• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• 제30권6호
• /
• pp.593-602
• /
• 2022

The human papillomavirus (HPV)-18 E7 (E7) oncoprotein is a major transforming protein that is thought to be involved in the development of cervical cancer. It is well-known that E7 stimulates tumour development by inactivating pRb. However, this alone cannot explain the various characteristics acquired by HPV infection. Therefore, we examined other molecules that could help explain the acquired cancer properties during E7-induced cancer development. Using the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) method, we found that the Elk-1 factor, which is crucial for cell proliferation, invasion, cell survival, anti-apoptotic activity, and cancer development, binds to the E7. By determining which part of E7 binds to which domain of Elk-1 using the Y2H method, it was found that CR2 and CR3 of the E7 and parts 1-206, including the ETS-DNA domain of Elk-1, interact with each other. As a result of their interaction, the transcriptional activity of Elk-1 was increased, thereby increasing the expression of target genes EGR-1, c-fos, and E2F. Additionally, the colony forming assay revealed that overexpression of Elk-1 and E7 promotes C33A cell proliferation. We expect that the discovery of a novel E7 function as an Elk-1 activator could help explain whether the E7 has novel oncogenic activities in addition to p53 inactivation. We also expect that it will offer new methods for developing improved strategies for cervical cancer treatment.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
• /
• 제21권9호
• /
• pp.1115-1125
• /
• 1997

Experiments have been conducted to obtain local and average heat transfer coefficients associated with impingement of a row of circular, free surface-water jets on a constant heat flux surface. Nozzle arrays are a row of 3 jets (nozzle dia.=4.6 mm) and a row of 5 jets (nozzle dia.=3.6 mm), and the nozzle configuration is Reverse cone type revealed good performance in heat transfer. Nozzle-to-plate spacings ranging from 16 mm to 80 mm were investigated for two jet center to center spacings 25 mm and 37.5 mm in the jet velocity of 3 m/s (R $e_{D}$=27000) to 8 m/s (R $e_{D}$=70000). For a row of 3 jets and a row of 5 jets, the stagnation heat transfer of the central jet is lower than that of adjacent jets. In the wall jet region between jets, for small nozzle-to-plate spacing and large jet velocity, the local maximum in the Nusselt number was observed, however, for small jet velocity or large nozzle-to-plate spacing, the local maximum was not observed. Except for the condition of $V_{O}$=8 m/s and H/D=10, the average Nusselt number reveals the following ranking: a row of 5 jets, a row of 3 jets, single jet. For a row of 3 jet, the maximum average Nusselt number occurs at H/D=8 ~ 10, and for a row of 5 jets, it occurs at H/D=2 ~ 4. Compared with the single jet, enhancement of average heat transfer for a row of 3 jets is approximately 1.52 ~ 2.28 times, and 1.69 ~ 3.75 times for a row of 5 jets.ets.s.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• 제44권1호
• /
• pp.47-51
• /
• 2017

Objective: This study was designed to report the status of assisted reproductive technology (ART) therapy in South Korea between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2012. Methods: A localized online survey, originally developed by the International Committee Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technologies, was first launched and provided to all available ART centers via email in 2015. Fresh embryo transfer (FET) cases were categorized as standard in vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), or half-ICSI. Thawed embryo transfer (TET) and other related procedures, including surgical sperm retrieval, were surveyed. Results: Data from 33,956 ovum pick-up procedures were provided by 75 clinics in 2012. Of the 33,088 cycles in which ovums were retrieved, a complete transfer was performed in 90.5% (29,932 cycles). In addition, 10,079 FET cycles were confirmed to have resulted in clinical pregnancy, representing a pregnancy rate of 30.5% per ovum pick-up and 33.7% per ET. The most common number of embryos transferred in FET was 2 (41.6%), followed by 3 (34.0%), and non-elective single ETs (10.0%). Of the 10,404 TET cycles in which transfer was completed, 3,760 clinical pregnancies (36.1%) were confirmed by ultrasonography. Conclusion: The overall clinical pregnancy rate for FET and TET cycles in 2012 was higher than in 2011 (33.7% vs. 33.2% and 36.1% vs. 31.1%, respectively). The most common number of embryos transferred in FET cycles was 2, unlike in 2011.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제46권12호
• /
• pp.1186-1193
• /
• 2003

목 적 : 염색체 취약부위는 세포를 특정의 화학물질에 노출시키거나 특수한 배양조건에서 배양 할 때 쉽게 파열되는 염색체상의 특정구역이다. 취약부위는 유전성질환 및 악성종양과 관련이 있으며, 현재에는 분자생물학적 실험기법의 개발로 분자수준에서 이해가 되고 있다. 새로운 취약부위 및 취약부위의 발현을 높이거나 쉽게 관찰할 수 있는 실험실적 조건을 알아보기 위하여 항암제로 사용되는 Ara-C를 이용하여 염색체파열을 조사하여 보았다. 한편 염색체 취약부위가 종양형성과 관련이 있다는 사실에 기초하여 Ara-C에 의해 발열되는 취약부위와 암유전자가 위치하는 부위 및 종양에서 일정하게 염색체변이가 관찰되는 특정의 염색체 부위와의 상관관계도 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 정상 성인 남녀 각각 3명의 말초혈액 내 T-림프구를 세포배양 후 Ara-C를 첨가하고 다시 caffeine을 처리한 뒤 종전에 시행했던 방법과 동일하게 검체 처리하여 염색체파열 부위를 관찰하였다. 염색체 취약부위는 염색체상의 일정부위에서 100개의 염색체파열 당 2회 이상의 염색체파열이 6명 중 4명 이상에서 관찰되는 경우로 정의하였다. 결 과 : 1) T-림프구를 엽산이 부족한 MEN-FA 배지에서 배양 시 Ara-C는 100개의 분열세포 당 252.1개의 염색체파열을 유도하였으며, Ara-C를 처리하지 않은 대조군에서 25.2개가 관찰되어 Ara-C를 처리한 경우에 염색체파열이 의미 있게 많았다(P<0.05). 2) Ara-C에 의한 염색체파열은 엽산이 부족한 MEM-FA 배지에서 엽산이 충분한 RPMI 1640 배지에서 보다 많이 되었다(P<0.05). 한편, 2.0 mM 농도의 caffeine은 엽산만 부족한 배양 배지에서는 염색체파열을 상승시키지 못했으나, Ara-C와 병행사용 시 상승시켰다. 3) Ara-C에 의해 가장 많이 파열된 부위는 3p14.2.이었으며, 발현된 취약부위는 20부위였다. 4) 발현된 취약부위 중 7 부위는 JUN, SKI, REL, N-MYC, FHIT, MET, ETS-1, FOS의 암유전자가 위치하는 부위와 일치하였으며, 15부위는 급성림프구성백혈병, 급성골수성백혈병, 만성림프구성백혈병, 골수이형성성증, 악성흑색종, 신경모세포종, 소세포성폐암, 난소암, 유전성 신장암, 혼합성 지방육종시 염색체상에 이상이 있는 부위와 일치하였다. 결 론 : S기 특이성 항암제인 Ara-C는 정상성인의 T-림프구를 엽산이 부족한 MEM-FA배지에서 배양시 염색체 파열을 대조군에 비해 의미 있게 유도하였다. 한편으로 Ara-C 특이성 염색체 취약부위는 암유전자가 위치하는 부위 및 특정 종양에서 관찰되는 특이한 염색체변이가 있는 부위와 상당 예에서 일치하여 아직 알려지지 않은 암유전자를 찾거나 분석하는데 기초적인 자료를 제공할 뿐 아니라 염색체변화와 종양형성과정의 상관관계를 이해하는데 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.307-319
• /
• 2016

국가농림기상센터(NCAM)에서는 수요자 맞춤형 영농 영림을 지원하기 위하여 전용 수치모델링시스템인 지면대기모델링패키지(LAMP) 버전 1을 구축하였다. 이 패키지는 두 가지의 큰 축으로 구성되어 있다. 하나는 WRF 기상모델과 Noah-MP 지면모델의 결합시스템인 WRF/Noah-MP 시스템이고, 다른 하나는 Noah-MP 지면 모델의 오프라인 독립구동형 1차원 버전이다. 전자는 7일 이상의 중기 기상예측 자료를 1km 내외의 고해상도로 생산하는 일을 담당하고, 후자는 대표적인 농림생태계에 대하여 1년 지면모의 자료를 15분 간격으로 생산하는 일을 담당한다. 본 연구의 목적은 NCAM-LAMP의 두 구성 요소를 간단히 설명하고, 초기의 수치모의 성능을 평가하는데 있다. WRF/Noah-MP 결합시스템은 동아시아를 포함하는 어미격자 도메인에 최고 810m의 수평 해상도를 갖는 3개의 둥지격자로 구축되었으며, 가장 안쪽 도메인은 광릉 활엽수림 관측지와 침엽수림 관측지(GDK 및 GCK)를 포함한다. 이 결합시스템은 현재 미국 환경예측센터의 FNL 자료를 초기 및 경계자료로 이용하여 구동되며, 여러 개의 약 8일 모의 결과를 연결시켜 장기간에 대한 모의 자료를 생산하였다. 정량적 검증 변수는 WRF/Noah-MP 결합시스템의 2m 기온, 10m 바람, 2m 습도, 강수이며, 기상청 ASOS 관측 자료와 WRF/Noah-MP 결합시스템 모의 자료 사이의 차이를 이용하여 각 도메인에서 동적 식생 포함 유무에 따른 모의 오차를 계산하였다. 강수 모의의 정확도는 탐지확률(POD)과 공평위협점수(ETS)로 구성된 표를 이용하여 조사하였다. 오프라인 독립구동형 지면모델은 1년 기간에 대해 모의 결과를 생산하였으며, KoFlux 관측자료와 비교하여, 순복사 플럭스, 현열 플럭스, 잠열 플럭스 및 토양 수분 함량을 평가하였다. WRF/Noah-MP 결합시스템의 모의 결과에 따르면, 모든 도메인 중에서 도메인 4(810m 해상도)에서 2m 기온, 10m 바람 및 2m 습도에 대하여 가장 작은 RMSE를 보였다. 동적 식생을 포함시키면 모든 도메인에서 10m 바람의 모의 오차가 감소하게 되는 경향을 보였다. 도메인 2(7,290m 해상도)에서는 강수 모의 점수가 가장 높았으나, 동적 식생을 포함시킴에 따른 효과는 별로 없었다. 독립구동형 1차원 Noah-MP의 지면모의 결과는 복사 플럭스와 토양 수분의 패턴 및 크기를 포착하였으며, 엽면적지수의 모델 입력 부분을 보충하고, 모델 물리과정의 적절한 조합을 찾아내는 노력을 통해 개선될 수 있는 여지를 남겼다.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제33권2호
• /
• pp.256-264
• /
• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to find out tobacco control education taught graduate, baccalaureate and associate degree-nursing programs in Korea. Method: A valid and reliable questionnaire previously used to assess tobacco use in medical and nursing schools in the United States was translated and revalidated. Surveys were sent out to all the graduate, baccalaureate and associate nursing programs in Korea. All 6-tobacco curricula content areas recommended by the United States National Cancer Institute and the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research was included. Result: Majority of BSN (93.2%-75%) and AD (92.3%-64.1%) programs were teaching health hazards, cancer risk, health effects of tobacco, effects of ETS, contents of cigarette, withdrawal symptoms and high risk groups of smoking as a part of required courses. However, 87.5% (14/16) of graduate, 50.0% (22/44) in baccalaureate, 53.8% (21/39) in associate degree programs were not teaching about the 5 A's. Of those who reported teaching smoking cessation strategies, they were covered most frequently in Community Nursing (50%), Adult Health Nursing (43.8%) on the graduate level, and in Community Nursing (65.9%-BSN, 76.9%-AD) and Adult Health (54.5%-BSN, 74.4%-AD) on the undergraduate level. 31.1% (5/16) in Graduate, 18.2%(8/44) in BSN, 10.3% (4/39) in Associate Degree programs reported that there are no smoking students in their schools and rest of the schools reported either do not know or they have 1 to more than 21% of students smoking. Conclusion: The study results identifies the quantity and level of tobacco control content in three different nursing programs and will help in developing curricular guidelines in the future. Further survey needs to be done on nursing students' knowledge, attitude and belief on smoking and smoking cessation.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.113-118
• /
• 2009

In this study, we have shown the transcriptional regulation of the human GD3 synthase (hST8Sia I) induced by valproic acid (VPA) in human neuroblastoma SK-N-BE(2)-C cells. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the regulation of hST8Sia I gene expression in VPA-stimulated SK-N-BE(2)-C cells, we characterized the promoter region of the hST8Sia I gene. Functional analysis of the 5'-flanking region of the hST8Sia I gene by the transient expression method showed that the -1146 to -646 region, which contains putative binding sites for transcription factors c-Ets-1, CREB, AP-1 and NF-${\kappa}B$, functions as the VPA-inducible promoter of hST8Sia I in SK-N-BE(2)-C cells. Site-directed mutagenesis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay indicated that the NF-${\kappa}B$ binding site at -731 to -722 was crucial for the VPA-induced expression of hST8Sia I in SK-N-BE(2)-C cells. In addition, the transcriptional activity of hST8Sia I induced by VPA in SK-N-BE(2)-C cells was strongly inhibited by SP600125, which is a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, and $G{\ddot{O}}6976$, which is a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, as determined by RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) and luciferase assays. These results suggest that VPA markedly modulated transcriptional regulation of hST8Sia I gene expression through PKC/JNK signal pathways in SK-N-BE(2)-C cells.

• 화약ㆍ발파
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.3-16
• /
• 1990

The cautious blasting works had been used with emulsion explosion electric M/S delay caps. Drill depth was from 3m to 6m with Crawler Drill $\varphi{70mm}$ on the calcalious sand stone(sort-moderate-semi hard Rock). The total numbers of feet blast were 88. Scale distance were induces 15.52-60.32. It was applied to propagation Law in blasting vibration as follows. Propagtion Law in Blasting Vibration $V=K(\frac{D}{W^b})^n$ where V : Peak partical velocity(cm/sec) D : Distance between explosion and recording sites (m) W : Maximum Charge per delay-period of eighit milliseconds or more(Kg) K : Ground transmission constant, empirically determind on th Rocks, Explosive and drilling pattern ets. b : Charge exponents n : Reduced exponents Where the quantity $D/W^b$ is known as the Scale distance. Above equation is worked by the U.S Bureau of Mines to determine peak particle velocity. The propagation Law can be catagrorized in three graups. Cabic root Scaling charge per delay Square root Scaling of charge per delay Site-specific Scaling of charge per delay Charge and reduction exponents carried out by multiple regressional analysis. It's divided into under loom and over loom distance because the frequency is verified by the distance from blast site. Empirical equation of cautious blasting vibration is as follows. Over 30m----under l00m----- $V=41(D/3\sqrt{W})^{-1.41}$ -----A Over l00m-----$V= 121(D/3\sqrt{W})^{-1.66}$-----B K value on the above equation has to be more specified for furthur understang about the effect of explosives, Rock strength. And Drilling pattern on the vibration levels, it is necessary to carry out more tests.

• 대기
• /
• 제27권4호
• /
• pp.385-398
• /
• 2017

Numerical weather prediction experiments were carried out by applying topographic effects to reduce or enhance the solar radiation by terrain. In this study, x and ${\kappa}({\phi}_o,\;{\theta}_o)$ are precalculated for topographic effect on high resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) with 1 km spatial resolution, and meteorological variables are analyzed through the numerical experiments. For the numerical simulations, cases were selected in winter (CASE 1) and summer (CASE 2). In the CASE 2, topographic effect was observed on the southward surface to enhance the solar energy reaching the surface, and enhance surface temperature and temperature at 2 m. Especially, the surface temperature is changed sensitively due to the change of the solar energy on the surface, but the change of the precipitation is difficult to match of topographic effect. As a result of the verification using Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) Automated Weather System (AWS) data on Seoul metropolitan area, the topographic effect is very weak in the winter case. In the CASE 1, the improvement of accuracy was numerically confirmed by decreasing the bias and RMSE (Root mean square error) of temperature at 2 m, wind speed at 10 m and relative humidity. However, the accuracy of rainfall prediction (Threat score (TS), BIAS, equitable threat score (ETS)) with topographic effect is decreased compared to without topographic effect. It is analyzed that the topographic effect improves the solar radiation on surface and affect the enhancements of surface temperature, 2 meter temperature, wind speed, and PBL height.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제34권8호
• /
• pp.2394-2398
• /
• 2013

Nicotine is the main component of environmental tobacco smoke, and its presence in indoor air is widely used as a secondhand-smoke indicator. Environmental tobacco smoke is a major source of indoor air pollution, but sufficient investigation of the uncertainty of its measurement, which mirrors the reliability of nicotine measurement, has not been performed. We calculated the uncertainty of measurement of indoor air nicotine concentration at low, medium, and high concentrations of 11.3798, 10.1977, $98.3768{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, and we employed the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurements (GUM), proposed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The factors considered in determining the uncertainty were uncertainty of the calibration curve (calibration curve and repeated measurements), desorption efficiency, extraction volume, and sampling airflow (accuracy and acceptable limits of flowmeter). The measurement uncertainty was highest at low concentrations; the expanded measurement uncertainty is $0.9435{\mu}g/m^3$ and is represented as a relative uncertainty of 63.38%. At medium and high (concentrations, the relative uncertainty was 13.1% and 9.1%, respectively. The uncertainty of the calibration curve was largest for low indoor nicotine concentrations. To increase reliability of measurement in assessing the effect of secondhand smoke, measures such as increasing the sample injection rate ($1{\mu}L$ or more), increasing sampling volume to increase collected nicotine, and using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or GC/MS/MS, which has a lower quantitation threshold, rather than gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorous detector, should be considered.