• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.114-125
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• 2020

Purpose: This descriptive study investigated the effects of nurses' knowledge of withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, death anxiety, and perceptions of hospice care on their attitudes toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. Methods: Data were collected from 262 nurses at tertiary hospitals, general hospitals, or primary hospitals in Busan, Korea, and statistically analyzed using the t-test, analysis of variance, the Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and hierarchical regression analysis. Results: The participants' scores were 3.68±0.45 (out of 5) for attitudes toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, 0.65±0.15 (out of 1) for knowledge of withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, 2.61±0.26 (out of 4) for death anxiety, and 4.06±0.43 (out of 5) for perceptions of hospice care. Furthermore, knowledge of withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment and perceptions of hospice care showed positive correlations with attitudes toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, while death anxiety showed a negative correlation. The most significant factors influencing attitudes toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment were perceptions of hospice care, followed by having experienced caring for patients who withdrew life-sustaining treatment, death anxiety, having a spouse, and ethical values, and the overall explanatory power was 43.0%. Conclusion: This study showed that perceptions of hospice were an important factor influencing nurses' attitudes toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and validate educational intervention programs that can improve perceptions of hospice care.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.43-50
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• 2010

Recently induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are derived from somatic cells by ectopic expression of several transcription factors (reprogramming factors) using technology of somatic cell reprogramming. iPS cells are able to selfrenew and differentiate into all type of cells in the body similarly to embryonic stem cells. Because iPS cells have advantages that can avoid immune rejection after transplantation and ethical issues unlike embryonic stem cells, research on iPS has made significant progress since the first report by Yamanaka in 2006. Nevertheless of many advantages of iPS, safer methods to introduce reprogramming factors into somatic cells must be developed due to safety concerns regarding viral vectors, and safer reprogramming factors to substitute the oncogenes should be evaluated for clinical application of iPS. Here we discuss the recent progress in reprogramming factors in embryonic stem cells, oocytes, and embryos, and discuss further research for finding new, more reliable and safer reprogramming factors.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.97-123
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• 2015

This paper theoretically examines the mediations of media on disaster and the structure of the politics of compassion, from the cultural politics approaches. The media has treated for a long time many different forms of disaster and sentimental reactions that were bound to the human life. In the present paper we shall take a different approach from traditional ones that focus on how the media represents these subjects and how it arouses cognitive, affective, behavioral reactions of the audience. We will instead focus on how these subjects of disaster and compassion constitute new social meanings through the mediation of media. And we will investigate that the experiences of social sufferings mediated by media are related to the ethical potentiality vital to the construction of global public sphere and global civil society that need to be reshaped in the $21^{st}$ century media environment. This paper attempts to understand new cultural-politics meanings of the media as a major factor conducting the audience's new public actions through mediating sufferings of the others.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2013

To prevent paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) due to the consumption of shellfish contaminated with PSP toxins, the quantitative analysis of these toxins is very crucial. The AOAC International mouse bioassay (MBA) has been used widely for the routine monitoring of PSP toxins for more than 50 years. However, this method has low sensitivity and high limit of quantification (LOQ) and interferences from other components in the extract, and it cannot determine toxic profiles. Ethical problems also exist with the continued use of this live mouse assay. To establish an alternative method to the MBA used for PSP toxins analysis, we attempted to optimize the analysis conditions of a precolumn high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) oxidation method and succeeded in validating its accuracy and precision in quantifying PSP toxins. A clear peak and the isolation of PSP toxins were obtained by injecting the working standards of Certified Reference Materials using HPLC. The LOQ of the precolumn HPLC oxidation method for PSP toxins was about $0.1002{\mu}g/g$, which represented an approximately fourfold improvement in detection capability versus the AOAC MBA. The intra-accuracy and precision for PSP toxins in oysters were 77.0-103.3% and 2.0-5.7%, respectively, while the respective inter-accuracy and precision were 77.3-100.7% and 2.4-6.0%. The mean recoveries of PSP toxins from oysters were 75.2-112.1%. The results of a comparison study showed good correlation between the results of the precolumn HPLC oxidation method and those of MBA, with a correlation factor of 0.9291 for mussels. The precolumn HPLC oxidation method may be used as an alternative to, or supplementary method with, MBA to monitor the occurrence of PSP toxins and to analyze the profiles of these toxins in shellfish.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.325-327
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• 2013

Objective: To differentiate between benign and malignant hyperparathyroidism on the basis of excretion of HCG and its malignant isoforms in urine. Materials and Methods: This hospital based study was carried out using data retrieved from the register maintained in Manipal Teaching Hospital from $1^{st}$ January, 2008 and $31^{st}$ August, 2012. The variables collected were urinary HCG and HCG malignant isoform, calcium and parathyroid hormone. Preceding the study, approval was obtained from the institutional research ethical committee. Analysis was by descriptive statistics and testing of hypothesis. A p-value of <0.05 (two-tailed) was used to establish statistical significance. Results: Out of the 20 cases, 10 were primary hyperparathyroidism and the remainder were parathyroid carcinomas. The urinary HCG $6.1{\pm}0.6$ fmol/mgCr was with in normal range in benign hyperthyroidism but was markedly elevated in three cases of malignant hyperparathyroidism (maximum value of excretion in urine for HCG was 2323 fmol/mgCr). The excretion of malignant isoform of HCG in urine was 0 in benign hyperparathyroidsm and in four cases of malignant hyperparathyroidism which fell into the category of persistantly low HCG. The maximum excretion of the malignant isoform of HCG in urine was 1.8, in the category of very high HCG. Calcium and parathyroid hormone were mildly raised in benign parathyroidism, while parathyroid hormone was markedly elevated in cases of malignant hyperparathyroidism falling into the category of very high HCG. Conclusions: The excretion of urinary HCG in urine has the ability to distinguish between parathyroid adenomas and carcinomas and thus has potential to become a marker of disease progression in malignant parathyroid disease.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2016

This study was analyzed to provide fundamental data of food safety education way on the recognition, knowledge and purchase attitude of GMO foods. Data was collected from 270 University students in the Gyeong-gi region through a self-administered questionnaire. According to the results of the reliability and factor analysis, the knowledge and purchase attitude of GMO foods showed 0.742 and 0.832 in Cronbach alpha coefficient, 0.791 and 0.831 in KMO. There were significant differences in the recognition and intake possibility and purchase will, safety and absorption to a GMO foods between the specialty person and non-specialist (p<0.05). By the kind of GMO foods it appeared highly by the order corn (70.0%), tomato (67.5%), beans (63.3%) and potato (51.3%). There were significant differences in the general knowledge of GMO foods (p<0.05), whereas no significant differences in question 'There were no genes in ordinary beans' by a presence of a specialty (p>0.05). After the purchase attitude difference to the GMO foods was analyzed by a presence of a specialty, I appeared most highly in the question to which I say 'I think a GMO foods is ethical.' by a negative question and 'I think a GMO foods is mass-produced, and it's possible to make a food problem decrease.' by an affirmative question. Therefore, the purchase attitude of GMO foods showed a significant differences of University students according to their major (p<0.05). Based on this study, it is considered that provision of detailed and continuous education must be accomplished by raising the recognition of GMO foods and its acceptance level, allowing a proper understanding of GMO foods to be conveyed and assisting subjects from receiving the information they desire effectively by various education mediums.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.213-224
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• 2015

The purpose of the study was to investigate the attitudes towards death and euthanasia of Nurses and Nursing students live in convergence era. The participants were 380 nurses and nursing students and data were collected from May until June of 2014. The data were collected by means of self reported questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics t-test, one-way ANOVA and Scheffe test with the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. The result showed that the fear of death of others with nursing students was higher than nurses (t=-3.34, p=.001) and nursing students supported euthanasia more than nurses(t=-3.06, p=.002). Among the death attitude, both of the nurses and the nursing students had the highest score 'fear of their own dying' and the lowest score 'fear of the dying of others'. Regarding attitude to euthanasia, both of them the most important factor was 'the right of the client'. These results suggest that death education program to deal with nursing services without ethical conflicts should be developed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.433-445
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• 2015

This study examines factors that influence consumer behavior regarding the usage intentions and repurchasing behavior of counterfeits. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior by Ajzen (1991), this study looks at the impact of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, as well as the moral norm of consumers about intentions to use and repurchase counterfeits. An online survey was conducted on males and females over the age of 20 with previous experiences of purchasing counterfeits; subsequently, 209 responses were collected and analyzed. The covariance structure model was used to analyze the data in order to measure the factors that influence the usage of counterfeits and repurchasing behavior. The results show that attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control have significantly positive effects on usage intentions, while moral norm has a significantly negative effect on usage intentions. Usage intentions also have a significantly positive effect on repurchasing behavior and confirmed that usage intentions functions as the mediator. The variables that influence usage intentions are attitude, perceived behavioral control, moral norm, and subjective norm, in descending order. Consumer attitudes towards counterfeits is a major factor that influences usage intentions. Therefore, ethical problems should be emphasized to encourage a negative attitude towards counterfeits. This study identifies an important aspect to show that usage intentions toward counterfeits, and not purchasing intentions, influences repurchasing behavior. Findings are significant in that they reveal the role of the moral norm variable added to the TPB model.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.423-432
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• 2014

The purchasing behavior of consumers is related to service quality and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Therefore, CSR is recognized as an important factor in company strategies. This study determines the relationship between the CSR activities of KORAIL and the reuse intention and recommendation intention of the consumer. CSR is composed of economic, legal, philanthropic, ethical, and environmental responsibilities. In the results of the structural equation modeling analyses, legal responsibility and economic reliability affect the reliability of KORAIL and this reliability affects the customers' reliability and loyalty. This paper proposes a compliance program, wagon safety information, customized tour packages, and communication strategy that will increase customer's reliability and loyalty.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.15-32
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• 2018

This study analyzes difference in consumers' and front-line workers' perceptions on 'consumer complaint behavior with hateful intentions' though the Co-orientation Model in three dimensions. In addition, we seek to contribute to reducing the conflict between consumers and front-line workers in the service contact point by finding factors that affect the difference in perception between two parties. This study findings and implications are as follows. First, Taking a look at the mutual orientation between consumers and front-line workers, mutual perceptions have been found to match in agreement but with a significant difference in perceived agreement (congruence), which indicates that the internal perceptions of both consumers and front-line workers do not match. The findings confirm that consumers and front-line workers have different perspectives on consumer complaint behavior with hateful intentions and therefore raise a need for efforts and institutional devices for improvement. Second, the study has found that consumers' economic responsibility as part of their social responsibilities and front-line workers' perceptions on consumers' civic responsibility affect the perception difference between these two groups and suggest a need for educating consumers about economic responsibility. Meanwhile, unlike consumers, front-line workers view consumers' complaint behavior with hateful intentions from an ethical point of view, raising a need for a transition of perspectives on complaint behavior with hateful intentions.