• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.93-102
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• 2024

The purpose of this study is examine the validity of digital competency indicators in order to develop a tool that can measure the digital competency of preschool teachers. To review the validity, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted on the data of 272 preschool teachers. The exploratory factor analysis resulted in four factors, and the confirmatory factor analysis verified the fit, validity(convergent validity, discriminant validity) and reliability of each competency group and the model composition of sub-competency indicators. The four factors validated were named 'Understanding Digital Technologies', 'Digital Technology Understanding', 'Digital Technology Application', 'Digital Technology-based Communication', 'Digital Ethics Understanding and Practice'. The analysis results demonstrated the reliability and validity of the tool for measuring the digital competencies of preschool teachers, and it is meaningful in that it can provide a foundation for measuring the digital competency of preschool teachers and conducting education program suitable for each digital competency level.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.177-219
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• 2016

A commercial advertisement is not only a way of competition but also a medium of communication. Thus, it is under the constitutional protection of the freedom of business (article 15 of the Constitution) as well as the freedom of press [article 21 (1) of the Constitution]. In terms of the freedom of business or competition, it should be noted that an unfair advertising (false or misleading advertisement) can be regulated as an unfair competition, while any restraint on advertising other than unfair one might be doubted as an unjustifiable restraint of trade. In terms of the freedom of press or communication, it is important that article 21 (2) of the Constitution forbids any kind of (prior) censorship, and the Constitutional Court applies this restriction even to commercial advertising. In this article, the applicability of these schemes to advertising of the so-called learned professions, especially physician, are to be examined, and some proposals for the reformation of the current regulatory regime are to be made. Main arguments of this article can be summarized as follows: First, the current regime which requires advance review of physician advertising as prescribed in article 56 (2) no. 9 of Medical Act should be reformed. It does not mean that the current interpretation of article 21 of the Constitution is agreeable. Though a commercial advertising is a way of communication and can be protected by article 21 (1) of the Constitution, it should not be under the prohibition of censorship prescribed by article 21 (2) of the Constitution. The Constitutional Court adopts the opposite view, however. It is doubtful that physician advertising needs some prior restraint, also. Of course, there exists severe informational asymmetry between physicians and patients and medical treatment might harm the life and health of patients irrevocably, so that medical treatment can be discerned from other services. It is civil and criminal liability for medical malpractice and duty to inform and not regulation on physician advertising, to address these differences or problems. Advance review should be abandoned and repelled, or substituted by more unproblematic way of regulation such as an accreditation of reviewed advertising or a self-regulation preformed by physician association independently from the Ministry of Health and Welfare or any other governmental agencies. Second, the substantive criteria for unfair physician advertising also should correspond that of unfair advertising in general. Some might argue that a learned profession, especially medical practice, is totally different from other businesses. It is performed under the professional ethics and should not persue commercial interest; medical practice in Korea is governed by the National Health Insurance system, the stability of which might be endangered when commercial competition in medical practice be allowed. Medical Act as well as the condition of medical practice market do not exclude competition between physicians. The fact is quite the opposite. Physicians are competing even though under the professional ethics and obligations and all the restrictions provided by the National Health Insurance system. In this situation, regulation on physician advertising might constitute unjustifiable restraint of competition, especially a kind of entry barrier for 'new physicians.'

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.40-52
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• 2015

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the increase in Grade of Nursing Management Fee of medical institutions and establish a reasonable government policy by examining which factors affect the increase of nurse staffing. Methods: Analyzing data collected from the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service resource management department with targets of 1,104 medical institutions. The study period was 5 years from June 30, 2008 to June 30, 2013. SAS ver. 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) was used for statistical analysis. The data was analyzed by a chi-square test and also conducted muiltivariate logistic regression analyses for variables of basic characteristics, human resource characteristics, and material resources. Results: Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of the rise in Grade of Nursing Management Fee among other hospitals compared to hospitals owned by government or universities was 0.264. The AOR in hospitals established after November 2006 compared to those before June 1995 was 2.383. The AOR in Gangwon, Chungcheng South, and Jeolla South Provinces compared to Seoul was 0.084, 0.036, and 0.194, respectively. The AOR in hospitals with more than 6.75 specialists per 100 beds compared to those with less than 6.75 specialists per 100 beds was 7.514. The AOR in hospitals with more than 17.48 nurse per 100 beds compared to those with less than 17.48 nurse per 100 beds was 3.300. The AOR in hospitals with 50% to 75% bed utilization, 75% to 90% bed utilization and more than 90% bed utilization compared to those with less than 50% bed utilization was 5.428, 9.884, and 10.699, respectively. The AOR in hospitals with one magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and more than two MRI compared to those with no MRI was 2.018 and 2.942, respectively. Conclusion: This result has showed policies to induce the rise in Grade of Nursing Management Fee among old hospitals and the incentive system for local medical institutions are needed. Also we need to develop a governmental policy for medium-small hospitals with low operation rate of beds and insufficient medical personnel and number of equipment in hospitals.

• The Journal of KAIRB
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.30-42
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• 2019

In pharmaceutical clinical trials as human material research, the collection, use, storage and provision of human materials must be in accordance with the criteria stipulated in 「Bioethics and Safety Act」, except in the case that some criteria about it is in the law related to clinical trials such as 「Pharmaceutical Affairs Act」 and 「Enforcement Rule on Safety of Drugs, etc.」 so these take precedence over. Under 「Bioethics and Safety Act」, the core aspect of the legal standard for obtaining informed consent is the use of statutory form . The use of statutory form ensure that both those who obtain informed consent and those who give it can know the contents contained this form as well as recognize its importance. Thus, the person who has the right to informed consent can sign the statutory form after correct understanding of the contents. In reality, however, some researchers and IRB members determine that only the main informed consent form is to be used because most of contents on statutory from are included in the main informed consent form. Some other researchers and IRB members judge that the use of statutory form is not needed if human materials may only be used for laboratory testing and the rest will not be stored and provided for future use. Most of these determination and judgement is based on the interpretation of the Korea National Institute for Bioethics Policy(hereafter, KoNIBP) on IRB Information Portal Site. But, it is questionable whether the KoNIBP's interpretation is legally valid and the KoNIBP is the legal entity having authority to interpret existing statute. In some cased not only using the main informed consent form including enough information about the collection, use, storage and provision of human materials but also collecting necessary minimum human materials, and discarding the rest, unusing the statutory form may not cause the problem to respect and protect the research participant's rights. Therefore, the provision stipulating the criteria about the use of statutory form as the legal standard of obtaining informed consent that applies all human material research without exception should review to revise. At least, straighten out the confusion surrounding whether or not the statutory form is to be used, before the revision of related provision, considering the logical opinions of some researchers and IRB Members, the Ministry of Health and Welfare as the legal entity having authority to interpret existing statute should represent its opinion about permission of the acceptable exceptions.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.176-185
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• 2014

This study deals with the precedents regarding music works among 'The suits to claim an infringement of copyright' and 'Suits to claim indemnification for damage' that have been filed in Korea up so far in order to establish clear criteria to judge plagiarism based on the ground of legal judgment and judge the similarity of two works that have been in controversy previously. The study has been performed through literature review and also precedents. According to the study result, 'criteria to judge music works on plagiarism' are largely classified into (1) creativity, (2) access, and (3) substantial similarity. It is almost the same to judge creativity and substantial similarity. With the components of music works, say, melody, harmony, and rhythm, comparative analysis is conducted. About creativity, the original composer's song is analyzed with another object to be compared whereas about substantial similarity, two songs in controversy get to be analyzed. Regarding the current criteria to judge creativity, it is needed to set the number of objects to be compared which have been regarded similar. And access has limitations in setting up objective criteria for it. Lastly, we should develop digitized criteria for substantial similarity based on the preliminary review system of the Committee on Performance Ethics in the past.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.222-225
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• 2018

Health policy is a historical product in the process of development, including the political and economic factors of the state as well as the social and cultural elements of the country. Bioethics began to debate the ethical questions that arise in the overall process of life's birth and death, and gradually evolved by presenting ethical directions for various social phenomena. Especially, according to the moral awakening of 'scientific medicine' which caused in some human problems in the rapidized scientific society from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, as a result of distress including the concept of various social relations, it is possible to say that it has reached the bioethics. Although health policy and bioethics are different in terms of starting and concept, they can be found in common with social, cultural, and political diversity in the times. In 2004, 'Bioethics Law' was enacted through the issue of research ethics in the life sciences. Therefore, in order to examine ethical aspects of current health policy direction and major issues, it can be divided into before and after enactment of 'Bioethics Law' in 2004. The authors would like to examine how the evolution of the ethical viewpoint on the health policy has changed in line with the enactment of the 'Bioethics Law' and how it is trying to solve it from an ethical point of view. Through the various events that took place in the 1990s and the 2000s, various discussions on bioethics were conducted in Korea. Prior to the enactment of the 'Bioethics Law,' ethical judgments of professions, distribution of healthcare resources, if the discussion focused on the ethical judgment of abortion, and the various events that appeared in the early 2000s became the beginning to inform that the ethical debate about the life, death, and dignity of human beings began in earnest in Korea with the enactment of the 'Bioethics Law.' Since then, 'Hospice and Palliative care Law' which was enacted in 2017, is based on the fact that the health policy of our country focuses on the treatment of the past diseases, health promotion, and delivery of health care services. It was an opportunity to let them know that even the quality problems were included. Therefore, considering the various circumstances, the ethical issue facing Korea's health care system in the future is the change of the demographic structure due to aging and what is to be considered as the beginning and the process of life in the overall process of life. It is the worry about how to die and when it sees as death. This has far exceeded the paradigm of traditional health care policies such as disease prevention and management and health promotion, and calls for innovative policy response at the national level that reflects the new paradigm, which in many cases creates a predictable ethical environment. And health policy should be shifted in the direction of future ethical review considering sustainability in the development process of future health care rather than coercive management.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.2 no.1 s.3
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• pp.107-134
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• 2002

Recently, society's relationship with science is in a critical phase. There was never a time when the issues involving science were more exciting. Many people are deeply uneasy about the safety and ethics of bio-technology. On the other hand, this could be interpreted as a dynamic process in which a new relationship between science and public is reshaping. And in this new relationship citizen participation in science is not a option but a necessity. This article is a case study of 1970's re-combinant DNA debate. Early 1970's bio-technology saw the emergence of an enormously powerful new methodology, recombinant DNA technology. But, at the outset, this technology posed many potential dangers. Concern over possible hazards prompted hot debates and conflict between leading scientists and community, In this process Cambridge Laboratory Experiment Lion Review Board (CERB) is organized by Cambridge City Coun il for assessing the possible risk of recombinant DAN technique. This is one of the first citizen-initiated participation movement in bio-technology. And the debates has come to be a principal focus for many of the most important questions concerning citizen participation in science. This study make a attempt to analyze CERB case. In conclusion, we can confirm the possibility of civil participation in science policy making and decision making from CERB case study. Still, we also realize the limit of CERB case.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.239-250
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• 2021

This study has been conducted to identify the theoretical understanding of cultural competence by systematically reviewing national and international quantitative studies on 'nurses' and 'nursing students' cultural competence dimensions. A literature search was conducted over approximately three months from June to August 2020, targeting academic journals and dissertations published from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2019. Literature extraction was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, and 67 papers from a total of 1,175 were selected for the systematic literature review. As a result, the most commonly measured component was cultural perception, other dimensions included cultural knowledge, cultural skills, cultural sensitivity, cultural encounter, cultural attitude, cultural behavior, cultural longings and cultural receptivity, cultural experience, cultural security, cultural ethics, cultural beliefs, cultural practice, motivation and curiosity, cultural emotions and empathy. Therefore, in order to improve the cultural competency of nurses and nursing students, it is necessary to seek consensus and a multifaceted approach that is essential in each society based on various components.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.69-80
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• 2022

Purpose: To identify research trends in the Journal of Muscle and Joint Health. Methods: In total, 315 studies published between 2008 and 2020 in the Journal of Muscle and Joint Health were reviewed using analysis criteria developed by the authors Results: Most participants were adults or older adults, they mostly had arthritis. The types of research design were descriptive research (46.4%), quasi-experimental design (21.9%), randomized controlled trial (1.9%), and qualitative research (4.1%). The occupation of most authors was professor in universities (61.0%). Data were collected mostly in hospitals (41.6%) or communities (24.4%) using a questionnaire (52.4%). Written consent was obtained at 75.6% and 47.9% of studies were approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB). The instruments measuring physical concepts such as pain, flexibility, sense of balance and fatigue were mostly used. The most common interventions in experimental studies were physical interventions, with the main being exercise. Key words were categorized into four nursing meta-paradigms: human, health, environment and nursing. The most frequently reported key words were included in the health domain. The most frequently used key words were physical intervention, older patient, osteoarthritis, pain and depression. Conclusion: The results suggest that more research studies targeting various age groups related to muscle and joint health are required. Additionally there is a need to increase the number of qualitative studies, randomized experimental studies, and systematic review studies. It is necessary to pay attention to compliance with research ethics publication regulations.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.143-154
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• 2010

This article analyzes two leading Korean cases which led to opposite conclusions: the Boramae Hospital Case (Korean Supreme Court 2002 Do 995) and the Shinchon Severance Hospital Case (Korean Supreme Court 2009 Da 17471). In doing so, it pays particular attention to the acceptance, modification, and rejection of paternalism, specifically 'physician paternalism' and 'familial paternalism', both of which have long and strongly influenced the Korean medical environment. In Boramae Hospital, the Court emphasized the obligation of the physician in terms of the life of the patient (eg: protecting and preserving the life and welfare of the patient). Its position seemed to be based on the traditional physician paternalism which presupposes the ability of physicians to identify right and wrong choices according to natural laws. However, the Court saw itself as the final arbiter of who identifies and determines the real world content and consequences of that natural law. In short, the Court elevated itself to the supreme guardian of the patient, and held that its decision cannot be overruled by that of the patient's family. So without specifically referring to the importance of the family and the role of familial decisions, both long-observed traditions in medical decision-making in Korea, the Court shifted away from familial paternalism. In Shinchon Severance Hospital, the Court explained the meaning of the patient's powers of self-rulemore concretely, explaining its scope and substance in greater detail. The Court held that one can exercise the right of self-rule, even over issues such as death, in the form of 'previous medical directions'. However, this case does not represent a wholesale acceptance of medical autonomy (ie: it does not accept self-rule unconditionally). Rather, the Court accepted the importance of the opinions and decision of physicians and of the Hospital Ethics Commission, and the Court still retained to itself the authority to review and make alterations to 'material' decision. The Court did not overlook the importance of the decision of the patient's family, but it also did not relinquish its status as supreme guardian, emphasizing the 'objective' nature of a decision from the court.