/E_{fe})$ to $1/E_{fe}$.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.529-534
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• 2004

$Sr_{4}Al_{14}O_{25}$ was synthesized by solid state reaction with flux. $H_{3}BO_3$ was used to synthesize $SrO-Al_{2}O_{3}$ phosphor system as a flux. The effect of doping system such as Eu+Dy, Eu, and Ce on the luminescent properties of $Sr_{4}Al_{14}O_{25}$ was investigated. Both PL spectra of $Sr_{4}Al_{14}O_{25}$:Eu and $Sr_{4}Al_{14}O_{25}$:Eu+Dy excited at 390 nm showed greenish-blue emission at about 490 nm, while the emission wavelength was shifted to 400 nm by doping Ce. The reduction of $Eu^{3+}$ ions to $Eu^{2+}$ could be accomplished by the annealing process under $N_{2}^{+}$ vacuum atmosphere, and attributed to the emission at 490 nm. It is verified that $Sr_{4}Al_{14}O_{25}$:Eu phosphor is suitable for white LEDs became of a broad absorption band peaking at 390 nm.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.1017-1020
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• 2003

The effect of doping Gd, La for Y into $YVO_{4}:Eu^{3+}$ red phosphor on its photoluminescence(PL) intensity has been investigated. $YVO_{4}:$Eu-based phosphors were prepared by solid-state reaction at temperature above $1200^{\circ}C$. Under UV excitation(254, 365 nm), it was measured that $YVO_{4}:Eu^{3+}$ was superior to a commercial red phosphor (Y,Gd)$BO_{3}:Eu^{3+}$ in terms of PL intensity and CIE color coordinates. When La, Gd were doped into $YVO_{4}:Eu^{3+}$, the change in the structure of the host material was observed. In result, when the ($Y{1_x}La_{x})VO_{4}:Eu^{3+}$ phosphors were excited by 365 nm excitation, its PL intensity was improved up to about 30 % for the case of x being $0.4{\sim}0.6$.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1108-1114
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• 2013

Photochemical reactions of fluoro- vs. nonfluoro-substituted polymethylenoxy chain linked phthalimide were carried out to explore how electronegative fluorine atoms inside the donor chain influence photocyclization reaction efficiencies and to briefly determine the alkali metal binding properties of the photoproducts. The results of this study show that the fluorine-substituted donor chain linked phthalimide undergoes inefficient photocyclization via single electron transfer (SET)-induced excited state pathways to generate 14-membered cyclic amidol compared to nonfluoro-analog due to low electron donor ability of the terminal oxygen donor site. These results show that photoinduced intramolecular SET processes arising from ${\alpha}$-silyl ether electron donors to phthalimides are largely dependent on the kinds of substituents inside donor chain. Finally, a preliminary study with the cyclic amidols generated in this effort showed that they have weak alkali metal cation binding properties regardless of absence/presence of fluoro-substituents.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.133-141
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• 1997

In order to treat the landfill leachate, $UV/TiO_2/H_2O_2$ system connected with biological treatment was investigated, and proper pretreatment methods were examined to reduce the load on the system considering economical and technical efficiency. It was more profitable to put $H_2O_2$ into the system in the early stage for the sample which was treated with $H_2SO_4$ to decrease alkalinity and with $FeCl_3-6H_2O$ flocculation. Because the required reaction time run up by increasing $H_2O_2$ input amount, though the COD was reduced slightly, the optimal $H_2O_2$ input amount should be determined for the desired COD and the economical efficiency. The appropriate way to get the lowest COD in the shortest time was the method to treat the sample which was controlled to pH 3.5 after adjusting to pH 12 and put 500 ppm $H_2O_2$ into the system. In that case, to increase $H_2O_2$ input amount was not profitable for the system efficiency. The sufficient photocatalytic excited time was required to reduce the photocatalytic decomposition time for the sample which was gone through the alkali state.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.146-146
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• 2000

We have studied the etching of Si(100)-2xl by Cl and Br, using scanning tunneling microscopy to obtain morphological information that can be related to reaction and desorption pathways. Clean surfaces were exposed to molecular halogens at room temperature to produce well-defined chemisorption structures for coverages in the range 0.2-1.0 ML. Heating to 750-750 K induced etching by thermal desorpton. Analysis of the halogen concentration before and after heating indicated that the rates of desorption for SICl2 or SiBr2 were greatest for intermediate coverages and that etching was suppressed as saturation was reached. Hence, desorption is not simply proportional to the concentration of species that can form adsorbed precursors SiX2(a). Instead, it is directly coupled to the creation of monomer vacancies adjacent to the SiX2 (a) unit because this increases the lifetime of the excited state and increases the likelihood of its desorption. Increasing the surface concentration of halogens reduces the rate of vacancy formation. We show that these rates are also affected by a re-dimerization process in the high temperature Br-stabilized Si(100)-3xl reconstruction that increases the likelihood of siBr2(a) formation and enhances its desorption. I will also discuss recent result for F etching on Si(100)-2xl.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.743-748
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• 1994

Photochemical reactions of saccharin with tertiary amines were explored. Saccharin was found to undergo an acid-base reaction with N-trimethylsilylmethyl-N,N-diethyl amine to form N-trimethylsilylmethyl-N,N-diethyl ammonium saccharin salt which is in equilibrium with free saccharin and N-trimethylsilylmethyl-N,N-diethyl amine insolution. Photoreaction of N-trimethylsilylmethyl-N,N-diethyl ammonium saccharin in $CH_3OH\;or\;CH_3CN$ results in the generation of desilylmethylated product, N,N-diethyl ammonium saccharin mainly along with benzamide. Photoreaction of N-methylsaccharin with N-trimethylsilylmethyl-N,N-diethyl amine in $CH_3OH$ leads to the production of o-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-N-ethylbenzenesulfonamid e as the major product along with N-methylbenzamide as the minor product. On the other hand, photoreaction of N,N,N-triethyl ammonium saccharin, generated from saccharin and triethylamine, produces N-methylbenzamide as the exclusive product. These photoreactions are quenched by oxygen indicating that triplets of saccharin and N-methylsaccharin are the reactive excited states. Based on the consideration of the redox potentials of saccharin and N-trimethylsilylmethyl-N,N-diethyl amine, and the nature of photoproducts, pathways involving initial triplet state single electron transfer are proposed for photoreactions of the saccharins with the ${\alpha}$-silylamine.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.154-161
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• 1994

Studies have been conducted to explore single electron transfer (SET) induced photocyclization reactions of N-(trimethylsilylmethylthioalkyl)phthalimides (alkyl=ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, and n-hexyl). Photocyclizations occur in methanol in modest to high yields to produce cyclized products in which phthalimide carbonyl carbon is bonded to the carbon of side chain in place of the trimethylsilyl group. Mechanism for these photocyclizations involving intramolecular SET from sulfur in the ${\alpha}$-silylmethylthioalkyl groups to the singlet excited state phthalimide moieties followed by desilylation of the intermediate ${\alpha}$ -silylmethylthio cation radicals and cyclization by radical coupling is proposed. In contrast, photoreactions of N-(trimethylsilylmethylthioalkyl)phthalimides in acetone follow different reaction routes to produce another cyclized products in which carbon-carbon bond formation takes place between the phthalimide carbonyl carbon and the carbon ${\alpha}$ to silicon and sulfur atoms via triplet carbonyl hydrogen abstraction pathway. The normal singlet SET pathway dominates this triplet process for photoreactions of these substances in methanol while the triplet process dominates the singlet SET pathway for those in acetone. The efficient and regioselective cyclization reactions observed for photolyses in methanol represent synthetically useful processes for construction of medium and large ring heterocyclic compounds.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.166-172
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• 1992

Studies have been conducted to explore single electron transfer (SET) induced photocyclization reactions of N-(trimethylsilylmethoxyalkyl)phthalimides(alkyl=E thyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, and n-octyl). Photocyclizations occur in methanol in high yields to produce cyclized products in which phthalimide carbonyl carbon is bonded to the carbon of side chain in place of the trimethylsilyl group. Mechanism for these photocyclizations involving intramolecular SET from oxygen in the $\alpha-silylmethoxy$ groups to the singlet excited state phthalimide moieties followed by desilylation of the intermediate $\alpha-silylmethoxy$ cation radicals and cyclization by radical coupling are proposed. In contrast, photoreaction of N-(trimethylsilylmethoxyethyl) phthalimide in acetone follows different reaction routes to produce two cyclized products in which carbon-carbon bond formation takes place between the phthalimide carbonyl carbon and the carbon $\alpha$ to silicon and oxygen atoms via triplet carbonyl hydrogen abstraction triplet carbonyl silyl group abstraction pathways. The normal singlet SET pathway dominates these triplet processes for photoreaction of this substance in methanol. The efficient and regioselective cyclization reactions observed for photolysis in methanol represent synthetically useful processes for construction of medium and large ring heterocyclic compounds.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.183-200
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• 1997

I got the following result from the bibliographic study about the meaning of Hwa(火) and Hwa- byung(火病) at the concept and the aspect of pathological and etiological factors.The results are as follows.1. The pathological characteristics of Hwa(火) mean the inflammed state, the excited mental condition and perinervous hyperfunction caused by exopathy produced by any of the six extermal etiological factors(外感六淫) and Hwa caused by interior injury(內傷火熱).2. Hwa caused by the fire emotions(五志之火); anger, gladness, contemplation, sadress, fear by menta complications brings to Hwa caused by the five viscera(五臟之火) and Hwa caused by the stagnation of the liver - energy(肝鬱之火) is the rpresentive Hwa caused by the five viscera and the six hollow organs(贓腑之火).3. A symptom caused by a pathogenic Hwa(火證) is understood in a pathological sense involved an inflammed disease and is considered as a pathological state of excess syndrome(實證) caused by exterior Hwa( 外火).4. The pathologic process of Hwa-byung(火病) as the mental disease is based upon our people's emotion; Han(恨) to be pathologized without being overcome and can be considered as the process of Hwa caused by long-term(鬱久而火化).5. Hwa-byung(火病) means a psychosomatic disorder resulting from stress reaction caused by personal relations in the climacterium.Form the above mentioned study, the meaning of Hwa(火) and Hwa-byung(火病) is set theoretically and it also needs to be maintained reserching and studying about Hwa-byung(火病) consistantly.