• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.207-216
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• 2021

Supplement of high-protein food plays an important role in improving the symptoms of malnutrition and the immune capacity of the body, but the association of high-protein diet and gut microbiota remained unaddressed. Here, we systematically analyzed the internal organs and gut microbiota in C57(WT) or PD-1H-depleted (KO) mice (T cells were activated) fed with pupae or feed for six weeks. We observed that the body weight gain in the mice fed with pupae increased less significantly than that of the feed group, while the villi and small intestine lengths in the pupa group were reduced compared with that of mice given feed. However, the average body weight of the KO mice increased compared with that of the WT mice fed with pupae or feed. Pupae increased the concentration of blood glucose in WT, but not in KO mice. Moreover, in the feed group, there was no difference in the weight of the internal organs between the WT and KO mice, but in the pupae-fed group, liver weight was decreased and spleen weight was increased compared with that of KO mice. The amounts/plural/amounts of Melainabacteria, Chloroflexi, and Armatimonadetes were specifically upregulated by pupae, and this upregulation was weakened or eliminated by PD-1H depletion. Some bacteria with high abundance in the feed-fed KO mice, such as Deferribacteres, Melainabacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes and Verrucomicrobia, were decreased in pupae-fed KO mice, and Proteobacteria and Deinococcus were specifically enriched in pupae-fed KO mice. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Akkermansia were associated with weight loss in the pupae-fed group while Lachnospiraceae and Anaerobiospirillum were related glucose metabolism and energy consumption. Based on high-throughput sequencing, we discovered that some gut bacteria specifically regulated the metabolism of a high-protein diet, and PD-1H deficiency improved life quality and sustained blood glucose. Moreover, PD-1H responses to high-protein diet through modulating the type and quantity of gut bacteria. These findings provide evidence about the association among gut microbiota, T cell activation (for PD-1H depletion) and high-protein diet metabolism, have important theoretical significance for nutrition and health research.

• BMB Reports
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• 제51권7호
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• pp.344-349
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• 2018

Therapeutic applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are limited due to their early death within the first few days of transplantation. Therefore, to improve the efficacy of cell-based therapies, it is necessary to manipulate MSCs so that they can resist various stresses imposed by the microenvironment. Moreover, the role of superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) in regulating such survival under different stress conditions remain elusive. In this study, we overexpressed SOD3 in MSCs (SOD3-MSCs) and evaluated its effect under serum starvation conditions. Nutritional limitation can decrease the survival rate of transplanted MSCs and thus can reduce their efficacy during therapy. Interestingly, we found that SOD3-MSCs exhibited reduced reactive oxygen species levels and greater survival rates than normal MSCs under serum-deprived conditions. In addition, overexpression of SOD3 attenuated starvation-induced apoptosis with increased autophagy in MSCs. Moreover, we have demonstrated that SOD3 protects MSCs against the negative effects of serum deprivation via modulation of AMP-activated protein kinase/sirtulin 1, extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation, and promoted Forkhead box O3a trafficking to the nucleus. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SOD3 promotes MSCs survival and add further evidence to the concept that SOD3-MSCs may be a potential therapeutic agent with better outcomes than normal MSCs for various diseases involving oxidative stress and compromised MSCs survival during therapy.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.269-277
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• 2016

Background: The findings of currently available studies are not consistent with regard to the association between the risk of cancer and ginseng consumption. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate this association by conducting a meta-analysis of different studies. Methods: To systematically evaluate the effect of ginseng consumption on cancer incidence, six databases were searched, including PubMed, Ovid Technologies, Embase, The Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Chinese VIP Information, from 1990 to 2014. Statistical analyses based on the protocol employed for a systematic review were conducted to calculate the summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: We identified nine studies, including five cohort studies, three case-control studies, and one randomized controlled trial, evaluating the association between ginseng consumption and cancer risk; these studies involved 7,436 cases and 334,544 participants. The data from the meta-analysis indicated a significant 16% lower risk of developing cancer in patients who consumed ginseng (RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.76-0.92), with evidence of heterogeneity (p = 0.0007, $I^2$ = 70%). Stratified analyses suggested that the significant heterogeneity may result from the incidence data for gastric cancer that were included in this study. Publication bias also showed the same result as the stratified analyses. In addition, subgroup analyses for four specific types of cancer (colorectal cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, and liver cancer) were also performed. The summary RRs for ginseng intake versus no ginseng consumption were 0.77 for lung cancer, 0.83 for gastric cancer, 0.81 for liver cancer, and 0.77 for colorectal cancer. Conclusion: The findings of this meta-analysis indicated that ginseng consumption is associated with a significantly decreased risk of cancer and that the effect is not organ specific.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.663-666
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• 2009

Purpose: Primary malignant lymphomas of the salivary glands are uncommon. The parotid gland was most frequently involved, followed by the submandibular gland, minor salivary gland and sublingual gland. The most common subtype is mucosa - associated lymphoid tissue(MALT) lymphoma. We experienced a case of salivary MALT lymphoma involving parotid gland duct, so report a case with a review of the literature. Methods: A 65 year old female presented with a palpable mass on the left side of her cheek. There was no clinical or laboratory evidence of pre - existing autoimmune disease. Preoperative facial and neck CT with contrast showed $2.1{\times}1.7cm$ sized, ill defined, homogeneous low density mass near left masseter muscle, and no evidence of other enlarged lymph nodes. Results: At operation, a yellowish oval shaped mass was found slightly adhered to middle portion of the parotid gland duct, meaduring $2{\times}1.5{\times}0.7cm$. Microscopic finding showed that centrocyte - like cells, monocyte B cells and plasma cells were diffusely infiltrated. Immunophenotyping was preformed on fixed section. The majority of the small cells were immunoreactive for the B cell marker CD20. Based on the typical histological findings supported by immunostaining, the mass was defined as MALT lymphoma. Conclusion: We report that very rare case of MALT lymphoma involving parotid gland duct in 65 year old female patient was experienced with clinical characteristics, histologic features and references.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.63-102
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• 2010

Purpose : To propose various types of clinical research which is feasible for botanical new drug (IND) development processes, and suggest essential steps to development of study protocol for IND. Methods : Literature-based discussions and one research group's experience is given regarding domestic act, regulation, and system. Results : In order to get an approval of IND for botanical drug in Korea there are several types of clinical research to conduct. In quality control steps for standardized medicinal herbs, case reports or case series can be conducted, and for good manufacturing practice(GMP) steps, we can conduct case reports, case series, and retrospective cohort studies. In addition, as long as we gathered good laboratory practice(GLP) data we can conduct up to quasi-experimental studies and clinical trials including investigator initiated trials. In order to conduct these studies development of study protocol is essential. First, we obtain historical evidence including target disease and indication, efficacy, safety, and endpoints by reviewing medical classics. Second, we obtain clinically and statistically important data by conducting non-clinical studies, observation studies, and quasi-experimental studies. Third, we generate research hypotheses and purposes and explore methodologies, endpoints, clinical practice guidelines, cost-effectiveness, and commercial potential. Finally, we develop study protocol with aid of biostatistician or expert in contract research organization. Discussions and conclusions : This study have obvious limitations in that most thoughts, suggestions, and proposes are from one research group's experience. Therefore, we hope to see various types of research in this topic and process from other research group as well.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.1715-1717
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• 2014

The overall incidence and mortality of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most common kidney cancer, are steadily increasing for reasons that are not fully explained. Our aim was to explore the expression of membrane MHC class I chain-related gene A (mMICA) in human RCC cell lines and tissue specimens, and to determine expression of soluble MICA (sMICA) in serum of patients with renal cell carcinoma, we used flow cytometry (FCM) and immunohistochemistry as well as an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that percentage of mMICA expression was significantly increased in human kidney cancer tissues and RCC cell lines (786-O and Ketr-3) than that in healthy adults and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cell line individuality (P<0.05). sMICA content in healthy adults was negative, but in renal cancer patients was significantly elevated (P<0.05). Our research showed that high expression of MICA in human kidney cancer, this results show that MICA might serve as potential tumor-associated antigen (TAA) in RCC.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.248-255
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• 2002

Background: TAP1 and TAP2 are two ABC transporter genes located within the class II region of the human MHC. Their protein products form a heterodimer whose function is to transport peptides from the cytoplasm into the endoplasmic reticulum. This study was performed to examine the polymorphism of TAP genes and the distribution of HLA-TAP haplotypes in the Korean population through family analysis. Methods: The subjects used in this study were 50 healthy Korean families consisting of 233 individuals. TAP1 (codons 333 and 637) and TAP2 (codons 379, 565, 577, 651, 665, and 687) typings were carried out by the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 genotyping results from a previous study were used for HLA-TAP haplotype analysis. Results: The number (gene frequency) of TAP1 and TAP2 alleles detected were 3 for TAP1 (A 81.5%, B 17.0%, and C 1.5%) and 8 for TAP2 (A1 32.0%, A2 12.5%, B 34.0%, Bky2 6.5%, C 7.0%, D 3.0%, E 4.5%, and G 0.5%). Eleven TAP1-TAP2 haplotypes were observed with $frequency{\geq}1%$, among which 4 haplotypes (A-B, B-A1, A-Bky2, and C-E) showed weak but significant positive linkage disequilibrium (P<0.05). When DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes were extended to TAP1 and TAP2 loci, much diversification of haplotypes was observed: 19 different DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes formed 58 different haplotypes extended to TAP1 and TAP2 loci. These results add more evidence to the view that recombination hotspot is present within and around TAP gene region. Conclusion: The allele frequencies of TAP1 and TAP2 genes and the distribution of TAP1-TAP2 and HLA-TAP haplotypes were studied in Koreans based on a family study.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.117-122
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• 2015

Global developmental delay (GDD) is a relatively common early-onset chronic neurological condition, which may have prenatal, perinatal, postnatal, or undetermined causes. Family history, physical and neurological examinations, and detailed history of environmental risk factors might suggest a specific disease. However, diagnostic laboratory tests, brain imaging, and other evidence-based evaluations are necessary in most cases to elucidate the causes. Diagnosis of GDD has recently improved because of remarkable advances in genetic technology, but this is an exhaustive and expensive evaluation that may not lead to therapeutic benefits in the majority of GDD patients. Inborn metabolic errors are one of the main targets for the treatment of GDD, although only a small proportion of GDD patients have this type of error. Nevertheless, diagnosis is often challenging because the phenotypes of many genetic or metabolic diseases often overlap, and their clinical spectra are much broader than currently known. Appropriate and cost-effective strategies including up-to-date information for the early identification of the "treatable" causes of GDD are needed for the development of well-timed therapeutic applications with the potential to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.273-282
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• 2021

Since December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly, resulting in a pandemic. The virus enters host cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine subtype 2 (TMPRSS2). These enzymes are widely expressed in reproductive organs; hence, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could also impact human reproduction. Current evidence suggests that sperm cells may provide an inadequate environment for the virus to penetrate and spread. Oocytes within antral follicles are surrounded by cumulus cells, which rarely express ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Thus, the possibility of transmission of the virus through sexual intercourse and assisted reproductive techniques seems unlikely. Early human embryos express coronavirus entry receptors and proteases, implying that human embryos are potentially vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 in the early stages of development. Data on the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the human endometrium are sparse. Moreover, it remains unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 directly affects the embryo and its implantation. A study of the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on pregnancy showed an increase in preterm delivery. Thus, vertical transmission of the virus from mother to fetus in the third trimester is possible, and further data on human reproduction are required to establish this possibility. Based on analyses of existing data, major organizations in this field have published guidelines on the treatment of infertility. Regarding these guidelines, despite the COVID-19 pandemic, reproductive treatment is crucial for the well-being of society and must be continued under suitable regulations and good standard laboratory practice protocols.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2006

Nebulin is a giant ($600{\sim}900$ kDa), modular sarcomeric protein proposed to regulate the assembly, and to specify the precise lengths of actin filamints in vertebrate skeletal muscles. Recently, There is an evidence that the nebulin also expressed in non muscle tissue, brain and liver. We identified a new isoform of nebulin from adult brain library by PCR screening. It contains two simple-repeats exon 165, 166 and linker-repeats exon $154{\sim}161$ except exon 159. The nebulin modules M160 to M170 (exon 150 to exon 161) has been shown to bind desmin. In mature striated muscle, desmin intermediate filaments surround Z-discs and link individual myofibrils laterally at their Z-discs and to other intracellular structures, including the costameres and the intercalated discs of the sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, T-tubules, and nuclei. Therefore, it is an interesting possibility that the differential splice pathways within the linker region of nebulin modify the affinity of nebulin's interaction with desmin. The specific interactions of nebulin and desmin were confirmed in vivo by yeast two hybrid experiments. To verify in the cellular level the interaction between nebulin isoform and desmin, we transfected COS-7 cell with EGFP-tagged nebulin and DsRed-tagged desmin. Based on evidence showing that despite exon 159 was deleted, the new isoform of nebulin was interact with desmin. This suggest that nebulin in brain may interact with another intermediate filament. The conservation of these ligand-binding capacity in brain and skeletal nebulins suggest that nebulins may have conserved roles in brain and skeletal muscle.