• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.227-245
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• 1998

A most appropriate model of 3-D conformal radiotherapy has been induced by clinical evaluation and animal study, and therapeutic gains were evaluated by numerical equation of tumor control probability(TCP) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP). The radiation dose to the tumor and the adjacent normal organs was accurately evaluated and compared using the dose volume histogram(DVH). The TCP and NTCP was derived from the distribution of given dosage and irradiated volume, and these numbers were used as the biological index for the assessment of the treatment effects. Ten patients with liver disease have been evaluated and 3 dogs were sacrificed for this study. Based on the 3-D images of the tumor and adjacent organs, the optimum radiation dose and the projection direction which could maximize the radiation effect while minimizing the effects to the adjacent organs could be decided. 3). The most effective collimation for the normal adjacent organs was made through the beams eye view with the use of multileaf collimator. When the dose was increased from 50Gy to 70Gy, the TCP for the conventional 2-port radiation and the 5-port multidimensional therapy was 0.982 and 0.995 respectively, while the NTCP was 0.725 and 0.142 respectively, suggesting that the 3-D conformal radiotherapy might be the appropriate therapy to apply sufficient radiation dose to the tumor while minimizing the damages to the normal areas of the liver. Positive correlation was observed between the NTCP and the actual complication of the normal liver in the animal study. The present study suggest that the use of 3-D conformal radiotherapy and the application of the mathematical models of TCP and NTCP may provide the improvements in the treatment of hepatoma with enhanced results.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.602-611
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• 2015

Aronia melanocarpa (Rosaceae family), black chokeberry, has significantly higher anthocyanin, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity than other berries. The aim of this study is to characterize the content of aronia makgeolli prepared with the additive method such as fresh-type and crushed-type and to investigate the effect of aronia on the quality of makgeolli at $25^{\circ}C$ for 8 days. The changes in pH, total acidity, ethanol content, color, antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content, and sensory testing were determined. The pH values were 3.9~4.2 in fresh aronia makgeolli (the fresh group), and 3.6~3.9 in crushed aronia makgeolli (the crushed group). The total acidity of all samples gradually increased during the fermentation period. The ethanol content was 10~15% after the second stage of fermentation, and was reduced followed by an increase in the addition rate of aronia, showing the lowest values in 50% crushed aronia makgeolli. As the aronia content increased, both the antioxidant activity and the total polyphenol content significantly increased. In the fresh group, low values were seen in early fermentation, which significantly increased according to the progress of fermentation, while the crushed group showed high values for 6 days. In the sensory evaluation, the color, flavor, bitterness, and overall acceptance of the makgeolli with 30% fresh aronia showed higher values than the control and other samples. In conclusion, the present study suggests that fresh aronia without undergoing the breaking process is a more suitable additive method than the crushed type for antioxidant activity and palatability of aronia makgeolli.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.253-261
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• 2015

In this study, Chlorophyll-a (chl-a) prediction model and multiple parameters affecting algae occurrence in Mulgeum site were evaluated by statistical analysis using water quality, hydraulic and climate data at Mulgeum site (1998~2008). Before the analysis, control chart method and effect period of typhoon were adopted for improving reliability of the data. After data preprocessing step two methods were used in this study. In method 1, chl-a prediction model was developed using preprocessed data. Another model was developed by Method 2 using significant parameters affecting chl-a after data preprocessing step. As a result of correlation analysis, water temperature, pH, DO, BOD, COD, T-N, $NO_3-N$, $PO_4-P$, flow rate, flow velocity and water depth were revealed as significant multiple parameters affecting chl-a concentration. Chl-a prediction model from Method 1 and 2 showed high $R^2$ value with 0.799 and 0.790 respectively. Validation for each prediction model was conducted with the data from 2009 to 2010. Training period and validation period of Method 1 showed 20.912 and 24.423 respectively. And Method 2 showed 21.422 and 26.277 in each period. Especially BOD, DO and $PO_4-P$ played important role in both model. So it is considered that analysis of algae occurrence at Mulgeum site need to focus on BOD, DO and $PO_4-P$.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.303-311
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• 2018

In this study, a preliminary evaluation of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the Ficus erecta var. sieboldii (Miq.) King (FES) leaf extract has been performed to assess its potential as a natural resource for food and medicinal materials. FES was extracted using 70% EtOH and then fractionated sequentially using n-hexane, $CH_2Cl_2$, EtOAc, and n-BuOH. To screen for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents effectively, the inhibitory effect of the FES extracts on the production of oxidant stresses (DPPH, xanthine oxidase, and superoxide) and pro-inflammatory factors (NO, iNOS, COX-2, $PGE_2$, IL-6, and $IL-1{\beta}$) in the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was examined. Among the sequential solvent fractions of FES, the $CH_2Cl_2$ and EtOAc fractions showed decreased production of oxidant stresses (DPPH, xanthine oxidase and superoxide), and the hexane and $CH_2Cl_2$ fractions of FES inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory factors (NO, iNOS, COX-2, and $PGE_2$). The $CH_2Cl_2$ fraction also inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines ($TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, and $IL-1{\beta}$). These results suggest that FES has a significant effects on the production of oxidant stresses and pro-inflammatory factors and may be used a natural resource for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.25-38
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• 2020

The objective of this study is to propose a direction for creating a memorial park for the 250 students victims of the Sewol ferry disaster. To this end, this study first attempted to understand the matters discussed at various levels to create a memorial park and find a way that the park can be built by gathering opinions from the bereaved families and the victims themselves, as well as local residents, and experts. Workshops, competitions, special lectures, and websites, etc, were analyzed. A social discourse analysis methodology was used for systematic analysis, and the analyzed discourse was categorized into 4 types for assessment, and the functions and roles were subdivided into 15 types. To assess the priorities and the adequacy of the discourse, an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used among 30 activists, public servants, and experts. Then, a survey was conducted to analyze the perception of the residents (467 participants including the bereaved families) about the memorial park. Based on the results of the analysis, two directions were set for the memorial park. First, is a memorial park to remember the victims in everyday life. It must be a park with various cultural contents instead of a conventional memorial park that is solemn and grave sharing anguish and sorrow. The memorial park for the Sewol ferry disaster must become a space where visitors can naturally encounter and remember the victims. Second, is a park that serves as a catalyst that brings change and innovation to the community. It must be able to bring change to the community with direct and indirect influence. It must serve as an impetus to bring change and innovation to the community in the mid-to-long-term. Having many visitors may also lead to an economic effect. These visitors may not just stay in the park, but even contribute to revitalizing the local businesses. The purpose of this study is to apply the research findings to guide the International Design Competition scheduled for 2020 and serve to establish guidelines for a continuous park management system.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.301-327
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• 2012

This study investigated body images based on the survey data drawn from college students in three East Asian countries(Korea, Japan, and China). 347 Korean, 341 Chinese, and 271 Japanese college students responded to questions designed to measure body images such as body-related values (operability, inclination, locus of evaluation, and instrumentality of appearance), body esteem (appearance, and health), and objectified body-consciousness ( surveillance and shame). The results showed that body images differ among countries. Regarding body-related values, Korean students have least conservative beliefs and followed by Japanese, and Chinese. Korean students showed the highest acceptance level for the voluntary body alteration(operability), highest inclination to body appearance over health. They also showed the strongest tendency of evaluating their body from the observer's point of view and the strongest belief about the social utility of body appearance compare to Japanese and Chinese students. Appearance- esteem of Korean was similar to Chinese but higher than Japanese. Surveillance and shame about body appearance of Korean students were similar to Japanese but higher than Chinese. Compare to male students, females showed stronger belief about the body appearance over health, lower appearance esteem, and higher surveillance and shame about body. Korean women showed the least conservative body-related values, and the levels of body appearance esteem and objectified body consciousness were located in between Japanese and Chinese women. Japanese women showed especially low body appearance esteem and highest surveillance and shame. Chinese women showed the most conservative body-related value, the highest appearance-esteem, and the lowest surveillance and shame. It was revealed that the body-related values indirectly affect to appearance-esteem through the mediating role of objectified body consciousness in Chinese and Japanese samples, but that the body-related values had direct effect on appearance-esteem as well in Korean sample.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.816-821
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• 1996

Lung transplantation is the established treatment for the end stage lung disedse find preservation of the organ is a major obstacle In performing lung transplantation. For solving this problem, we evaluated the histopathologic changes for various preservation solutions. Male mongrel dogs of similar size and weight (15∼20 kg) were used. The dog lungs were flushed with 4fl normal saline(group 1 'n:5): Modified Euro-Collins solution(group 2 n:5) and University of Wisconsin solution (group 3 : n=6), 60m11kg through a catheter placed in the main pulmonary artery aft r flushing of PGE 1 (20ng1kg). The lungs were preserved for 60 hours and measured dry and wet weights. Histologic specimens were taken every 6 hours and %toed for light microscopic evaluation. The edema ratio of the lungs peaked in 12 hours although there was no difference between the groups. Histologically, alveolar septal changes developed in one case (20%) after 1 hour preservation with normal saline. In case of the University of Wisconsin solution, the alveolar septal distortions and swellings were seen in 1 cases (20%) after 6 hours preservation compared with 3 cases (60%) after 6 hours preservation with Modified Euro-Collins solution. Changes of the pneumocytes were observed after 24 hours preser- vation in group 1, after 48 hours preservation in group 2 and after 60 hours preservation in group 3. We conclude that University of Wisconsin solution might have a superior preservation effect compare to normal saline and Modified Euro-Collins solutions.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 2012

This study was designed to determine whether low-density lipoproteins (LDL) from egg yolk and taurine, hypotaurine and trehalose as antioxidant in extender improve the freezability and fertility of Korean Jeju Black Bull semen. The semen was cryopreserved with tris egg yolk extenders containing 7% glycerol and treated 4% LDL, 20 mM taurine, hypotaurine and trehalose. Frozen-thawed sperm were evaluated motility, viability, membrane, and acrosome integrity and sperm penetration ability. The results were compared to semen cryopreserved in tris egg yolk extender only as control. Frozen-thawed semen evaluation cleary indicated that the addition of LDL and LDL-antioxidants (taurine, hypotaurine and trehalose) combination were significantly improved (p<0.05) the viability (%; with staining test using eosin-Y) compared to control spermatozoa. Also, in membrane integrity (%; with supravital hypo-osmotic swelling test), not only LDL-antioxiants combination but also LDL were significantly increased (p<0.05) the swelled sperm using HOST compared to control. Sperm acrosome integrity state was classified by CTC (chlortetracycline) staining test. F pattern was significantly increased in LDL-antioxidant combination than control (p<0.05) and B pattern was not significantly differences among all treatments and control. However, AR pattern was significantly decreased in LDL-antioxidants combination than control (p<0.05). Pronucleus formation and sperm penetration index (SFI) were significantly increased in LDL and LDL-antioxidants combination than control (p<0.05). Especially, LDL-taurine significantly improved pronucleus fomation and SFI than LDL (p<0.05). It was concluded that LDL and LDL-antioxidants in extender improved the freezability and fertility of Korean Jeju Black bull spermatozoa.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: The scab, which is caused by Venturia nashicola, gives serious damages to pear trees. 'Niitaka' accounts for 82% of areas in pear cultivation. However 'Niitaka' is a scab susceptible cultivar. So, most of Korean farmers who growing pear trees have suffered by economic losses with the scab. In this research, we evaluated the scab resistance among elite pear seedlings to clarify genetics about the scab resistance. And we analyzed photosynthetic features with these seedlings to develop suitable cultivar which is advantageous for producing quality fruits during the growth and development of plants. METHODS AND RESULTS: We measured the rates of scab incidence among seedlings in a field experiment condition and an in-vitro test. An in-vitro test has been done with field experiment-based results. We made plant materials by grafting branches of each seedlings with 'Kongbae' rootstocks. And they had been grown for one month. Then, scab conidia suspension is sprayed to seedlings and sustained for 40 days under the controlled environment. As the results, 6 seedlings displayed lower incidence rates than other seedlings and 'Niitaka'. We also measured instant photosynthetic rates of each seedlings to determine the correlation between photosynthetic rates and fruit characteristics. However, it seemed that there is no correlation between them. CONCLUSION(S): Among the seedlings, 6 seedlings displayed the higher resistance to scab than other seedlings and 'Niitaka'. This characteristics is considered to be come from the gene expression of European pear. And we found that photosynthetic rate in trees rarely does not influence the fruit characteristics. It is considered to be affected by cultivar's own characteristics.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.311-318
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• 1998

Amis:ST25(Chonchu) and ST37(Sanggoho) are usually used acupoints to management several disease which induced to abnormal intestinal motility as diarrhea, constipation. Colonic transit time by radio opaque marker is able to study easily and useful method for evaluation of colonic motility. The aim of this study was to assess the effect on colonic transit time by manual acupuncture or electroacupuncture stimulation of ST25, ST37 in normal adult. Method: Colonic transit time, including Rt colon, Lt colon, rectosigmoid colon was measured by radio opaque marker in 11 normal adults. Colon transit time was measured before stimulation and after stimulation on ST25, ST37 by manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture. Each person was treated manual acupuncture or electroacupuncture stimulation for 3 days before colonic transit time measurement with 1 week interval. Result: Colon transit time before stimulation was measured $10.60{\pm}12.11$, $3.92{\pm}7.72$, $3.27{\pm}6.37$, $3.41{\pm}5.57$ hours total colon, Rt colon, Lt colon, rectosigmoid colon, respectively. Colon transit time after manual acupuncture is measured $10.48{\pm}12.35$, $3.72{\pm}7.52$, $3.37{\pm}6.76$, $3.39{\pm}5.84$ hours total colon, Rt colon, Lt colon, rectosigmoid colon, respectively. Colon transit time after electroacupuncture stimulation is measured $10.30{\pm}13.21$, $3.92{\pm}8.02$, $3.07{\pm} $, $3.31{\pm}5.49$ hours total colon, Rt colon, Lt colon, rectosigmoid colon, respectively. Significant change was observed Lt colon transit time after electroacupuncture as compared before acupuncture(P<0.05). Conclusion: Theses results suggest that manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture of ST25, ST37 in normal adults does not change colonic transit time.