• KSBB Journal
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.389-394
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• 1991

Emulsan is an extracellular emulsifying agent produced by the hydrocarbon-degrading Acinetobacter species RAG-1. In this study emulsan production of Acinetobacter calcpaceticus RAG-1 was investigated under various culture modes such as batch, fed-batch, membrane cell recycle, and continuous culture. The productions of emulsan under both ethanol-sufficient fed-batch and membrane cell recycle cultures were all 15.0U/ml, which was 53% increase in emulsan activity compared to that of pH controlled batch culture. Emulsan production was found to be strongly dependent on the residual ethanol concentration. In continuous culture the emulsan productivity increased with dilution rate.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.364-369
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• 2005

The present study was conducted to evaluate effect of Sauropus androgynus extract (SAE) on egg production and lipid metabolism in layer chickens. Forty-eight layers aged 42 weeks (strain RIR) were distributed to 6 treatment groups as follows. One group was fed diet without SAE as the control ($P_0$), and other five groups were fed diet plus hot water-extracted SAE at level of 9 g/kg diet ($W_9$), diet plus ethanol extracted SAE at level of 0.9 g/kg diet ($E_{0.9}$), diet plus ethanol extracted SAE at level of 1.8 g/kg ($E_{1.8}$), diet plus methanol extracted SAE at level of 0.9 g/kg ($M_{0.9}$), and diet plus methanol extracted SAE at level of 1.8 g/kg ($M_{1.8}$). It was shown that SAE inclusion significantly increased egg production (p<0.05). Methanol-extracted SAE groups had lower egg production than ethanol-extracted SAE group (p<0.05). SAE supplemented groups had better feed conversion efficiency than the unsupplemented group (p<0.05). It was shown that ethanol extracted SAE resulted in the lowest feed conversion efficiency among the SAE supplemented groups (p<0.05). SAE supplementation significantly reduced abdominal fat, gizzard surrounded fat, liver fat (p<0.05), serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, VLDL+LDL-c (p<0.01), atherogenic index (p<0.05), egg cholesterol and triglyceride (p<0.05), but it had no effect on mesenteric fat, sartorial fat and fatty liver score. In conclusion, SAE supplementation could increase egg production but reduced egg cholesterol.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to provide evidence for discovering functional materials through the anti-inflammatory efficacy screening of randomly selected medicinal herbs. We prepared 70% ethanol extracts from 10 herbs and evaluated for the inhibitory effect of NO production on LPS-stimulated mouse macrophage cell line Raw 264.7. As a result, it was confirmed that the Chrysanthemi Zawadskii Herba (CZ) extract had the highest effect of inhibiting NO production induced by LPS. We therefore measured and compared NO inhibitory effects at different concentrations (10, 50, 250 ㎍/mL) of 70% ethanol and water extract of CZ. It was observed that both ethanol and water treatment groups inhibited NO production in a concentration-dependent manner in both ethanol and water treatment groups. In particular, it was confirmed that the CZ 70% ethanol extract (99.97%) had a higher NO inhibitory effect than the water extract (93.32%) in the high concentration (250 ㎍/mL) treatment group. There was no effect of CZ extract on cell viability at all concentrations used in the experiment. Moreover, it was shown that CZ ethanol extract remarkably inhibited the expression of VCAM-1 induced by TNF-𝛼, and it was slightly decreased even by treatment with water extract. This study suggests that Chrysanthemi Zawadskii Herba has potential as a functional substance that regulates vascular inflammation.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.322-327
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• 1995

Tolerance of Mycobacterium sp. against organic solvents has been induced for the cholesterol side chain degradation by adding chemicals associated with synthesis of fatty acids or alcohols. Biotin of 300 .mu.g/1 and 0.5% aqueous ethanol solution were optima for the enhancement of ethanol tolerance of the microorganism. The induction of ethanol tolerance by biotin was found to be due to increase of degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids in membranous phospholipid of the cell, especially due to increase of oleic acid content. However when 0.5% of ethanol was added for the ethanol tolerance induction, there was an ambiguous correlation between ethanol tolerance and degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids, in spite of the fact that the induction increased the content of unsaturated fatty acids. Addition of 0.5% of ethanol induced several ethanol shock proteins having molecular weight similar to that of heat shock proteins.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.511-517
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• 2013

In this work, a fibrous bed bioreactor with high specific surface area and good adsorption efficacy for S. cerevisiae cells was used as the immobilization matrix in the production of ethanol. In batch fermentation, an optimal ethanol concentration of 91.36 g/l and productivity of 4.57 g $l^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ were obtained at an initial sugar concentration of 200 g/l. The ethanol productivity achieved by the immobilized cells was 41.93% higher than that obtained from free cells. Ethanol production in a 22-cycle repeated batch fermentation demonstrated the enhanced stability of the immobilized yeast cells. Under continuous fermentation in packed-bed reactors, a maximum ethanol concentration of 108.14 g/l and a productivity of 14.71 g $l^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ were attained at $35^{\circ}C$, and a dilution rate of 0.136 $h^{-1}$ with 250 g/l glucose.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2011

Objective : This study was performed to compare anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation and anti-bacterial effects of Ligustici Rhizoma (LR) extracted with two kinds of solvents, ethanol and distilled water. Methods : It is prepared two kinds of LR extracts 20, 50, 100 ${\mu}l/mg$ by first. MTT assay way to measure cytotoxicity is formed in Raw 264.7 cell. The anti-inflammation effect is measured by ability to inhibit production of NO in Raw 264.7 cell. The anti-oxidation effect was measured by DPPH Radical scavenging ability in HaCaT cell. The anti-bacterial effect was measured by inhibition zone diameter on Propionibacterium acnes. Results : 1. LR (20 ${\mu}l/mg$) extracted with ethanol was showed 80% cytotoxicity, LR (50 ${\mu}l/mg$) extracted with ethanol and LR (20, 50 ${\mu}l/mg$) extracted with water were showed 70% cytotoxicity, LR (100 ${\mu}l/mg$) extracted with ethanol and LR (100 ${\mu}l/mg$) extracted with water were showed 60% cytotoxicity in Raw 264.7 cell. 2. LR (100 ${\mu}l/mg$) extracted with ethanol was showed more significantly inhibitory effect on NO production than the water extraction. 3. Two kinds of LR extraction groups did not show significantly scavenging effect of DPPH radicals. 4. Two kinds of LR extractions did not have a inhibitory effect on Propionibactrium acnes. Conclusion : Two kinds of LR extracts have not cytotoxicity, statistically significant ability to scavenge DPPH radicals and effect to inhibit Propionibactrium acnes. LR extracted with ethanol only have a little effect to inhibit NO production. This study proposes that LR extracted with ethanol is more effective in anti-inflammation.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.312-316
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• 2006

A optimal condition for the Ginkgo biloba extraction in ethanol and water binary solvent system has been proposed based on concentration of bilobalide and ginkgolide known as having a antimicrobial components in the range 5% to 70% ethanol in water at $80^{\circ}C$. Concentration of bilobalide as a single component of Ginkgo biloba leaves extract is the highest at the 60% ethanol and ginkgolide A and B is highest at 50% ethanol. Antimicrobial effect of Ginkgo biloba leaves extracts on the S. aureus was also examined by disc diffusion test and optical density test. In case of the disc diffusion test, the clean zone diameter was increased from 0.95 cm to 1.70 cm as ethanol concentration increased from 5 to 70%. However, over the 40% of ethanol concentration the antimicrobial effect was almost flat. Based on these results, we propose that the 40% of ethanol and 60% water solvent is most desirable for Ginkgo biloba extract considering vapor pressure problem in concentrating process after extraction. We introduced SEM and TEM to figure out the morphological change on the surface and inside body of S. aureus when Ginkgo biloba leaves extract was treated. After mixed with Ginkgo biloba leaves extract blast like blebs appeared on the surface of S. aureus cells and cell wall was not observed. From the these results, it seems that the Ginkgo biloba leaves extract including bilobalide and ginkgolide A, B prevent cell wall synthesis.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.647-652
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• 2013

Solubility profiles of zein and carotenoid in aqueous ethanol were studied. Zein showed minimum turbidity at the aqueous ethanol concentration of 87-92%, indicating least aggregations between protein molecules. Solubilities of zein and carotenoid increased linearly with the content of yellow zein up to 20% in the aqueous ethanol range of 60-95% tested. At room temperature of $20^{\circ}C$, zein showed maximum solubility in broad ethanol concentration ranges of 60-95%, while that for carotenoid was somewhat narrower with ethanol concentration range of 85-95%. However, at incubation temperature of $-20^{\circ}C$, solubilities of both carotenoid and zein were lowered, with dramatic reduction being exhibited at aqueous ethanol concentration of 60% for both compounds, while substantial reduction in solubility was shown at 95% ethanol by zein only. Zein was practically insoluble in absolute ethanol, regardless of temperature range tested, while carotenoid remained largely soluble, though there was pronounced decrease in solubility at the subfreezing temperature.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2008

Negative environmental consequences of fossil fuels and the concerns about their soaring prices have spurred the search for alternative energy sources. While other alternative energies-like solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, and tidal-offer viable options for electricity generation, around 40% of total energy consumption requires liquid fuels like gasoline or diesel fuel. This is where bio-energy/biofuels is especially attractive, where they can serve as a practical alternative to oil. The production of liquid biofuels for transportation will depend upon a stable supply of large amount of inexpensive cellulosic biomass obtained on a sustainable basis. This paper reviewed development status of transportation bio-energy for vehicles, technical barriers to the production of cellulosic ethanol, and the global future of bio-diesel and ethanol production.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.199-203
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• 2007

Dental caries is a major worldwide oral disease problem. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) plays an important role in the information of dental plaque and it is being noticed as major causative bacteria of dental caries. Therefore, the development of more effective, substantial and safe preventive agents against dental caries is strongly required. In the present study, inhibitory effects of the ethanol extract of the husk of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) on the growth, acid production, adhesion and water-insoluble glucan synthesis of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) were examined. The ethanol extract of pomegranate husk (250 - 4000 ${\mu}$g/ml) significantly lowered the growth of S. mutans in a dose dependent manner. The acid production of S. mutans were inhibited by the presence of ethanol extract of pomegranate husk (500 - 4000 ${\mu}$g/ml) significantly. The ethanol extract of pomegranate husk (5000 - 4000 ${\mu}$g/ml) also significantly lowered the adherence of S. mutans. In water-insoluble glucan synthesis assay, 1000 - 4000 ${\mu}$g/ml of the ethanol extract of pomegranate husk significantly inhibited the formation of water-insoluble glucan. These results suggest that pomegranate husk may inhibit the caries-inducing properties of S. mutans. Further studies are necessary to clarify the active constituents of pomegranate husk responsible for such biomolecular activities.