• BMB Reports
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.499-505
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• 2000

The level of long-chain n-3 fatty acids in chicken and pork can be increased by changing the diet of the animals. Increased levels of these essential fatty acids improve cardiovascular health in humans. The purpose of this study was to study the effects of the consumption of pork and chicken enriched in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on plasma lipids. The consumption of these products decreased the levels of two cardiovascular risk factors, LDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerols, in the plasma of female college students. The effect on LDL-cholesterol differed from that of fish oil, which does not affect the level of LDL-cholesterol. The proportions of DHA in the triacylglycerols and the glycerophospholipids were increased markedly. The greatest changes in the glycerophospholipids were in the ether types of the ethanolamine glycerophospholipids. Dietary DHA appears to be incorporated preferentially into the plasma ethanolamine plasmalogens, which can act as antioxidants. This agrees with our hypothesis that DHA stimulated the transcription of the genes for peroxisomal enzymes that are required for plasmalogen synthesis.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.360-365
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• 2005

Membrane inositol glycerophospholipid (IGP) is metabolized to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PIP), phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate ($PIP_2$), and inositol triphosphate ($IP_3$) in signaling transduction. This study was carried out to determine the subclasses of IGP involved in signaling pathway. The acyl chain moieties of the phospholipids are easily modulated by dietary fatty acids. We analyzed acyl chain composition of IGP 3-subclasses, PIP and $PIP_2$ from rat brain after feeding sunflower seed oil enriched with linoleic acid or fish oil high in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were not incorporated into ether-linked IGP (alkenylacylglycerophosphoinositol and alkylacyl-glycerophosphoinositol), PIP and $PIP_2$, while diacyl-glycerophosphoinositol (GPI) contained high LCPUFA. These results suggest that PIP might be phosphorylated from only the ether-linked IGP (alkenylacyl- and alkylacyl species) but not from diacyl subclass for signals to intracellular responses in the plasma membrane of rat brain.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.138-147
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• 1986

Barley koji was made in order to investigate the lipid contents of barely koji during preparation. Diethyl ether extracts and 85% methanol extracts were extracted and purified. The lipid components were classified. The individual neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids were fractionted, quantified and fatty acid compositions of the three lipids were determined. Total lipid contents of diethyl ether and 85% methanol extract of barley koji increased during preparation. Neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid contents in diethyl ether extract increased, however, neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid contents in 85% methanol extract decreased during koji preparation. TG content of the neutral lipid in diethyl ether extract decreased. Conversely, DG, FS, FFA and ES contents increased. But TG, DG and FS contents of the neutral lipid in 85% methanol extract decreased. LPC, (PC+PS), PI, PG and PE contents of the phospholipid on diethyl ether extract increased. But LPC, (PC+PS), PE and PI contents in 85% methanol extract decreased during koji preparation. Palmitic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid of neutral lipid in diethyl ether extract decreased, however, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic acid in 85% methanol extract decreased. Palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid of glycolipid in diethyl ether extract increased, but in 85% methanol extract they decreased except oleic acid. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoeic and linolenic acid of phospholipid in diethyl ether extract increased during koji preparation. On the other hand palmitic, oleic and linoleic acid in 85% methanol extract decreased but stearic and linoleic acid increased.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.146-151
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• 1992

To investigate changes in fatty acid and lipid composition of maturing perilla (Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara) seeds, Suweon 10 and Jeju varieties were subjected to lipid analysis. The results were summarized as follows; As perilla seeds matured, content of glycolipid and phospholipid decreased. Glycolipid and phospholipid of mature seed were 25.4% and 4.5% of total lipids in Suweon 10 and those from Jeju were 44.5%, 4.0%, respectively. Cerebroside, galatosyl diglyceride and monogalatosyl diglyceride were major constitutents of ether-extractable glycolipids in developing perilla seeds. Monogalatosyl diglyceride, the richest constitutent in the early stage of seed development, decreased rapidly as seeds matured. In ether-extractable glycolipid of mature Suweon 10 seeds, content of linolenic acid was 51.1% which was higher than 19.4% of oleic acid of total acids. However, in Jeju variety, content of oleic acid was 31% which was higher than 18.6% of linolenic acid. Phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol and lysophosphatidyl inositol were major constituents of phospholipids. Content of phosphatidyl glycerol in developing seeds showed irregular changes in Jeju but in Suweon 10, it decreased after rapid increase in the early stage of seed development. Olieic acid ranges $28.7{\sim}35.2%$, linolenic acid $8.2{\sim}11.2%$, linoleic acid $16.4{\sim}32.5%$ and Palmitic acid $22.7{\sim}29.9%$ of total fatty acids in methanol-ertractible phospholipid of mature perilla seeds.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.140-150
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• 2022

A method of ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) was established for characterization of the lipid profile of Skipjack tuna. Over 300 lipid molecular species were identified through cross-acquisition in both positive and negative ion mode. Phospholipids (PLs) were dominant in Skipjack tuna. Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) were the main lipid molecular species in PLs, accounting for 89.24% of the total PLs. The ratio of sphingolipids (SLs) and glycerolipids (GLs) were considerable, accounting for 12.30% and 13.60% of the total lipids respectively. Ceramide (Cer) was the main lipid molecular species of SLs, accounting for 64.96% of total SLs, followed by sphingomyelin (SM), accounting for 25.45% of total SLs. Ether diglycerides (ether DG) were the main lipid molecular species of GLs (97.83%). The main fatty acids (FAs) are unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) in Skipjack tuna. Besides, a new FAs class branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA) was detected, together with the FA. The active lipids identified in this study can be used to evaluate the nutritional value of Skipjack tuna.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 1980

To study lipid components of Panax ginseng produced in Korea, the lipids of fresh ginsengs were extracted with the mixture of chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) and those of dried ginsengs were extracted with diethyl ether respectively. The lipid components extracted were separated and quantitated by column, thin layer and gas-liquid chromatographies. The results were summarized as follows : 1. Fresh ginseng contained 0.62% total lipid of which 45.28% were neutral lipids, 18.12% glycolipids, and 36.60% phospholipids. But dried ginseng contained 0.89% total lipids of which 86.48% were neutral lipids, 9.20% glycolipids, and 4.32% phospholipids. 2. Triglycerides (37.6 to 42.5% of the total neutral lipids) and sterol esters (16.5 to 19.6%) in all the fresh and dried ginseng were the major components among the neutral lipids. Monoglycerides, diglycerides, free fatty acids and free sterols were minor components. 3. Digalactosyl diglycerides (23.5% of the total glycolipids) in the fresh ginseng and steryl liglycosides (28.9%) in the dried ginseng were predominant components among the glycopids, respectively, Esterified steryl glycosides and monogalactosyl diglycerides were also identified, and four unknown spots in the fresh ginseng and two unknown spots in the dried ginseng were present. 4. Phosphatidyl cholines (31.3 to 31.9% of the total phospholipids) and phosphatidyl glycerols (34.8 to 36.7%) in all the fresh and dried ginseng were the major components among the phospholipids. Phosphatidyl inositols and phosphatidyl ethanolamines were also identified. 5. The major fatty acids in the fresh and dried ginseng were linoleic $(62.29{\sim}64.32%)$, palmitic $(13.16{\sim}15.63%)$, oleic $(5.73{sim}7.23%)$ and linolenic $(5.73{sim}7.23%)$. The fatty acid compositions in neutral lipid fraction was similar to the pattern in those of the total lipids. But glycolipid and phospholipid fractions contained a lower percent of linoleic acid and a higher percent of palmitic acid than the neutral lipid fraction.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.263-271
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• 1999

We checked the presence of phospholipase $A_2(PLA)_2$ which could split the ester bond at the position 2 in the glycerol backbone of glycerophospholipids, in the cells of hyperthermophiles of Pyrococcus horikoshii and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. The results obtained are as follows; (1). Pyrococcus horikoshii cells were grown in obligate anaerobic conditions at $95^{\circ}C$ and they needed sulfur as energy source instead of oxygen, while Sulfolobus acidocaldarius species grew well in the aerobic medium (pH 2.5) containing yeast and sucrose at $75^{\circ}C$. (2). Pyrococcus horikoshii cells produced phospholipase $A_2$ in the cell culture media although this species did not show lipase activity at least in the pH range of 1.5 ${\sim}$ 3.5. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius cells produced lipase hydrolyzing triacylglycerols such as triolein, but did not split any kind of phospholipids used as substates. (3). The compound of 1-decanoyl-2-(p-nitrophenylglutaryl) phosphatidylcholine was not suitable for a substrate in this experiment, though frequently used as a subtrate for checking presence of phospholipase $A_2$, for its decomposi-tion in this experiment. The L-${\alpha}$-phosphatidylcholine-${\beta}$-[N-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazol]aminohexanoyl-${\gamma}$-hexadecanoyl labelled with a fluorescent material, did not show any migration of acyl chains in the molecule during the reaction with phospholipase $A_2$ under a hot condition. (4). Phospholipase $A_2$ in the cells of Pyrococcus horikoshii, showed the optimum activity at $pH6.7{\sim}7.2$ and $95{\sim}105^{\circ}C$, respectively, and was activated by addition of calcium chloride solution. Andthe phospholipase $A_2$ specifically hydrolyzed glycero-phospholipids such as phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol, but could not split phospholipid containing ether bonds in the molecule such as DL -${\alpha}$-phosphatidylcholine-${\beta}$-palmitoyl-${\gamma}$-O-hexadecyl, DL-${\alpha}$-phosphati- dylcholine-${\beta}$- oleoyl-${\gamma}$-O-hexadecyl, DL-phosphatidylcholine-dihexadecyl.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1215-1221
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• 2007

Three Holstein steers fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were fed grass silage-based diets supplemented with potato pulp silage as a substitute for rolled corn at levels of 0%, 50% and 100% on a DM basis in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design to investigate the effect of potato pulp silage on nitrogen (N) utilization in ruminants. Organic matter (OM) intake, and rumen and total tract digestibilities did not differ among treatment diets. Rumen and post-rumen starch digestibilities were similar among treatments, although starch intake decreased (p<0.01) with potato pulp supplementation. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in ruminal N utilization and non-ammonia N supply to the duodenum of steers fed grass silage supplemented with potato pulp silage as a substitute for rolled corn. There were no treatment differences (p>0.05) in rumen pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration or the molar percentages of acetate and propionate. The ammonia-N concentration in rumen fluid tended to decrease (p<0.1) when rolled corn was substituted with potato pulp silage. Ether extract intake and post-ruminal digestibility significantly (p<0.01) decreased in steers fed diets containing potato pulp silage. Concentrations of total cholesterol and phospholipids in serum markedly decreased (p<0.01) with potato pulp silage supplementation without adversely affecting liver function. These data suggested that potato pulp silage has a similar value as rolled corn as an energy source for rumen microorganisms.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.271-275
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• 1985

This investigation was conducted to observe changes of lipid components (phospholipids, free sterols, free fatty acids, triglycerides and estrified sterols) and fatty composition in diethyl ether extract and 86% MeOH extract from cotyledon and seedling axis of mung bean which were germinated in the dark at 25-$27^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. The total lipid contents in cotyledonn and seedling axis gradually decreased during germination. The triglyceride content in total lipid from cotyledon decreased and free fatty acid content increased, but triglyceride content from seedling axis decreased slightly and free fatty acid content decreased. Free sterol, esterified sterol and phospholipid content in cotyledon increased continuously, but their content in seedling axis dcreased slightly. The major fatty acids in mung bean were palmitic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.284-290
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• 1977

The lipid components, fatty acid compositions, physical and chemical characteristics of crude oil in Amorpha fruticosa seed were determined and proximate compositions of it were also analyzed. The results were summarized as follow: 1) The proximate composition showed moistrue to be 10.14%, crude protein to be 21.77%, crude fats to be 12.73%, carbohydrates to be 51.75% and crude ash to be 3.61%. 2) Specific gravity, refractive index, smoke point and titer of the crude oil were $0.925\;(15/15^{\circ}C)$, $1,477(15^{\circ}C)$, $175^{\circ}C$ and $14.8^{\circ}C$, respectively. 3) Iodine, saponification, acid, ester value and unsaponifiable content of the crude oil were 144, 182, 2.9, 179 and 5.17%, respectively. 4) Lipid components were separated by TLC and quantitatively determined by TLC scanner to give 75% triglycerides, 14% esterified sterols, 3.08% phospholipids, 4.4% free sterols and 3.77% free fatty acids. 5) Fatty acid compositions were quantitatively determined by GLC to give 76.21% linoleic acid, 9.92% palmitic acid, and 5.07% stearic acid as the main components, oleic, linolenic, palmitoleic and arachidic acid were presented in small quantities.