• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1400-1407
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• 2022

Objective: This research determined the chemical composition and the apparent and standardized ileal digestibility (AID and SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in whole yeast and autolyzed yeast derived from sugarcane ethanol production fed to growing pigs. Methods: Six growing pigs were randomly allocated in a replicated 3×3 Latin square design with 3 diets and 3 periods of 7 days each, resulting in a total of 6 experimental replications. Three assay diets were formulated using whole yeast, autolyzed yeast, or soybean meal as the sole sources of dietary CP and AA. Pigs were allowed to adapt to the assay diets for 5 days. Thereafter, ileal digesta samples were collected continuously for 8 hours on days 6 and 7. Results: There was no difference in the chemical composition between whole yeast and autolyzed yeast, but whole yeast had low digestibility of CP and AA due to the presence of a rigid cell wall. As conducting autolysis can induce cell wall damage, the AID and SID of CP and AA were greater in autolyzed yeast than in whole yeast. Conclusion: The information obtained on the SID of CP and AA in both yeast products can be used for the accurate estimation of the bioavailability of CP and AA in feed formulations. The yeast products derived from sugarcane ethanol production are an alternative protein source in pig diets.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.231-236
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• 2015

Skin anti-wrinkle activities of the stems and leaves of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai were evaluated by the extracts obtained from various extraction processes such as using hot water at $100^{\circ}C$, 70% ethanol at $85^{\circ}C$, and 70% ethanol with ultrasonication at $60^{\circ}C$ The ultrasonicated extract showed 95.62% of the highest cell viability in addition of $0.3mg/m{\ell}$ of the extracts into the normal human fibroblast cell, CCD-986sk. For antioxidant activities, the extracts using ultrasonicated extract showed the highest DPPH free radical scavenging as 80.27%, followed by 75.88% and 62.44% for the extracts using ethanol extract and water extract. The ultrasonicated extract also showed the highest elastase inhibition activity as 25.32%, compared to ethanol extract and water extract based method at 22.01% and 12.88%, respectively. MMP-1 production was most effectively decreased down to $2908.1pg/m{\ell}$ with ultrasonicated extract while $6640.8pg/m{\ell}$ with water extract and $3609.3pg/m{\ell}$ with ethanol extract, in addition of $0.3mg/m{\ell}$. Collagen production was increased up to $154.7ng/m{\ell}$ in addition of ultrasonicated extract, and followed by $121.4ng/m{\ell}$ and $31.2ng/m{\ell}$ for ethanol extract and water extract, respectively. These results indicate that the ethanol extract should have skin anti-wrinkling activities and can be improved by the ultrasonication process that high energy input elute more amounts of bioactive substances eluting more amounts of bioactive substances from the high energy input of ultrasonication.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.265-271
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• 1991

In order to produce alcohol for the alternative energy from dried powder of Jerusalem artichoke was investigated with Kluyveromyces marxianus UCD(FST)55-82, which was reported to assimilate inulin. The optimal condition for the production of ethanol by K. marxianus was elucidated to be incubation temperature of $30^{\circ}C$, initial pH 5.44, agitation of 100 rpm, 1,000 ml of medium in a 2.5l-vessel, anaerobic state, and inoculation of 2.5%(v/v). Addition of antifoam A concentrate(si1icon polymer) of 0.01% and urea of 0.1% increased the concentration of ethanol effectively. The optimized condition showed ethanol concentration of 6.8%(v/v) in Jerusalem artichoke liquid medium, production yield of 91.91% and productivity of 2.71 g/l/hr during the first day and 0.71g ethanol/l/hr during four days of incubation.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2003

A cellulose-producing strain isolated from rotten apples was identified as Gluconacetobacter hansenii based on its physiological properties and the 16S rDNA complete sequencing method, and specifically named Gluconacetobacter hansenii PJK. The amount of bacterial cellulose (BC) produced by G. hansenii PJK in a shaking incubator was 1.5 times higher than that produced in a static culture. The addition of ethanol to the medium during cultivation enhanced the productivity of bacterial cellulose, plus the supplementation of 1% ethanol into the culture medium made the produced BC aggregate into a big lump and thus protected the bacterial-cellulose-producing G. hansenii PJK cells in the shear stress field from being converted into non-cellulose-producing (Cel) mutants. Cells subcultured three times in a medium containing ethanol retained their ability to produce BC without any loss in the production yield.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.329-334
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• 1990

In an attempt to develop a novel process for ethanol production from starch, a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process using Zymomonas mobilis and amyloglucosidase (AMG) was studied in continuous modes. Compared with a conventional cylindrical column type of fermentor, the tapered column type of fermentor was found to be superior in terms of reactor performance for ethanol fermentation. The tapered columm fermentor packed with coimmobilized Z. mobilis and AMG alleviated the problems which were associated with CO2 evolution and provided a significantly better flow pattern for both liquid and gas phases in the fermentor without channelling. However, the fluidized bed type of tapered column fermentor using flocculent strain of Z. mobiles and immobilized AMG showed lower productivity (5.2g/1/h) than that of packed bed type of tapered column fermentor(9.2g/l/h).

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.67-72
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• 1982

The effect of fermentation temperature on the production of high content alcohol has been investigated with high substrate concentration. The maximum specific growth rate, ${\mu}max\;was\;0.461hr^{-1}\;at\;35^{\circ}C$ which was the highest, whereas the maximum biomass concentration waas 8.7g/l at $25^{\circ}C$, at the growth rate lower than at $35^{\circ}C$. Approximately 140g/l of ethanol was produced in the temperature range of 20 to $25^{\circ}C$ with nearly complete comsumption of the substrate. Extended fermentation time has been required at lower temperatures, however, for the maximum values of biomass concentration and alcohol content, hence higher ethanol productivity, as the temperature was elevated to $40^{\circ}C$. The viability of yeasts was greatly improved by lowering the fermentation temperature down to $25^{\circ}C$ and also extended survival of the cells has been observed at lower fermentation temperatures, although the ethanol concentration of both waas higher.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.139.2-139.2
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• 2003

The in vitro effects of extracted fractions of C. militaris on the secretion of cytokines in murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 were studied. F1 (crude cordycepin containing adenosine), F2 (ethanol precipitation), F3 (ethanol soluble supernatant) and F4 (fraction of through SK-1B) significantly stimulated the production of cytokine and nitric oxide (NO) on murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. We examined how the ethanol extract of C. militaris regulates production of interleukine 1-beta(IL-1$\beta$), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-$\alpha$), and NO in vitro. (omitted)

• KSBB Journal
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.452-456
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• 1993

This study was carried out to optimize the fermentation conditions for direct alcohol fermentation of xylose by Pichia stipitis CBS 5776. The best cell growth and the ethanol production were obtained under 0.05 VVM aeration and 300rpm agitation at $30^{\circ}C$ using 100 g/l xylose medium of the initial pH 5.0. In the above condition, the maximum specific growth rate and maximum cell concentration were 0.14hr-1 and $1.3 \times109$ cells/ml, respectively. Pichia stipitis CBS 5776 also produced 40.2g/l ethanol utilizing about 96% of 100g/l xylose after 72hr fermentation. At this point, the overall volumetric ethanol productivity was 0.56g/1-hr and the ethanol yield was 0.42 g-ethanol/g-xylose consumed, which corresponds to 82% of the theoretical yield.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.331-335
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• 1996

Characteristics of ethanol fermentation were investigated during the stationary culture of a killer yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae B15-1. Specific ethanol production rate reached the maximum level, 1.203 g-EtOH/g-cell-hr, at 150 g/l of the initial glucose concentration. No big differences were obtained in ethanol fermentability based on the initial sugar concentration below 150 g/l. When 200 g/l of sugar was used, fermentability dropped significantly. Although the final cell mass and the amount of ethanol produced were increased, their increase rates were declined according to the increase of initial sugar concentration. It was found that most of the sugar used below 150 g/l of concentration could be changed to ethanol. However, when 200 g/l of sugar was used, some of them remained in the media even after increase of cell mass and fermentation stopped. The ethanol yield was decreased when initial sugar concentration was high, and were increased when the amount of ethanol produced was increased and finally reached the plateau over 60 g/l of ethanol concentration.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.136-142
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• 1991

The selection of ethanol-tolerant strains was applied to enrichment culture of YPD broth medium containing various concentrations of ethanol. Isolates were identified to be Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the others as S. dairensis, S. exiguus, S. telluris, Saccharomycodes ludwigii, Schwanniomyces occidentalis var. occidentalis and Zygosaccharomyces florentinus. Among isolates S. cerevisiae YO-1 was screened as having the highest ethanol tolerance and produced 18% (v/v) ethanol after 4 days fermentation. The change of fatty-acyl residues represents that a progressive decrease in fatty-acyl unsaturation and a proportional increase in saturation in phospholipids of yeast cells during fermentation affected the yeast viability. Supplementation ethanol to the cultures led to an increase of unsaturated fatty-acyl residues, especially $C_{16}$ or $C_{18}$ residues, along with a decrease in the proportion of saturated residues in cellular phospholipids. Increasing the amount of soy flour led to an increase in the maximum number of viable yeast cells and ethanol production. It was possible in 4 days to reach 21% (v/v) ethanol by adding 4% soy flour as source of unsaturated fatty-acyl residues to the fermentation medium. Soy flour not only increased yeast population but also enhanced the physiological properties of yeast cells to be ethanol tolerant in the anaerobic culture.