• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.295-308
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• 2012

Software and Systems Product Line(SSPL) is a paradigm that has been developed and applied by European Union(EU) to achieve the productivity and competitiveness of EU industries on the world market. It is not just a simple system or software development methodology, but a sophisticated technology requiring capabilities for a high level of mass customization, platforms, processes and convergence of software and systems. EU has applied SSPL for the five selected industrial sectors including aerospace, automobile, medical equipment, consumer electronics and telecommunication equipment since 1990s and led the way to other industry sectors to stimulate the application of SSPL from 2006. In order for Korea to secure competitiveness in the manufacturing and service industries in the competitive borderless market, it is essential to gain the high level of capabilities for software development and convergence of software and systems. SSPL can be a powerful means to achieve this end. This paper discusses the paradigmatic concept of SSPL, how EU's major industries and companies have secured competitiveness through SSPL, key capabilities that are necessary for successful institutionalization of SSPL in Korea, and finally suggestions on core strategies to materialize the benefits of SSPL for Korea.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.10
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• pp.1298-1302
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• 2018

Minimum Efficiency Performance Standard (MEPS) has already been operated in many countries. In particular, the European Union (EU) has entered the IE3 stage since 2017. Korea will also enter the IE3 phase from October 2018. As for Korea, there is still a restriction on induction motors only. But, in the EU and the United States, efficiency regulation of variable speed drives is being deeply examined. Standards related to this are gradually being fixed. In this paper, the current status and the direction of global standards related to the efficiency of motors, inverters and systems are reviewed. And the case of improving the efficiency of the system including the motor will be examined.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 2024

The EU (European Union) was introduced Euro-6e in 2023. Recently, the EU prepare to introduce Euro-7. One of difference Euro-6e and Euro-7 is test route condition. This study developed 5 test routes that have different characteristics and severity. The severity of test routes was made by traffic and road gradient. And this study was conducted RDE test on 5 test routes for Light-Duty diesel vehicle (Euro-6d). Based on the test results, the emission characteristics of CO₂ and NOx were analyzed according to the severity of the test routes. Especially, 4 test routes were satisfied normal driving condition of Euro-7 and other test route was satisfied extended driving condition of Euro-7.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.39-63
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• 2020

This paper reviews the Interpretative Guidelines on EU passenger rights regulations in the context of the developing situation with COVID-19 of EU commission. To enlighten the obscurity and to mitigate the economic impacts of the COVID-19, European Commission has published "Interpretative Guidelines on EU passenger rights regulations in the context of the developing situation with Covid-19" on March 18, 2020. The Guideline essentially aims to create a coherent system of rules to assist the passengers, industry and national authorities overall under the unprecedented circumstances across the European Union. To do so, the Guideline is drafted to cover the rights of passengers travelling by air, rail, ship or bus/coach, maritime and inland waterways, as well as the corresponding obligations for carriers. From an aviation industry focused perspective, by referencing the Regulation (EC) numbered 261/2004, the Guideline specifically applies to cancellation and delay in flights which are seen as the dark spots for the air carriers concerning potential burdens.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.57-68
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• 2018

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to classify that the quality factors for comparing the Visegrard Group with the Nordic Council have historical similarities against Germany and the Soviet Union. However, this is because in the integrated European market, the competitiveness possessed by the two groups of countries is invested in the priority order to grow. Research design, data, and methodology - The study was conducted on the research design, and the reason for trying to compare the competence of the automobile industry in the assessment of industrial capability is that the Visegrard Group focuses on automotive production and the Nordic Association focuses on the commercialization of the automobile(market). In this study, searching and quantifying indirect evidence was made through standards are more complementary in Europe since each country acts like the role of the European automotive industry for example, which is different from the realistic evaluation criteria, are more important than those of the United States(first in the world) or Germany(first in Europe). Results - The results of this study are as follows: In the global EV market U.S.(export: $ 2.62 billion /share: 36.7%), Germany($ 1.29 billion /18.1%), France($ 390 million /5.4%), United Kingdom($ 380 million /5.4%), and South Korea($ 320 million/ 4.4%). South Korea's share of the EV market is 4.4%, while TSI reaches at +0.9 which measures the comparative advantage of a specific commodity in the world trade market. There is great potential for evaluated as products processing in export competition. But, commercialization, standardization, and overall market expansion did not have a positive impact on global satisfaction. Conclusions - EVs put importance on various utilities. So this suggests that Korea's exports to the EU, including the Visegrard Group, should be more focused on marketability when illuminating with a sharing industrial system under the European Union. It is necessary to specialize in manufacturing and commercialization by country(region) to prepare sharing economy and blockchain in order to create a smart-sharing city linked on artificial intelligence, as the commercialization of electric vehicles, which will have a larger growth rate than that of manufacturing in the fourth revolutionary era.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.67
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• pp.69-95
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• 2015

The main purpose of this study is to analyse what are the key financial innovations in the euro area electronic payment systems. TARGET2 is the RTGS-system provided through the Eurosystem. It is used for settling central bank operations, for large interbank transfers in euro and also for other euro-denominated transfers. The specific features of TARGET2 include processing in real time, settlement in central bank money and immediate finality. In addition, the SEPA is a payment-integration initiative of the European Union for simplification of bank transfers denominated in euro. In particular, the main innovations consist of the completion of the phased migration to the TARGET2 infrastructure, and the introduction of a single retail payment market in euro - the SEPA and its products, schemes and frameworks. As the study analyse, the key innovations consist of the TARGET2 introduction, SEPA establishment and migration towards the T2S system. These innovations will lead to a better understanding of the payment and settlement systems' behavior in stress situations and to enhance the stability of the euro area financial system. Moreover, the successful integration of the European payment and settlement infrastructures will further contribute to the integration of the European financial markets, as well as to their higher competitiveness.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.3-18
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• 2020

In the growing digitalized world, the European Union implemented the General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR) to establish a comprehensive data protection framework across member states. Given the constitutional roots of GDPR, the EU's regulatory approach is different than other data protection regimes. The new regulation has strengthened individual rights to data protection, but it also introduced several obligations for businesses that collect and process personal data. We review the existing literature on privacy, particularly GDPR, from a policy perspective. The evidence outlines data regulation's effects on competition, innovation, marketing activities, and cross-border data flows. The discussion highlights the tradeoffs between increased regulation of data protection and its effects on the market.

• Clean Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.155-161
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• 2010

Product-based environmental regulations, such as RoHS, REACH, EuP, etc., on electrical and electronic equipments, chemicals, and so on, initiated by the European Union, are becoming a global trend. These regulations can create barriers to trade among nations worldwide and may thereby have a direct impact on the function of internal market. If domestic companies utilize well the international environmental regulations in advance, they will get good opportunity for expanding overseas market. In this paper the current status of countermeasure for overcoming the international environmental regulations in domestic industries was investigated and the future plans were discussed.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.875-896
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• 2010

Using the difference in differences (DID) estimation method, this paper analyzes the effect of European Union's Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) on the reduction of per capita $CO_2$ emission among the twenty five participating countries. For this, the panel dataset of forty two European countries for the period 1990~2007 is constructed. Special attention is paid to the bias of the standard errors in the DID estimation due to the presence of serial correlation in the error terms. The results shows quite a robust effect of EU ETS on the reduction of per capita $CO_2$ emission among the participating countries regardless of the calculation methods of standard errors. The results also shows that the increased implicit tax rate on energy has a robust effect on the reduction of per capita $CO_2$ emission. On the contrary, the estimation results regarding the effects of per capita GDP and population density on the per capita $CO_2$ emission seem inconsistent. In particular, the environmental Kuznets curve is not statistically supported with the use of robust standard errors.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.171-179
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• 2021

Background: Need for regulatory science is emerging with the development of pharmaceutical industry. It is essential to train regulatory science experts to meet the needs of technology and regulations to evaluate advanced products. Major regulatory science countries are conducting the regulatory science activities and fostering the experts. Methods: Published literature and the relevant website of European Union (EU) were reviewed and criteria were developed. In particular, we focused on in depth descriptions of the Innovative Medicines Initiative program, which was conducted twice. Results: EU is striving to provide funding and training experts for the development of the regulatory science by horizon 2020 and regulatory science to 2025. Innovative medicines initiative (IMI) is a public-private partnership aimed at the development of the pharmaceutical industry, including the regulatory science. IMI education and training projects have provided various education and training course including short-term curriculum and master and doctoral course. The difference between South Korea's regulatory science expert training project in 2021 and the EU's IMI education and training projects is participation of pharmaceutical companies. While the pharmaceutical companies participate in the IMI project to select project topics and form a community, South Korea's project is focused on the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety and universities. Conclusion: Through successful active networks with regulatory party, pharmaceutical companies, and universities, a great innovative advance of regulatory science in South Korea is expected.