• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1187-1190
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• 1999

Lotus seed(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner), known as traditional medicine as an antifebrile, antipsychotic, and cantihypertensive agent, was analyzed the chemical composition of lipid and protein. The seed com posed of 12.2% moisture, 2.3% crude lipid, 19.5% crude protein, 61.3% carbohydrate, 2.1% crude fibre, and 4.1% ash. The lipid showed iodine value of 97.9 that is lower than that of soybean oil and sesame oil, and similar to peanut oil and cotton seed oil. The fatty acid composition of the oil were the highest in content of linoleic acid which occupied 58.3% and saturated vs unsaturated fatty acid was 20.9:79.1. Especially behenic acid content, 6.9%, was higher than other plant oils. Sixteen amino acids were detected in the protein from the seed and glutamic acid content was the highest as 4.5% in dehulled kernel. The portion of essential amino acid was 31.1%.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.785-790
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• 2011

This study investigated the nutritive quality of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed either moist pellet (MP) or moist pellet mixed with mushroom extract (MPME) for 6 months. There was no significant difference in crude protein or extractive nitrogen in the muscle of flounder fed MP versus MPME (P > 0.05). The total amino acid content in the muscle of flounder fed MP was $15.22{\pm}5.24$ g/100 g, compared to $19.90{\pm}2.90$ g/100 g for flounder fed MPME. Essential amino acid content was $7.04{\pm}2.21$ g/100 g in the muscle of flounder fed MP versus $8.94{\pm}2.50$ g/100 g for MPME. Total amino acid content was higher in the muscle of olive flounder fed MPME, while essential amino acid content was higher in flounder fed MP. The ratio of non-essential amino acids to essential amino acids was $0.86{\pm}0.07$ for flounder fed MP and $0.81{\pm}0.08$ for flounder fed MPME. There was no significant difference in free amino acid content and fatty acid composition. The breaking strength of muscle of olive flounder fed MP was higher ($1.44{\pm}0.51\;kg/cm^2$) than in flounder fed MPME ($1.29{\pm}0.30\;kg/cm^2$). There was no evidence that dietary additives, such as mushroom extract, increase growth rate or nutritive quality of olive flounder.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.250-258
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• 2001

Five representative local foods of Cheollabuk-do Province such as chuotang, ochuk, baekhapchuk, dasulgitang and minmulgokimaeuntang were subjected to recipe standardization and nutrient analysis. To derive a standard recipe, first a test recipe was prepared with the consideration of information obtained from literature survey, personal interview and survey of restaurant recipe. This test recipe was modified three times after sensory evaluation. Then the modified test recipe was accepted as the standard recipe when all characteristics of food was assessed over 5 points and the percentage of judges who gave a score over five exceeded 70% in seven-point hedonic scale. Actually, all characteristics of each food were judged as "satisfactory". Nutrient analysis was performed in food cooked according to the decided standard recipe. In general, it appeared that energy content was rather low. However protein contents in chuotang, ochuk and minmulgokimaeuntang were higher than the recommended value per meal. Vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B, niacin, calcium, phosphorus and iron were rich in chwotang and minmulgokimaeuntag. Onhuk contains plenty of vitamin C, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$and the contents of vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, and niacin in baekhapapchuk were over the recommended values per meal. The foods contained large percentage of aspartic acid and glutamic acid, and major essential amino acids appeared to be leucine and lysine. On the other hand, major fatty acids were oleic acid, linoleic acid and plamitic acid. Among them the content of oleic acid was the highest in chuotang, ochuk and baekhapchuk, whereas linoleic acid and palmitic acid were the most rich fatty acids in baekhapchuk and dasulgitang respectively.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.98-104
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• 2010

The seeds from two mulberry fruits [Morus alba (MA) and Cudrania tricuspidata (CT)] were examined for their oil content, and fatty acid, phytosterol and tocopherol compositions and contents. Moreover, polyphenolic compounds and biological activity of the two defatted seed residue extracts were also evaluated. Oil contents of MA and CT seeds were 29.36% and 16.69%, respectively, while MeOH extracts of the defatted MA and CT seed residues were 5.10% and 6.22%, respectively. The two seed oils were composed of 81.4 and 74.37% linoleic, 5.75 and 11.39% oleic, 8.40 and 10.18% palmitic acid, and 3.52 and 3.0% stearic acids, and two other minor fatty acids, such as linolenic and arachidic acids. MA seed had higher contents of phytosterols (507.59 mg/100 g of oil), tocopherols (99.64 mg/100 g of oil), and total flavonoid (106.50 mg/100 g of seed) than CT seed, whereas CT seed had higher levels of total polyphenol than MA seed. The MeOH extract of MA seed residue showed higher antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-melanogenic activity than that of CT seed residue. trans-Resveratrol (9.62 mg/100 g), quercetin (54.83 mg/100 g), and 4-prenylmoracin (48.70 mg/100 g), were found to be the main polyphenolic components in the MeOH extract of MA seed residue. These results indicate that MA seeds are good sources of essential dietary phytochemicals with antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-melanogenic activity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.84-91
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• 1976

Chemical determination were made to analyze the concentration of nutrients including proximate composition, vitamins, minerals, amino acids and fatty acids in three kinds of locally produced infantile formula milk(DFM) and one fermented milk(FM). An attempt was also made to compare the analytical values of nutrients against guaranteed values. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The analyzed value of protein and fat content in DFM-A.B.C was slightly lower than that of guaranteed values and a reverse trend was observed in the case of total carbohydrate. There were no differences in proximate composition among the three kinds of DFM. It was found that the FM contained less protein and fat than the fresh milk, but it seemed that a considerable amount of sugar was added to FM. 2. The analyzed values of vitamin $A(2{\sim}3\;times)$ and $E(4{\sim}6\;times)$ contents in DFMS were higher than those of the guaranteed values except niacin. There were a little differences in vitamin contents among DFMS analyzed. 3. In the case of minerals, the analyzed values were similar to the guaranteed values except the calcium concentration that analyzed value was much higher than guaranted value. When the DFMS were diluted to 15% by adding water to compare with the human and fresh cow milk, it was found that the diluted DFMS resembled the human milk rather than cow milk in the content of energy, carbohydrates, protein and ash. The higher contents of iron and most vitamins in the diluted DFMS than the human milk or cow milk would indicate that they were fortificated with these nutrients. When these diluted DFMS were compared with the Korean R.D.A. for infant, it was clear that they could supply sufficient amount of the nutrients required by R.D.A. except the niacin which failed to reach the recommended level. The fact that iron content of DFM-C was not sufficient while vitamin A supply was excessive by 6 fold would indicate that further studies for the improvement may be necessary. 4. There was a little difference among DFMS in amino acid composition. The similarity of the essential amino acids composition between DFMS and cow milk indicated that there was no modification of the essential amino acids. However, present data showed that the amino acid compositon of FM was similar to that of the cow milk. 5. There was no difference among DFMS in the degree of saturation of fatty acids. The similar or higher levels of essential fatty acids contents of DFMS as compared with human milk revealed that essential fatty acids were added to DFMS during the course of process. From the experimental results described above, it may be concluded that the nutritive effects of three kinds of locally produced DFMS were much alike. It was also found that macro and micro nutrient composition except amino acid composition of locally produced dried formula milk was very much similar to that of the human milk. Moreover, fortification of iron and vitamins resulted in improving their nutritive values as the single form of infantile food, but it seemed that more consideration should be given on the fortification of some nutrients.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.88-96
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• 2013

This study was investigated to compare the major chemical components of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) flesh and kohlrabi peel. Among the proximate compositions, the crude fat of kohlrabi peel contained lower than that of kohlrabi flesh, while the contents of carbohydrate and the crude protein were higher in the kohlrabi peel. Total free sugar content of the flesh kohlrabi was higher than that of the peeled kohlrabi, and the major free sugars of the flesh kohlrabi and peeled kohlrabi were identified as fructose and glucose. The value of glutamic acid was greater in amino acids of kohlrabi flesh and kohlrabi peel, and the contents of total amino acids and essential amino acids were higher in kohlrabi peel compared with kohlrabi flesh. Kohlrabi flesh also contained a higher level of unsaturated fatty acids than kohlrabi peel. The contents of organic acid were higher in kohlrabi peel, and the level of oxalic acid was the highest in both kohlrabi. The vitamin C contents of flesh kohlrabi and peeled kohlrabi were 231.36 mg/100 g and 402.75 mg/100 g, respectively. The mineral content of the peeled kohlrabi was higher than that of the flesh kohlrabi, and the mineral contents of the flesh and peeled kohlrabi were greater in the order of K>Ca>Mg>Na. As a result, the contents of total amino acid, essential amino acid, organic acid, vitamin C and mineral were higher in the peeled kohlrabi, and the free sugar and unsaturated fatty acid contents of the flesh kohlrabiwere higher.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.569-576
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• 2012

This study was conducted to compare the major chemical components of Korea Crataegi fructrus (KCF) and Chinese Crataegi fructrus (CCF). Among the proximate compositions, the curde fat content of KCF was lower than that of CCF, whereas their crude protein, crude ash and carbohydrate contents were similar. CCF had a higher total free sugar content than KCF. The major free sugars of KCF and CCF were identified as fructose and glucose. The value of glutamic acid was greater in the amino acids of KCF and CCF, and KCF had higher total amino acids and essential amino acids contents than CCF. KCF also had a higher level unsaturated fatty acids than CCF. CCF had a higher organic acid content, but both KCF and CCF had high citric acid levels. and Chinese The vitamin C contents of KCF and CCF were 272.69 mg per 100 g and 262.38 mg per100 g, respectively. The mineral content of KCF was higher than that of CCF, in the following order : K > Ca > Mg > Fe. The results showed that KCF had higher total amino acid, essential amino acid, unsaturated fatty acid and mineral contents and CCF had higher free sugar and organic acid contents.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.317-322
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of various dietary lipid sources on the growth performance, body composition, and fatty acid profiles of juvenile fancy carp (Cyprinus carpio var. koi). Three replicate groups of fish (initial mean body weight, 15.1±0.18 g) were fed one of five experimental diets containing fish oil (SLO), soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO), lard (LA), or a mixture of SLO, SO, and LO (Mix) for 8 weeks. Fish fed the LA diet gained less weight than did fish fed the LO diet. The feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the LA and Mix diets were lower than those of fish fed the SO and LO diets. The body lipid content of fish fed the SO diet was lower than those of the other groups. Whole-body fatty acid compositions reflected the fatty acid compositions of dietary lipid sources. Fish fed the SO diet had high concentrations of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, whereas fish fed the LO diet were rich in linolenic acid. Fish fed the SLO diet had significantly higher levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid compared with fish fed the SO, LO, and LA diets. The results of this study suggest that SO or LO could be used as a replacement for SLO in the diets of juvenile fancy carp without any negative effects on growth and feed utilization when the dietary essential fatty acid requirements are satisfied for juvenile fancy carp.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.860-865
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• 1997

Brown rice oil contains palmitic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, tocopherol, squalene, etc. The oil including essential fatty acids was extracted from the domestic brown rice bran using supercritical carbon dioxide(SCC) process, and the extracts were analyzed with GC-MSD. The extraction amount of brown rice oil was dependent upon the operating pressure and temperature, and the fatty acid composition of oil was varied with the reduced density(${\rho}_{\gamma}$) of the SCC. About 70~80% of brown rice oil was extracted in 4 hours. Especially, squalene which was not found in solvent extract phase was identified in supercritical fluid extraction phase only.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.529-534
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• 2008

This study was conducted to determine the effects of ion water and premixed mineral supplementation on the growth performance, carcass, and meat quality parameters in finishing pigs (LY$\times$D). Each 20 pigs were randomly allotted to three treatments; CON (basal diet), T1 (CON diet added active water), T3 (T1 diet added 1.0% premixed mineral). Used ion water and premixed mineral consisted mainly of Zn and Si, respectively. Cholesterol content (mg% meat) were not differ significantly in the samples, however, the ratios of cholesterol to fat in T1 and T2 was significantly lower than the control (p<0.05). The fatty acid qualities of palmitic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, SFA (saturated fatty acid), EFA (essential fatty acid), and EFA/UFA ratio were the highest significantly, however, those of the oleic acid, UFA (unsaturated fatty acid), and UFA/SFA ratio were the lowest significantly in T2 (p<0.05). The amino acid levels of glutamic acid, alanine, leucine, lysine, total amino acids, and EAA (essential amino acid) were the highest in T1 (p<0.05). Whereas, the levels of serine, valine, isoleucine were the highest in T2 (p<0.05). The results indicate that dietary ionized water and premixed mineral affects fatty acid composition and improves amino acid composition.