• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.264-269
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• 2006

Basic rheological data of dandelion leaf concentrates were determined to predict processing aptitude and usefulness of dandelion leaf concentrates as functional food materials. Hot water and 70% ethanol extracts of dandelion leaves were concentrated at 5, 20, and 50 Brix, and their static and dynamic viscosities, and Arrhenius plots were investigated. Most concentrated dandelion leaves extracted with hot water and 70% ethanol showed flow behaviors close to Newtonian fluid based on power law model evaluation. Apparent viscosity of concentrated dandelion leaves extracted with hot water and 70% ethanol decreased with increasing temperature. Yield stresses of concentrated dandelion leaves extracted with hot water and 70% ethanol by Herschel-Bulkley model application were 0.020-0.641 and 0.017-0.079 Pa, respectively. Activation energies of concentrated dandelion leaves extracted with hot water and 70% ethanol were $2.102-32.669{\times}10^3$ and $1.657-5.382{\times}10^3\;J/mol{\cdot}kg$ with increasing concentration, respectively. Loss modulus (G") predominated over storage modulus (G') at all applied frequencies, showing typical flow behavior of low molecular solution. G' and G" of concentrated dandelion leaves extracted with hot water slowly increased with increasing frequency compared to those of concentrated dandelion leaves extracted with 70% ethanol.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2000

덱스트린/에탄올/물(1/1/l, w/w/w)의 혼합용액에 라우릴황산나트륨 0.5%(w/w) 및 홍삼 엑기스 20%(w/w)를 첨가한 조성을 가지고 분무건조하여 제조한 분말 홍삼주는 최대 에탄올(31.17$\pm$ 1.33%(w/w)) 및 ginsenoside Rbl(243.0$\pm$ 7.0$\mu\textrm{g}$/g)이 봉입된 미립구로서 용해 및 복용감이 우수한 새로운 홍삼 엑기스의 제형으로서의 가능성이 있다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제59권5호
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• pp.454-465
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• 2015

본 연구의 목적은 액체 혼합물의 끓음에 대한 예비 화학교사의 인식을 알아보는 것이다. 이를 위해 사범대학에 재학 중인 예비 화학교사 65명을 대상으로 에탄올 수용액의 끓는점과 가열 곡선 유형, 용액이 끓을 때의 기포 속 입자 모형 등에 대한 설문조사를 실시하고, 이 중 9명을 면담하였다. 그 결과, 50% 몰분율의 에탄올 수용액의 끓는점에 대한 예비교사의 인식은 ‘78-100 ℃ 구간에서 끓기 시작한다’는 과학적인 응답이 52.3%이었고, ‘에탄올 끓는점인 78 ℃에서 끓기 시작한다’고 생각하는 응답이 35.4%이었다. 전자의 경우, 물과 에탄올의 부분 증기압력의 합이 순수한 에탄올의 증기압력보다 작고, 물의 증기압력보다 커진다는 과학적인 설명에 비해 ‘끓을 때 에탄올 분자가 물 분자와의 인력이나 진로 방해 등을 통해 순수한 끓는점보다 높아진다’고 생각하는 설명이 많았다. 후자의 경우, 에탄올이 먼저 끓는데, 끓는점은 물질의 고유성질이므로 혼합물이 되어도 변하지 않는다고 생각하였다. 액체 혼합물의 가열 시 온도변화에 대해서는 끓기 시작하면서 온도가 증가하다가 일정한 온도가 된다고 생각하는 응답자가 69.2%이었으나 이들은 에탄올이 끓으면서 기화되어, 액체상에 물의 비율이 높아지기 때문에 점점 끓는점이 증가하게 된다는 설명을 하거나, 에탄올은 상태 변화하지만 액체로 남아있는 물이 열에너지를 흡수하기 때문에 혼합액체의 온도가 증가한다는 설명을 제시하였다. 상당수의 예비교사는 두 개의 일정한 온도 구간이 나타난다는 응답을 하였는데 이들은 액체 혼합물의 각 성분이 자신의 고유한 끓는점에서 상태변화를 한다고 생각하고 있었다. 또한, 액체 혼합물의 증발과 끓음 상황에서 기체상에서의 입자 모형을 분석한 결과, 증발 상황에서는 대부분의 예비교사가 기체상에 물과 에탄올이 동시에 존재하는 모형을 그렸으나, 끓음 상황에서는 기체상에 에탄올만 존재하는 모형을 그리는 비율이 증가하였다. 결과를 바탕으로 예비교사들이 혼합액체의 끓음에 대해 가지고 있는 대체적 개념과 이들의 인식 개선을 위한 시사점을 논의하였다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2006

This study was performed to provide basic rheological data of dandelion root concentrates in order to predict their processing aptitude and usefulness as functional foods material. The hot water and 70% ethanol extracts of dandelion root were concentrated at 5, 20, and 50 Brix, and their static viscosity, dynamic viscosity, and Arrhenius plots were investigated. Almost all hot water concentrates showed the typical flow properties of a pseudoplastic fluid, but evaluation using the power law model indicated that the 70% ethanol concentrates showed a flow behavior close to a Newtonian fluid. The apparent viscosity of hot water and 70% ethanol concentrates decreased with increasing temperature. Yield stresses of hot water and 70% ethanol concentrates by Herschel-Bulkley model application were in the range of 0.026 - 1.368 Pa and 0.022 - 0.238 Pa, respectively. The effect of temperature and concentration on the apparent viscosity was examined by Arrhenius equation. The activation energies of hot water and 70% ethanol concentrates were in the range of $8.762-23.778{\times}10^3\;J/mol{\cdot}kg$ and $3.217-20.384{\times}10^3\;J/mol{\cdot}kg$ with increasing concentration, respectively. Storage (G') and loss (G") moduli were generally increased with increasing frequency. For the 70% ethanol concentrates, G" predominated over G' at all applied frequencies and so they showed the typical flow behavior of a low molecular solution. However, for the hot water concentrates, G' predominated over G" at more than 1.9 rad/sec (cross-over point) and so they showed the typical flow behavior of a macromolecular solution.

• 한국양봉학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.391-394
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• 2017

Propolis is made by bees collecting protective material or essence of plants and mixing with saliva and enzymes produced by the salivary glands. It is used to repair the inside of the honeycomb, keep it sterile, and adjust the temperature and humidity. Propolis is a natural antibiotic substance that it is used to make a clean room by coating the cell before the queen bee lay eggs, and preventing the bacteria from invading by using with wax when sealing the nursery room. Propolis extract is a health functional food with antioxidant and oral antimicrobial effects. In order to use propolis in food, its active ingredients are extracted with ethanol. Water-soluble propolis was prepared by mixing and stirring honey and ethanol extracted propolis (EEP) solution. When 1kg of honey and 100ml of ethanol extracted propolis solution were mixed and stirred, the total flavonoid content of water-soluble propolis was $6.6{\pm}1.1mg/10g$, and the free radical scavenging effects of water-soluble propolis were 54 to 74%.

• 공업화학
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.469-474
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• 1998

스티렌-무수말레인산 공중합체로 가교된 PVA막을 용액법으로 제조하였다. 투과증발공정에서 가교된 PVA/ PSMAn막에 대한 분리거동을 연구하기 위해 30~90 wt % 에탄올-물 혼합 조성에서 막에 대한 팽윤 및 수착 실험을 막내부로 수착되는 용액의 양과 조성을 측정할 수 있는 장치를 이용하여 수행하였다. 본 연구에서 제조된 막의 경우, 수착과 투과단계에서 물에 대해 좋은 선택성을 나타냈고, 공급액의 농도 50 wt % 이상에서 막의 투과선택도는 가교제의 함량에 따른 팽윤비 변화보다 수착선택도와 보다 많은 상관 관계를 나타내었다. 이러한 거동을 투과 선택도와 수착선택도과 관련된 용해-확산 모델로 고찰한 결과, 투과선택도는 막 내에서의 확산단계에서 보다 오히려 수착단계에서 결정됨을 결론지을 수 있다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.86-91
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• 2007

Gasohol, which is combined solution of gasoline and ethanol, is difficult to apply to the field, because it usually brings phase separation by mingling of water. We investigated phase separation by adding different concentrations of "Ethanol", anhydrous and fermentative, to "Gasolines", gasoline, gasoline base and naphtha, Placing ethanol itself open to the air, the concentrations of water are increased in length of time. The phase separation temperatures of the gasolines-ethanol solutions have dropped in the following order : gasoline, gasoline base and naphtha. When adding water to the solutions of gasolines and anhydrous ethanol, the temperatures of phase separation is higher when the concentration of water increases more. Thus, it is obvious that the water is sensitive in phase separation.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.683-689
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• 1994

With a view to utilizing effectively fish skin wastes from marine manufactory, a gelatin solution extracted from yellowfin sole skin was fractionated by precipitation with ethanol, and then the functional and physico-chemical properties for the fractionated gelatin were determined. Ethanol was added up to 50% of ethanol content to a gelatin solution extracted from yellowfin sole skin, then the mixture was left to stand at $0^{\circ}C$ for 12 hours. Finally, the precipitates were dried by hot-air ($40^{\circ}C$). The gel strength and melting point of a 10% gel of gelatin prepared from yellowfin sole skin by precipitation with ethanol has 322.4g and $23.3^{\circ}C$, respectively. The physico-chemical properties of the ethanol treated fish skin gelatin were superior to those of fish skin gelatin prepared without ethanol treatment. Besides, the functional properties of the ethanol treated gelatin were lower in solubility and higher in water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, emulsifying activity, emulsifying stability, foam expansion and foam stability than those of pork skin gelatin sold on market as well as gelatin prepared without ethanol treatment. It may be concluded, from these results, that the fish skin gelatin prepared by precipitation with ethanol can be effectively utilized as a human food by improving the functional properties.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.49-54
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• 1980

Solutions of $Ni^{2+}$ and $Cd^{2+}$ were mixed with the solutions of various dibasic organic acids in the presence of cation exchange resin at room temperature. The distribution ratios of the metal ions between resin and solution were measured, using radioactive metal ions as tracer. From the observed variation of the distribution ratios with acid anion concentrations, it was concluded that $Ni^{2+}$ and $Cd^{2+}$ formed one-to-one complexes with succinate, malonate, o-phthalate and tartarate ions in aqueous, 20 % ethanol-water and 20 % acetone-water solutions. The results of the present study indicated that the relative stabilities of the complexes in solution increased generally in the order : $Ni^{2+}$ < $Cd^{2+}$ complexes. Succinate < malonate < o-phthalate < tartarate complexes. Aqueous < mixed solvent systems.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2019

Cotton fabrics were treated with gelatin to improved their dyeability, color strength toward cochineal dye. Gelatin were used as the protein. Gelatin is containing a large number of hydrophilic groups. Pad-dry-cure method was used for the treatment process(10g/L concentration). The scanning electron micrograph showed the gelatin was deposited on the surface of cotton. Pretreated fabrics were mordanted with 10%(owf) alum. Then the fabrics were dyed with cochineal. Compared with original cotton fabric the K/S value with cochineal dyes was significantly improved on gelatin modified cotton. Treating cotton with 10g/L concentration gelatin offered higher cochineal adsorption. The dyeability of pH 4 yielded the highest color strength. In dyebaths of a ratio of ethanol and water such as; 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8, 1:9, 0:10, fabrics were dyed. The ratio of ethanol and water had powerful effects on solution polarity. Cochineal dye uptake showed maximum value, when the proportion of ethanol and water was 9:1. Dyeing at increased temperatures and with increased time resulted in higher dye uptake and reddish-purple color(5RP). The washing fastness was 1-2grade, and the fastness to light was 2-3grade.