• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.45-52
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• 2016

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant activity of water and ethanol extracts from Sasa borealis leaves, stems and roots. Methods : Sasa borealis leaves, stems and roots extract were prepared using water and ethanol. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents were analyzed. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging activity, SOD like activity, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and Nitrite scavenging activity assays were carried out to determine the antioxidant activities. Results : The antioxidant activities of the Sasa borealis appeared higher in ethanol extract than water extracts. Total polyphenol and total flavonoids contents in ethanol extracts of leaves were $24.6mg/m{\ell}$ and $14.3mg/m{\ell}$, respectively, which were much higher than those of any other parts. SOD like activity was 70% ethanol extract of the leaves was highest with 15.68%. Electron donating ability was 70% ethanol extract of the leaves had the highest 59.07%. It exhibited high electron donating ability than BHT(45.68%). Nitrite scavenging activity of 70% ethanol extract was higher than the water extract at pH 2.5 and pH 4.2. Nitrite scavenging activity was 70% ethanol extract of the leaves was the highest 75.2%. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was 70% ethanol extract of the leaves was highest with 16.16%, showed very low activity than BHT(61.56%). Conclusions : These results suggest that 70% ethanol extracts from Sasa borealis leaves, exhibited higher antioxidant activities than those of root and stem, and can be potentially used as proper natural antioxidants.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.135-145
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• 2019

Zymomonas mobilis has been recognized as a potential industrial ethanologen for many decades due to its outstanding fermentation characteristics, including high ethanol tolerance, fast sugar uptake rate, and high theoretical ethanol yield. With the emergence of the postgenomic era and the recent announcement of DuPont's world largest cellulosic ethanol production process, research on this bacterium has become even more important to harness successful application not only for use in the bioethanol process but also in other biochemical processes, which can be included in bio-refinery. As an important industrial microorganism, Z. mobilis will likely be exposed to various stressful environments, such as toxic chemicals, including the end-product ethanol and fermentative inhibitory compounds (e.g., furan derivatives, organic acids, and lignin derivatives in pretreatment steps), as well as physical stresses, such as high temperature during large-scale ethanol fermentation. This review focuses on recent information related to the industrial robustness of this bacterium and strain development to improve the ethanol yield and productivity in the lignocellulosic ethanol process. Although several excellent review articles on the strain development of this bacterium have been published, this review aims to fill gaps in the literature by highlighting recent advances in physiological understanding of this bacterium that may aid strain developments and improve the ethanol productivity for lignocellulosic biomass.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.29-36
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• 2017

Objectives : In order to investigate the possibility of Sorbus commixta Heal. stem (SC) as a natural material, antioxidant activities of the hot water and ethanol extracts were examined. Methods : The samples of SC were pulverized, and fractions were extracted repeatedly three times from hot water and 70% ethanol at room temperature for 2 hours. The antioxidant activities were analyzed from total polyphenol, flavonoid contents, DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical, $Fe2^+$ chelating, and nitrite scavenging activity. Results : Total polyphenol contents were significantly higher in ethanol extract group ($504.39{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) than in hot water extract group ($364.64{\mu}g/m{\ell}$). Total flavonoid contents were also significantly higher in ethanol extract group ($160.09{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) than in hot water extract group ($124.59{\mu}g/m{\ell}$). DPPH, ABTS, $Fe2^+$ chelating were slightly higher in ethanol extract gorups than in hot water extract groups, and increased in a dose-dependent manner. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (18.42~23.61%) of ethanol extract groups were shown to be approximately twice higher than that (7.63~10.37%) of hot water extract groups at $12.5{\sim}50{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentration. Nitrite scavenging activities of both ethanol and hot-water extract groups were shown to be higher in a dose dependent manner at the concentration of $12.5{\sim}50{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ at pH 3.0 than at pH 1.2, and ethanol extract groups (86.55~96.64%) had higher activity than the hot water extract groups (42.59~92.63%), which was higher than that of the control group antioxidant BHT (72.96~80.11%). Conclusions : The extracts of SC displayed antioxidant activities which suggested a natural material can be developed to functional material.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

Objectives : This research aimed to investigate chondro-protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Caraganae Sinicae Flos 50% ethanol extract and its compound, tilianin. Methods : Caraganae Sinicae Flos was extracted with 50% ethanol. Tilianin in Caraganae Sinicae Flos 50% ethanol extract was quantified by HPLC analysis method. To investigate chondro-protective effects of Caraganae Sinicae Flos 50% ethanol extract, ATDC5 chondrogenic cells were co-treated with Caraganae Sinicae Flos 50% ethanol extract (or tilianin) and tumor necrosis factor-𝛼 (TNF𝛼) for 24 hours. After treatement for 24 hours, media supernatant was used for quantifying protein level of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3) by ELISA and harvested cells were used for analyzing mRNA expression level of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP13) by reverse transcription PCR. To identify anti-inflammatory effects of Caraganae Sinicae Flos 50% ethanol extract, RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were co-treated with Caraganae Sinicae Flos 50% ethanol extract (or tilianin) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 hours. media was used for quantifying the level of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-6 (IL6) by ELISA and nitric oxide by Griess reagent asssay. Results : Caraganae Sinicae Flos 50% ethanol extract and tilianin attenuated protein level of MMP3 and mRNA expression level of MMP13 in TNF𝛼-activated ATDC5 cells. Caraganae Sinicae Flos 50% ethanol extract inhibited the level of PGE2, IL6 and NO in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells in dose dependent manner, though tilianin inhibited PGE2 only. Conclusions : These results presented that Caraganae Sinicae Flos 50% ethanol extract could be used as natural medicines for osteoarthritis.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.402-406
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• 1988

The aim of the presented paper was to elucidate the physiological background of ethanol inhibition on glucose uptake, ethanol production and cell growth in Z. mobilis. Data obtained from batch and continuous cultures showed that the rates of glucose uptake and ethanol production were not affected but growth rate was apparently reduced by ethanol produced. In order to know the effects of ethanol on the anabolism and the catabolism in Z. mobilis, enzyme activities of the Enter-Doudoroff pathway, viz. hexokinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, were analyzed with the cell grown at different concentration of ethanol produced. As results, it was found that the activities of the glucose kinase and the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase were not affected greatly by the concentration of ethanol where the glucose uptake rates revealed a relatively constant value. However it was very interesting to note that transketolase, which is an essential enzyme to provide the important precursors for cell growth, was affected more apparently to reduce by increasing ethanol levels. Those results might suggest that the apparent reduction of growth rate at ethanol concentration above 20 g/$\ell$ would be caused by the reduction of the transketolase activity, which in turn provide less precursor for the cell growth.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.102-111
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• 2024

Objective: Given the noteworthy implications of alcohol consumption and its association with male infertility, there has been a notable focus on investigating natural alternatives to mitigate its adverse effects. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the potential protective effect of phycocyanin extract derived from the blue algae Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis against ethanol-induced oxidative stress, disturbances in testicular morphology, and alterations in sperm production. Methods: Male rats were divided into four groups (five rats each): the control group received a saline solution, the ethanol exposed group (EtOH) was subjected to intraperitoneal injections of 10 mL/kg of ethanol solution at a concentration of 38% (v/v), the phycocyanin alone treated group (P) received oral administration of phycocyanin at a dosage of 50 mg/kg, and the phycocyanin-cotreated group (PE) was given oral phycocyanin followed by ethanol injections. All treatments were administered over a period of 14 days. Results: Our findings demonstrated that ethanol exposure induced reproductive toxicity, characterized by reduced sperm production and viability, alterations in testicular weight and morphology, increased lipid peroxidation levels, and elevated oxidative enzyme activity. In addition, the ethanol-intoxicated group showed perturbations in serum biochemical parameters. However, the simultaneous exposure to ethanol and phycocyanin exhibited a counteractive effect against ethanol toxicity. Conclusion: The results showed that supplementation of phycocyanin prevented oxidative and testicular morphological damage-induced by ethanol and maintained normal sperm production, and viability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1177-1183
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• 2001

This study was done to investigate the effects of ethanol extract of Cassia semen (Cassia tora L.) on the activities of hepatic oxygen free radicals metabolizing enzymes and blood lipid profile in rats of hepatotoxicity induced by ethanol. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100~160 g were divides into 5 groups; control grouts (CON), Cassia semen ethanol extracts (200 mg/kg) treated group (CEL), ethanol (10 mL/kg, 35%) treated group (ETH), Cassia semen ethanol extracts (200 mg/kg) and ethanol treated group (CE1 ) and Cassia semen ethanol extracts (400 mg/kg ) and ethanol treated group (CE2), respectively. Compared with ETH, the growth rate of CE1 and CE2 were to be increased tendency, and in blood levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and the activities of alanine aminotranferase and asparate aminotranferase elevated by ethanol were significantly decreased (p<0.05). It was observed that the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, xanthine oxidase and glutathione peroxidase of rat liver increased by ethanol, were more decreased by the treatment of Cassia semen ethanol extract than the only ethanol-treated group. The content of glutathione depleted by ethanol treatment was increased in CE1 and CE2. TBA-reactants of liver increased by ethanol were decreased in CE1 and CE2, compared with ethanol-treated group. These results suggested that ethanol extract of Cassia semen may influence upon the ability of oxygen free radical detoxication and lowering of blood lipid level on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rat.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.65-77
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• 1986

To elucidate the effect of exercise on blood concentrations of ethanol, lactate and glucose in men who show facial flush after ethanol ingestion, 59 healthy male college students were studied. After 6 or more hours of fasting, the subjects were administered 3 ml of 25% ethanol solution(Soju) per liter of total body water. For control experiment Soju was replaced with the same dose of water. Exercise performed was vertical jumping on a rebounder for 3 min immediately after drinking. The subjects were classified into 6 groups: water ingestion(W), flushed (F) and non-flushed (N) groups after ethanol ingestion, water ingestion and exercise(WE), flushed(FE) and non-flushed (NE) groups after ethanol ingestion and exercise. Blood ethanol concentration in the exercise groups(NE, FE) was lower until 60 min after drinking than that in the non-exercise groups(N,F). Factor k representing the rate of ethanol absorption was markedly lower in the exercise groups than in the non-exercise groups. The flushed groups(F,FE) showed higher blood ethanol level than the non-flushed groups (N,NE) from 30 to 120 min after drinking. Blood lactate concentration in WE group was elevated immediately after exercise and returned to the resting level at 60 min after exercise. Ethanol increased blood lactate level from 30 to 120 min after ethanol drinking, Exercise after ethanol ingestion produced a sharp increase and then drop in blood lactate level which was stilled significantly higher than the resting level all the way through 120 min. Blood glucose concentration was decreased at 15 min after exercise. Ethanol-administered groups except F group showed a steady decrease in blood glucose level from 30 through 120 min. Heart rate was elevated by ethanol only in the flushed groups. Heart rate in F group was significantly increased at 4 min after ethanol and was maintained at high level until 120 min. In WE and NE groups, heart rate was significantly increased immediately after exercise and returned to the resting level at 60 min. The FE group, however, showed a consistently elevated heart rate throughout the 120-min experimental period. Taken together, the exercise alone produced a delayed ethanol absorption, a prompt increase in heart rate and blood lactate level and a decrease in blood glucose level early in the recovery period from exercise. After ethanol administration, blood lactate was elevated and blood glucose was lowered from 30 to 120 min. Flushed subjects showed rapid increase in heart rate after ethanol drinking and higher blood ethanol level than non-flushed ones from 30 to 120 min after drinking.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.636-642
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• 2011

The effect of different rates of ethanol additive on fermentation quality of napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum) and residual water soluble carbohydrate were studied in the experiment. The addition rate of ethanol was 0%, 1.5%, 2.5%, 3.5%, 4.5% on fresh weight of napiergrass. The laboratory silos were kept in the room, then were opened on 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 30 days after ensiling and the changes of silage quality were analyzed, respectively. There was a fast and large reduction in pH from the 5th day of ensiling to below 4.2 except for the 4.5% treatment. After five days the pH of silage decreased slowly and the pH of the ethanol additions was lower than the control. Lactic acid content of ethanol treatments increased significantly (p<0.05) from the 5th day of ensiling, reaching the highest value on either the 7th day or 14th day. The ethanol additive inhibited the break down of silage protein and the ammonia nitrogen content of ethanol addition silage was significantly (p<0.05) lower than the control after 30 days of ensiling. Within the initial first day of ensiling the water soluble carbohydrate content declined quickly. The efficiency of water soluble carbohydrate usage was higher in silage with ethanol than in the control. The acetic acid of ethanol treatment was significantly (p<0.05) lower than control on first and 14th day, but there was no significant (p>0.05) difference among the ethanol addition silages. The volatile fatty acids content of silage increased gradually from the first day of ensiling and reached the peak on 14th day or 30th day and the content of ethanol addition treatment was significantly (p<0.05) lower than the control. The experimental results indicated that adding ethanol inhibited the use of protein and water soluble carbohydrate of aerobic bacteria and reduced the silage losses during the early stage of ensiling and thus supplied more fermentation substrate for lactic acid bacteria and improved the fermentation quality of napiergrass.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1996

A one-stage, continuous-flow bioreactor with both immobilized and suspended cells was used to investigate the roles of lipid supplements in ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The reactor performance and the level of alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH) activities of the suspended cells, grown under various conditions, were measured. When ergosterol and/or oleic acid were added with surfactants to the yeast culture grown under non-aerated conditions, remarkable increases in ethanol production and cell growth was achieved, but specific ADH activities were not affected. Especially, no difference of specific ADH activities of the suspended cells grown under aerated and non-aerated condition was observed. The addition of the surfactant as a supplement also resulted in significant increases in ethanol production, cell growth, and specific ADH activity. When ergosterol and oleic acid were added to the yeast culture exposed to higher ethanol concentration($>40\;g/{\ell}$) level, ethanol production, cell growth, and specific ADH activity were increased, but the addition of surfactant was as effective as at lower ethanol concentration level. The results indicated that lipid supplements were more effective at higher ethanol concentration level than at lower ethanol concentration level during ethanol production. ADH isozyme patterns of the yeast cultures grown under various conditions on starch gel electrophoresis showed only one major band, probably ADH I. The migrating distance of the major isozyme, however, varied slightly according to the culture conditions of the cells. No apparent correlation was found between specific ADH activity and amount of ethanol produced. Cell mass was more important factor for ethanol production than specific ADH activity of the cells.