• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.178-187
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• 2001

국내에서 널리 사용되고 있는 소르빈산 및 그 염류의 연령-성별에 따른 평균 소비자 및 극단 소비자의 섭취실태를 평가하고자 “1998년도 국민건강·영양조사”의 만 3세이상의 일인당 일일 식품 섭취량과 소르빈산의 실제 농도분석 치를 이용하여 일일 추정 섭취량을 구하였다. 조사된 소르빈산 및 그 염류의 일일 평균 추정 섭취량은 소르빈산으로서 0.09-5.1 mg/kg bw/day, 극단추정 섭취량은 3.42-14.65mg1kg bw/da)이었으며 일일섭취허용량(ADI)에 대한 비율은 평균 소비자의 경우 0.4-2.1%,극단 섭취자의 경우 13.7-58.6%로 나타났다. 소르빈산 섭취에 기여하는 식품은 식육가공품, 절임류, 어육가공품으로 나타났고, 소르빈산의 추정 섭취량은 극단 및 평균 소비자에 대해 연령에 반비례하는 경향이었으나 성별에 의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 그러므로 국내 소르빈산 섭취량은 극단 소비자를 포함한 3세 이상의 모든 인구아군에서 ADI보다 낮은 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.32-41
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• 1992

A study was conducted to estimate Na intake in 30 young and 62 middle-aged female Koreans. For each subject, nondiscretionary Na intake was estimated from 2-day dietary records optimum gustation of salt was tested using beef broth with different salt concentra-tions. and 24-hour urinary Na excretion was measeured from pooled 2-day urine samples. Total daily Na intake was calculated from 24-hour urinary excretion and discretionary Na intake was calculated as difference between total and nondiscretionary Na intake was calculated as difference between total and nondiscretionary Na intake. Mean daily 24-hour urinary Na excretion of the young and middle-aged women was 184.6mEq and 224.6mEq. Mean values of optimum gustation of salt in young and middle-aged subjects were 0.431% and 0.489% The differences between the two groups were significant. Nodiscre-tionary Na intakes of the two groups were not significantly different, . Calculated total and discretionary Na intake of middle-aged women(245.1mEq) were significantly higher than young women(220.3mEq and 211.0mEq) were significantly higher than young women(210, 3mEq and 169, 7mEq) Percent of discretionary to total Na intake was 85.7% in middle-aged and 79.4% in young women. Age BMI urinary Na and K excretions optimum gustation of salt were signficantly correlated with blood pressure of the subjects. Results of the present study confirms the high level of sodium intake especia-lly of discretionary Na intake among Korean women.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.201-215
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• 1999

Limited information is available on the acceptability of Korean MRLs(maximum residue limits) and the health risk based on the pesticide exposure by food intake. The aim of this study was to evaluate TMDI(theoretical maximum daily intake) and EDI(estimated daily intake) for Korean by using MRLs, food intake, residue data, and correction factors, and compare with ADI(acceptable daily intake) in order to estimate the health risk based on the pesticide exposure. The study was performed in three steps. In the frist step, the residual pesticides in each category of food were investigated using the pesticide residue analytical data(1995-96) from officially approved organizations and the analytical data for poultry was adopted from Korean food code method. In the second step, TMDI was estimated from MRLs and food factors, and was compared with ADI. In the third step, the effectiveness of each culinary treatment (washing, peeling, steaming, boiling, and salting) was evaluated and EDI was calculated using pesticide residue data, food factor, and correction factor by treatment. TMDI obtained from MRLs and food intake, and food intake was summed as 1,100.99 g, which was 79.1% of total consumption. The percent ratio of TMDI to ADI for 156 pesticides was mostly below 80% and only 30 pesticides exceeded the ADI. In particular, non-treated EDI from pesticide residue data and food intake was summed up to about 43 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day/capita, and the rank was procymidone(8.6 $\mu\textrm{g}$) > maleic hydrazide(8.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$) > EPN(3.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$) > deltamethrin(3.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$) > cypermethrin(3.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$). The treated EDI calculated from pesticide residue data, food intake, and correction factor by culinary treatment was summed up to 13.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day/captia. The percentage of ADI was TMDI(79.74%) > non-treated EDI (0.17%) > treated EDI (0.04%), and the exposure level of Korean population to whole pesticides was below the level to produce health risk. Oncogenic risk of five pesticides used in Korea whose oncogenic potency(Q*) was known were assessed from TMDI and treated EDI. Dietary oncogenic risk for Korean was estimated to be 2.0$\times$10-3 on the basis of TMDI, 8.3$\times$10-7 on the basis of treated EDI. The oncogenic risk from TMDI exceeded the risk level(1$\times$10-6) of EPA, whereas the oncogenic risk from treated EDI and real exposure level lower than that of EPA.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권8호
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• pp.1138-1146
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• 2016

2014~2015년 서울시내 대형마트, 소형마트 및 재래시장 등에서 유통 중인 천연 및 단순가공 도라지 총 93건(깐도라지 53건, 피도라지 40건)의 알루미늄 잔류량을 분석한 결과 평균 및 95th percentile 알루미늄 잔류량은 72.989(0.54~564.38) mg/kg 및 471.32 mg/kg이었다. 깐도라지 53건의 평균 및 95th percentile 알루미늄 잔류량은 121.235(0.54~564.38) mg/kg 및 545.622 mg/kg이었으며, 피도라지 40건의 평균 및 95th percentile 알루미늄 잔류량은 9.063(0.72~28.05) mg/kg 및 26.379 mg/kg이었다. 단순가공 깐도라지의 평균 알루미늄 잔류량은 천연 상태 피도라지에 비해 13.4배 높은 수준으로 유의적인 차이가 있었다(P<0.001). 도라지의 알루미늄 분석값과 제6기 1차 연도(2013년)의 국민건강영양조사 중 영양조사(조사1일 전 식품섭취내용, 24시간 회상법)의 도라지 섭취량 평균값, 최소값, 최대값 및 95th percentile 값을 이용하여 단일값 분석을 실시하여 추정식이섭취량(estimated daily intake, EDI)을 산출한 결과 영양조사 대상자 전체(시나리오I)의 도라지 섭취를 통한 평균 알루미늄 EDI는 0.001(~1.363) mg/kg bw/d 였으며, 섭취자군(시나리오II)의 평균 및 95th percentile EDI는 각각 0.033(0.000~1.309) 및 0.610 mg/kg bw/d였다. 도라지 섭취량을 연중 일상섭취량으로 가정하여 추정주간식이섭취량(estimated weekly intake, EWI)을 산출하여 잠정주간섭취허용량(provisional tolerable weekly intake, PTWI)과 비교하여 평가한 결과 섭취자군(시나리오II)의 평균 추정주간식이섭취량은 0.231 mg/kg bw/week(23.1% PTWI)였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.948-956
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• 2000

There is growing evidence that soy isoflavone play beneficial roles in the prevention of chronic diseases such as hormone dependent cancers, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and also reduced incidence of menopausal symptoms. However current data are not sufficient to determine the effective doses for beneficial as well as harmful effects and to support dietary recommendation for isoflavones. Since soy products containing isoflavone are one of the common food items that Koreans consume daily basis, assessing consumption of soy isoflavone by Koreans will give a valuable information on making dietary recommendations for isoflavones. the present study was designed to assess dietary intake of isoflavone of Korean middle-aged women who might receive the most beneficial effects from isoflavone consumption thereby prevent post menopausal related symptoms and diseases. In this study isoflavone contents of soy products were analyzed and soy products and isoflavone consumption of these subjects were assessed by a self-reported dietary questionnaire and isoflavone intake data base. Subjects were consisted of 178 Korean women (35~60 y) who live in urban and rural area. All subjects provided detailed information on demographics, anthropometry, health history, menopausal symptoms, health history, menopausal symptoms, and dietary intake using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) which was developed for Koreans. The average age of the subjects was 46.6 years. The soy products which the subjects frequently consumed were soybean paste soup, braised fried soybean, tofu residue stew, tofu, soy milk, natto stew, bean sprouts, and soybean broth which contained 10.68 mg, 3.34 mg, 2.44 mg, 2.42 mg, 2.42 mg, 1.12 mg, 1.02 mg, 0.33 mg of isoflavone per 100 g, respectively. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of isoflavones ranged from 0 to 144.3 mg, and the mean daily isoflavone (sum of daidzein and genisten) intake of the subjects was 24.41 mg.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권7호
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• pp.787-792
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to estimate the iron availability and to analyze dietary factors which influence hematological indices of 130 female adolescents with iron deficiency anemia. Intakes of iron and other nutrients were estimated using a self-administrated questionnaire combined with the 24-hour recall mehtod and iron availability was calculated by Monsen's method. Mean daily intakes of calorie, protein and vitamin C were 1631.0kcal(77.7% of RDA), 54.7g(84.2% of RDA) and 45.7mg(83.0% of RDA), respectively. In terms of iron, mean daily intake was 8.7mg(48.3% of RDA) and heme iron intake was 3.0mg which correspond to 34% of total iron intake. The amount of total absorbable iron was 1.5mg and the estimated bioavailability of dietary iron was 17.2%. In summary, intake of several nutrients for most of the subjects were under RDA. Dietary factors affecting hematological indices were analyzed by stepwise multiple regression. Intake of vitamin C was a major determinant of Hb level, while both intake of enhancing factor and iron availability were major determinants of serum ferritin level. In conclusion proper nutritional education and guidance for iron deficiency anemic female adoalescent needs to be developed and to improve their iron storage should be increased intakes of enhancing factors, female adoalescents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.703-714
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• 1993

The iron content of 178 food items were analyzed by ICP to provide database to calculate dietary intake of iron in Korea. The analysis data showed significant deviations of iron contents in some food items compared with Food Composition Table of KRNI which is most widely used at present. Three day dietary intake records were collected from 96 female college students to estimate mean daily iron intake and bioavailability of dietary iron. Mean daily intake of total iron in the study subjects was 13.2mg and heme iron intake was 0.94mg, 6.7% of total iron intake. BGioavailability of dietary iron was calculated by two methods. Total absorbable iron was calculated by the method of Monsen, body iron storage of the subjects being estimated with serum ferritin concentrations, was 1.21mg and bioavailability of dietary iron was thus 9.3%. Bioavailability calculated with the method by Hallberg was 11.22%. Two values of dietary iron bioavailability of the present study are lower than the reported values in adult women consuming typical western diets but within the range estimated for vegetarians. Considering high prevalence of iron deficiency based on serum ferritin concentrations and low bioavailability of diet in young adult Korean women, more efforts should be made to increase the content and bioavailability of iron in diet of Korea adult women.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.350-362
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• 2021

Objectives: This study investigated an association between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and the dietary quality of adults in Deagu, Korea. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted in 1,022 adults aged 19 ~ 49 years (502 men and 520 women) in the Deagu area of Korea. Daily intake of SSB was obtained by the food frequency questionnaire, and the dietary quality was assessed using the nutrition quotient (NQ) for Korean adults. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between dietary quality and daily intake of SSB in adults. Results: Daily intake of SSB was 463.6 mL/d for total subjects, and the highest intakes were sweetened coffees (192.7 mL/d), followed by carbonated drinks (77.1 mL/d). Higher intake of SSB was associated with higher intake frequency of fast food or sweet and greasy bread, processed beverage, ramyon, eating out or delivery food and night snack, and also associated with lower frequency of water, breakfast intake and nutrition label checking in men or women. Men and women who had a higher intake SSB had significantly greater odds for being in the low grade of NQ (P for trend = 0.0006 for men, P for trend = 0.0007 for women), especially in the moderation factor (P for trend < 0.0001 for men and women). Conclusions: This study showed that high SSB intake was significantly associated with low dietary quality among adults. These study results suggest that nutrition education programs and guidelines should be provided to adults for improving their consumption of SSB and related diets.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.477-484
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• 2000

To estimate the degree of intake of $^{238}$ U and $^{232}$ Th through daily diet, a Korean mixed diet sample was prepared after the investigation of the amount of consumption of the daily diet which corresponds to the age of 20 to 60 years. For the analysis of U and Th, the RNAA method was applied. Two standard reference materials were used for quality control and assurance and the analytical results were compared with a certified value. The determination of U and Th in the Korean mixed diet sample was carried out under the same analytical conditions and procedures with SRM. It is found that the concentration of U and Th in a Korean mixed diet was about 35.4 ppb and 3.4 ppb. From these results, the daily intake of $^{238}$ U and $^{232}$ Th by diet is evaluated to be 6.98 and 0.67 $\mu\textrm{g}$ per day, respectively. Radioactivities related to the intake of $^{238}$ U and $^{232}$ Th were estimated to be about 86 mBq and 27 mBq per person per day and the annual dose equivalents from $^{238}$ U and $^{232}$ Th revealed as 3.18 $\mu$Sv and 0.29 $\mu$Sv per person, respectively.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.616-627
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vitamin E is essential for health, and although vitamin E deficiency seems rare in humans, studies on estimates of dietary intake are lacking. This study aimed to estimate dietary vitamin E intake, evaluate dietary adequacy of vitamin E, and detail major food sources of vitamin E in the Korean population. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016-2019. Individuals aged ≥ 1 year that participated in a nutrition survey (n = 28,418) were included. Dietary intake was assessed by 24-h recall and individual dietary vitamin E intake was estimated using a newly established vitamin E database. Dietary adequacy was evaluated by comparing dietary intake with adequate intake (AI) as defined by Korean Dietary Reference Intakes 2020. RESULTS: For all study subjects, mean daily total vitamin E intake was 7.00 mg α-tocopherol equivalents, which was 61.6% of AI. The proportion of individuals that consumed vitamin E at above the AI was 12.9%. Inadequate intake was observed more in females, older individuals, rural residents, and those with a low income. Mean daily intakes of tocopherol (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-forms) and tocotrienol were 6.02, 0.30, 6.19, 1.63, and 1.61 mg, respectively. The major food groups that contributed to total dietary vitamin E intake were grains (22.3%), seasonings (17.0%), vegetables (15.3%), and fish, and shellfish (7.4%). The top 5 individual food items that contributed to total vitamin E intake were baechu kimchi, red pepper powder, eggs, soybean oil, and rice. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that mean dietary vitamin E intake by Koreans did not meet the reference adequate intake value. To better understand the status of vitamin E intake, further research is needed that considers intake from dietary supplements.