• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.37-56
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• 2004

In the Circular flow of Meridians(經脈), the circulation of Nutrient Gi(營氣) is that the essence Gi(精氣) of food starts from Middle Cho(中焦), via heart and lung into the ring-type round of 12 Meridians(十二經脈) in turn of hand Meridians(水經) and foot Meridians(足經), Yang Meridians(陽經) and Eum Meridians(陰經). The circulation of Defensive Gi(衛氣) is that if going out from Eum part(陰分) into Yang part(陽分), is rounding on the Yang Meridians, if going out from Yang part into Eum part, is rounding on the five Jang(五臟) in order of Kidney(腎)-Heart(心)-Lung(肺)-Liver(肝)-Spleen(脾). Because the process of accumulating the essence Gi has a property of One-way flow, it flows from terminal to the direction of body trunk, has no distinct channel with its immaterial nature. and is concentrated on the lower part to that the five Jang belong.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.101-109
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• 2009

The pediatrics has other diagnosis and treatment compared with an adult. It is therefore, the children have different pathogenesis, pathology from adult's. The special feature of the children is two. Firstly, children are the body of the pure Yang[純陽之體], which means the growth and development of them are very fast. Secondly, they have weak muscle, skeletal and digestive function. So we must consider health-preserving method in different physiology and pathology aspects of the children. The children have weak digestive functions, so they should be careful to avoid eating greasy food and overeating. They must eat the nourishing Eum[滋陰] food. The children should wear thin clothes as possible. If the children wear clothes so thick, it promote the Yang (陽), so the Eum(陰) is hurted. The children are to be lack of Eum[陰不足], so they need to grow and raise the Eum(陰) in this way which the lower body is cool. Sleep is important ways to generate Eum Essence[陰精]. So the children should take a bed as change of the season. Children's muscles and skeleton are growing so incomplete that they are hard to handle Wind-Cold pathogen[風寒邪]. Therefore, the children should be training vital Essence and Gi(氣) with appropriate exercise. We should be careful treatment the Hwayeoljeung(火熱證) with purgation[瀉下] - bitter in taste and cold in nature[苦寒藥], aromatic herb[芳香性藥物], sudorific herb[發汗藥] In addition, child has weak digestive function, so doctor should not use a lot of nourishment[滋補].

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.135-140
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• 2009

Purpose: This study examines the relationship between the occurrence of migraine headaches and three constitution types of Korean Hand Therapy (Seogeum Therapy). Methods: A total of 684 subjects comprised the study data: 500 healthy individuals and 184 migraine sufferers. The data were analyzed according to three constitution types of Seogeum Therapy. The subjects were classified according to their constitution types and body sides. Results: There were significant differences between the three types. Among the healthy group, the Yang Type and Shin Type Constitutions were more predominant than the Eum Type; the Yang and Shin Types were also more predominant than Eum Type with respect to both sides of the body. Among the migraine sufferers, the Eum Type Constitution was more predominant than the Eum Type; the Eum Type was also more predominant than the other types with respect to both sides of the body. Conclusions: These results suggest that the Eum Type Constitution might be associated with migraine headaches.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.47-57
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• 2006

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to widen a clinical use by investigating literatures about the acupoint of Pu-ryu(KI7) and Um-gok(KI10) concerning Kidney-Eum(vital essence of the kidney) and Kidney-Yang(vital function of the kidney). Methods: We investigated the first literature about $Pu-ryu(KI7)\;{\cdot}\;Um-gok(KI10)$ and a second name, a location and a characteristic of them. We made a comparative study about the chief virtue and combination of $Pu-ryu(KI7)\;{\cdot}\;Um-gok(KI10)$. Results: Pu-ryu(KI7) is the 7th acupoint of Kidney Meridian of Foot Soeum(少陰), which reinforces a meridian of belonging and has the efficacy of warming the Kidney Yang, clearing heat, excreting dump and regulating water passage. Um-gok(KI10) is the 10th acupoint of Kidney Meridian of Foot Soeum(少陰), which has the virtue of nurishing the Liver and Kidney Eum, promoting lower heater and marinating the free flow of Gi Conclusions: The chief virtue of Pu-ryu(KI7) is to remove edema due to disturbance in Gi activity by dificiency of Kidney-Yang because of warming Yang to induce diuresis. To Um-gok(KI10), it is to treat instability of Kidney-Gi by Eum dificiency of the Liver and Kidney because of nurishing the Liver and Kidney Eum.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.213-221
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• 2004

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the health status, and disease distribution in the elderly according to their Sasang constitutions. Methods: A total of 196 elderly in Sungjugun Kyungsangbukdo were interviewed for this study. Data were collected from 1 July, 2002 to 31 July, 2002. Results: The distribution of constitutions of the subjects were So-yang 30.4%, So-eum 12.6%, Tae-eum 57.0% in elderly men, and So-yang 32.5%, So-eum 16.2%, Tae-yang 8.6%, Tae-eum 42.7% in elderly women. Especially, there are Tae-yang 8.6% in elderly women. Conclusions: Subjective health status according to Sasang constitutions, less of Tae-yang elderly reported that their health status was not well but more of these individual reported that their health status was good compared with other groups. On the other hand, more of So-eum elderly reported that their health status was not well but less of these individual reported that their health status was good compared with other groups.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.13-23
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• 2018

Objectives The Eum-Yang (Yin-Yang in English) temperament was shown to have clinical and structural validity with Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), however the studies of the association with behavior problems and personality structure in adolescents were not satisfactory. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between Eum-Yang temperament and behavior problems in Korean middle school students. Methods 122 first grader of middle school students (68 boys and 54 girls) completed SPQ, Junior version of Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI), and Youth Self Report (YSR). The correlations between SPQ, JTCI, and YSR subscales were investigated. And, also the differences between SPQ, JTCI, and YSR subscales among Yang (high 30% of SPQ total score) and Eum (low 30% of SPQ total score) temperament groups classified with SPQ total score were examined. Results The SPQ total score were correlated with Novelty-Seeking (r=.321) and Reward-Dependence (r=.392) in boys, and with Novelty-Seeking (r=.427) and Harm-Avoidance (r=-.444) in girls. The SPQ total score were not significantly correlated with Body Mass Index, Ponderal Index and YSR total, however significantly correlated with YSR Internalizing problems and Withdrawal/depressed subscale (r=-.242 and r=-.419) in boys and Withdrawal/depressed subscale (r=-.449) in girls. There were significant differences between Eum and Yang groups in Novelty-Seeking, Harm-Avoidance and Withdrawal/depressed as for boys and girls. Conclusions The biopsychological structure of SPQ was confirmed with middle school students. The behavioral (SPQ-B) and emotional (SPQ-E) perspectives of Eum-Yang were found to be protective and risk factors, and also correlated with Externalizing and Internalizing behavior problems, respectively. The biopsychological characteristics of Eum-Yang temperament and its relation with psychopathological symptoms in late-childhood should be carefully analyzed.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.29-32
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• 2009

We have explored the five-element pattern of "River Table(河圖)" in the "Naegyeong(內經)", and conclude that this pattern is one of the five-element patterns applied in the "Naegyeong". Based on this pattern, we can exactly understand the eum(陰) and yang(陽) range of five Jang-organs, why the spleen is the extreme eum, why the spleen is the isolated Jang, how the spleen governs four seasons, the ascending and descending of visceral gi(氣), as well as why it can be applied in clinic that the spleen and stomach are the pivot of the ascending and descending of visceral gi(氣).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2004

Sa-Sang, one of the Korean traditional medicines, classifies people's constitution into 4 types, which are referred to as Tae-Yang-In, Tae-Eum-In, So-Yang-In and So-Eum-In. The purpose of this study was to examine demographic and dietary factors and to test any significant differences between Sa-Sang constitution and related factors. The participants were 483 college students and the data of 428 students were finally analyzed. Constitution was determined identically through both the questionnaire on Sa-Sang constitution and an inquiry by a Korean traditional medical doctor. Tae-Eum-In showed statistically significant higher BMI and higher smoking frequency. Tae-Eum-In also had significantly higher intakes in iron, potassium, sodium, vitamin B$_1$, niacin, $\beta$-carotene and vitamin E. So-Eum-In had significantly lower intakes in protein, phosphorous, and folate. From this study, we could expect to get some scientific, objective and accurate diet information on the types of constitution. Considering the fact that most chronic degenerative diseases could be developed by any lifestyle factors, it is necessary to conduct educational programs about lifestyles including the dietary habit for maintaining good health. Therefore, it will be better to continue a long-term follow-up study on any chronic degenerative disease based on the types of Sa-Sang constitution in the future. (Korean J Nutrition 37(2): 153 -161, 2004)

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.138-147
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• 1991

Review of literature on stomachache. According to investigated the pathology of a stomachache about all sorts of falling ill, I have been obtained following conclusions. 1. The cause of Ui Wan Tong are clod-wet-ui wan, sik juk, dam eum, a huy1 be made of gi bul soon (氣不順). 2. Pain of Je sang bu are called jung wan tong, dae bok tong, jung cho tong, cause are sik juk, han sa, chung juk. pain of je ha bu are called so bok tong, hache tong, soh bok tong, so bok are devided two part, one is so eum sin the other is gul eum gan, cause are jo gyul dae jang, yul gyu1 bang kwang, hyul gyul bang kwang, porak hu ect. 3. Pain of je bu are called je bok tong, hwan je e tong, so bok je ju tong, and cause are juk yu1, jo si, dam hwa. Pain of yang hyup bu are called yang hyup ha so bok tong, yang bang ge hyup tong, yang hup jisang tong, cause are ban gi,yang myung jo geom. According to above results, the patholosy of a stomach ache about the part of falling ill in a course of transformation on the epidemic fever comes into the viscera.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.676-718
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• 1998

After a comparative study on between Shanghanlun(傷寒論) and Sa-sang constitutional medicine(四象醫學) in Pathogenesis, I got a conclusion like this. Sa-sang consitutional medicine(四象醫學) changed the directions to the medicine in the center of personality from the medicine in the center of Shanghanlun(傷寒論)'s demonstration, devided the personality of people by the size of Organ system(臟腑) into 4types of Tae-eum, Yo-yang, Tae-yang, Yo-eum(太少陰陽), and explains all the course of physiology, pathology, diagnosis, therapy of the body on the point of constitutional view. Comparing the features of two medicines, Shanghanlun(傷寒論) and Sa-sang constitutional medicine(四象醫學), Shanghanlun(傷寒論) devided the diseases into the three type of eum-yang based on eight principal syndroms(八綱原理), in accordance with evidence of illness, pulse and studied the therapy, Shanghanlun(傷寒論) set up the basis of medicine which is based on overall of symptoms and signg(辨證論治醫學). Sa-sang constitutional medicine(四象醫學) distinguished the image(象) which is devided by the size of inherited Organ system(臟腑), refered to the symptom of diseases(病症) and decided the therapic directions. So Sa-sang constitutional medicine(四象醫學) gave more accuracy to the therapy by subdeviding the process of differenciation of case(辨證) into 2 steps of differenciation of image(辨象) and differenciation of case(辨證). In view of etiologic factor, Shanghanlun(傷寒論) regarded it as a invading of pathogenic factors(邪氣), so Shanghanlun(傷寒論) has the medical theory of pathogenic factors(邪氣). But Sa-sang constitutional medicine(四象醫學) regarded it as a disorder of the genuine energy(正氣)'s movements(升降緩速), so Sa-sang constitutional medicine(四象醫學) has the medical theory putting first of genuine energy(正氣). But Shanghanlun(傷寒論) also recognized the constitutional difference basically and Sa-sang consitutional medicine(四象醫學) devided the constitution into Tae-eum, Yo-yang, Tae-yang, Yo-eum(太少陰陽) and explained the food-air-fluid metabolism(飮食-氣液之氣病證) as cold-hot, cool-warm and devided the the symptom of diseases(病症) into the interior and the exterior(表裏) as the up-down, slow-fast movements of eum-yang and insufficiency and excessiveness is between them. In the end, Sa-sang constitutional medicine(四象醫學) has the theory of eight principal syndroms(八綱原理) faithfully which is the theory of differenciation of case(辨證理論) of Shanghanlun(傷寒論). Therefore Shanghanlun(傷寒論) made a lot of influence on originating Sa-sang constitutional medicine(四象醫學), Sa-sang constitutional medicine(四象醫學) is the theory which is based on existing medical theory including Shanghanlun(傷寒論) and composed the new medical theory to the constitutional point of view. Sa-sang constitutional medicine(四象醫學) enriched the medical theory and developed the clinical medicine so it has the historical value in the medicine.