• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.87-96
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• 2001

In order to investigate the influence of increased seed production of Korean white pine(Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.), component of seeds, produced from trees in the thinned stand and the stem-pruned trees in the seed orchard, were analyzed. The results obtained were as follows: 1. General component analysis of seed There is no significant influence of thinning on the seed component in moisture content (thinned- 4.10%, unthinned- 3.74% ), ash (thinned- 2.95%, unthinned- 2.94%), crude lipid (thinned- 67.62%, unthinned- 71.94%), and crude protein (thinned- 17.27%, unthinned- 17.50%). There is no significant influence of stem-pruning on the seed component in moisture content (unpruned- 4.26%, 1m stem-pruned- 4.10%, and 2m stem-pruned- 3.99%), ash (unpruned- 2.08%, 1m stem-pruned- 2.09%, and 2m stem-pruned- 2.15%) crude lipid(unpruned- 68.59%, 1m stem-pruned- 69.52%, and 2m stem-pruned- 72.53%), and crude protein (unpruned- 18.13%, 1m stem-pruned- 17.96%, and 2m stem-pruned- 17.56%) 2. Fatty acid analysis Seeds of tree from thinned and unthinned stands contained two essential fatty acids, i.e., linoleic acid (18:2) (thinned- 54.92%, unthinned- 55.40%) and linolenic acid (18:3) (thinned- 0.19%, and unthinned- 0.23%). Over 94% of fatty acids consisted of linoleic acid (18:2)(55%), oleic acid (18:1) (32%), and palmitic acid (16:0)(7%). T-test showed difference of content at 1% significance level for palmitoleic acid (16:1), stearic acid (18:0) and 8.11, 14-eicosatrienoic acid (20:3) and at 5% for linolenic acid (18:3), but no significant difference for three major fatty acids mentioned above, between two types of trees. Thus thinning may give no influence in fatty acid content. Seeds of three types of trees contained two essential fatty acids, i.e., linoleic acid (18:2)(unpruned- 55.25%, 1m stem-pruned- 54.74%, and 2m stem-pruned- 55.00%), and linolenic acid (18:3)(0.21% for three kinds of trees). Linoleic acid (18:2)(55%), oleic acid (18:1) (32%), and palmitic acid (16:0)(6%) consisted of more than 93% of all fatty acid content. At 5% significance level in F-test, difference was observed in the content of palmitoleic acid (16:1) and 8.11, 14-eicosatrienoic acid (20:3), but not in three major types of fatty acids above mentioned. It is observed that stem-pruning gave no significant influence in fatty acid content in general.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.478-488
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• 1997

Omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) is found in a high proportion in the structural lipids of cell membranes, in particular those of the central nervous system and the retina. Diet-induced changes in fatty acid composition in these tissues may affect physiochemical functions. This study was conducted to investigate whether supplements of DHA in infant formula has an effect on the composition of fatty acids in erythrocytes with regard to brain development. Experimental groups were breastmilk group(n=21), placebo formula group(n=15), and DHA supplemented formula (0.26%) group(n=16). Infants were selected by mothers who deliverecdd at Kyung Hee medical center from February to April, 1996. Infant body weight, length, and head circumference were similar among the experimental groups at 16 weeks of age. The levels of DHA in breastmilk, placebo formula, and DHA supplemented formula were 0.56, 0, and 0.26% of total fatty acids, respectively. There was a significant correlation between dietary DHA intake and erythrocyte DHA levels. The levels of arachidonic acid did not differ among the three expermental groups. The result of flash visual evoke potential(VEP) test was correlated with the erythrocyte levels and dietary DHA levels at 16 weeks of age. No other fatty acid was correlated with VEP test results. No differences were found in Bayley Mental and Psychomotor Development Index scores among the three groups at 20 weeks of age. DHA seems to be an essential nutrient for optimum growth and maturation of term infants. Relatively small amounts of dietary DHA supplementation significantly elevate DHA supplementation significantly elevate DHA content in erythrocytes, which in turn has an implication for better scores for infant's VEP test. Whether supplementation of formula-fed infants with DHA has long-term benefits remains to be elucidated.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.215-223
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of diets supplemented with different levels (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5%) of yuza (Citrus junas Sieb ex Tanaka) on nutritional composition of olive flounder. Four groups of fish (242.2$\pm$14.2 g) were fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 4 months. There were no significant differences in proximate composition among the treatment groups (P<0.05). Vitamin C content in flounder muscle was higher in the yuza-added groups than in the control group, and the content among the treatment groups increased as amount of yuza added to diets increased (P<0.05). Of the eight organic acids in flounder muscle, lactic acid was predominant, followed by oxalic acid, succinic-acid, tartaric acid, and acetic acid. Flounders fed 2.5% yuza diet had the highest lactic acid content of all treatments. Four sugars were found in all groups and glucose was the major sugar. Glucose and ribose were detected as the highest sugars in the 2.5% treatment, while maltose and galactose were the dominant sugars in the 5.0% treatment. The abundant fatty acids in fed flounders were 22:6n-3 (DHA), 16:0, and l8:1n-9, which were composed of over 60% of total fatty acids. The control and the 7.5% treatment group had higher 22:6n-3 (DHA) content than the other groups. Major amino acids in samples were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, leucine, valine, arginine, and alanine. The 2.5% yuza treatment had the highest content of total amino acids and essential amino acids. There were little differences in the free amino acid compositions among the treatments. However, taurine was the predominant amino acid and made up over 47% of total free amino acids. The 2.5% added yuza group contained higher amount of sweet amino acids such as alanine, serine, proline, glycine than the other groups. The addition of yuza to diet of olive flounder had no or little effect on the nutritional components of olive flounder except for vitamin C. However, the 2.5% yuza added group had the highest nutritional values of the treatment groups.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.194-199
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• 1999

Sesame samples used in this study were Korean variety cultivated in Chochiwon City of Korea (KvKc), Chinese variety cultivated in Jilin Province of China(CvCc), Chinese variety cultivated in Chochiwon city of Korea(CvKc) and Korean variety cultivated in Jilin Province of China(KvCc). The extraction yields of sesame oils from KvKc, CvCc, CvKc and KvCc were 47.8%, 48.1%, 48.6% and 49.3% respectively. The color value (L value) of sesame oil from KvKc was lower than that of CvCc and KvKc sesame oil showed dark brown color. The composition of neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid of free lipids from KvKc and U sesame oils were 93.1%, 6.6%, 0.2% and 94.7%, 4.6%, 0.8% respectively. Major fatty acids of KvKc and CvCc sesame were usaturated fatty acids, such as oleic and linoleic acid. Total composition of the two major fatty acids of KvKc was 84.6% which was almost same with that of CvCc. However the composition of oleic and linoleic acid of KvKc were 47.1% and 37.5%, while the composition of CvCc were 40.5% and 44.3%. When cross-cultivated, the composition of oleic and linoleic acid of CvKc were 41.0% and 43.5%, while the composition of KvCc were 42.0% and 43.7%. The contents of total amino acids and essential amino acids of KvKc were 713 mg% and 309 mg%, which were much higher than those of CvCc. When cross-cultivated, the content of total amino acids of KvCc was 44% lower than that of KvKc while the content of total amino acids of CvKc was 36% higher than that of CvCc.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.886-890
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• 2008

Levels of minerals, vitamin, amino acids, fatty acids and chemical compositions were determined in the fleshy parts that are used for food. The moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash and carbohydrate contents of masou salmon were $73.6{\pm}0.4$, $17.7{\pm}0.3$, $3.3{\pm}0.2$, $1.3{\pm}0.1$ and $4.1{\pm}0.2%$, respectively. Potassium was the highest followed by phosphorus, calcium and sodium. The vitamin C and E levels in masou salmon were 600 and $200\;{\mu}g/100\;g$, respectively. Sixteen amino acids were detected and essential amino acids among them are threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine, arginine, and histidine. Oleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in masou salmon and polyunsaturated fatty acids were EPA, DHA, linoleic acid, $\alpha$-linolenic acid, $\gamma$-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid. These results may offer a scientific basis for the commercial use of masou salmon.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.654-658
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to establish methods for enhancing the survival and growth of cold-water fish and crustacean larvae based on the nutritional components of zoo and phyto live foods. Rotifers, Brachionus rotundiformis, were cultured with a supplement of freshwater condensed Chlorella vulgaris at $28^{\circ}C$ and enriched with Algamac $2000^{(R)}$ at 16, 20 and $26^{\circ}C$, respectively. Isochrysis galbana, Chaetoceros calcitrans and Chlorella ellipsoidea were centrifuged for component analysis after being cultured for approximately one week with conway medium at $20^{\circ}C$. The crude protein and lipid contents of the rotifers were 58.4% and 10.9%, respectively, before enrichment. After enrichment at each temperature, total protein and essential amino acid contents were increased by reducing the enrichment temperature. However, unsaturated fatty acids and multiple fatty acid index (UI) showed their highest values at $20^{\circ}C$. Mono-unsaturated fatty acid content was highest (72.6%) at $16^{\circ}C$. The total protein contents of C. calcitrans and C. ellipsoidea were higher, 33.0% and 35.2%, respectively, than that of I. galbana, 27.8%. Methionin, leusine and histidine, essential amino acids of C. ellipsoidea, had considerably higher values, 50.2, 287.2 and 68.1 mg/g dry matter, respectively, compared to other microalgae. Total lipids, UI, DHA and n-3 PUFA of I. galbana had higher values, 23.6, 272.0, 12.9% and 45.2%, respectively, than other microalgae. Therefore, for cold-water fish and crustacean larvae that require high n-3 PUFA and DHA contents, enrichment of rotifers is desirable at $20^{\circ}C$. Fish larvae would also need more I. galbana than other microalgae.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 1977

Soymilk prepared from soaked beans under processing conditions indicating in table 2, mixed with vegetable oil, carbohydrate, whey powder, and sodium-caseinate, and fortified with essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals and then made the imitation milk by spray drying. The Feed Efficiency Ratio (FER) and Over-All Nutritive value of spray dried imitation milk were tested with weanling Albino Rats and by chemical analysis methods. The FER of imitation milk M-2, and humanized milk, were respectively 0.24, 0.25 and that of cow's milk, imitation milk M-1 were 0.21, 0.20, compared with 0.24 for imitation milk M-2. The amino acid and fatty acid composition in imitation milk were analyzed by Gaschromatography and Amino Acid Autoanalyzer. The present paper describes the result of studies on the Feed Efficiency Ratio and Over-All Lutritive value concerning amino acid and fatty acid composition in imitation milk. We found that quality of essential amino acids and polyunsaturate fatty acid composition in imitation milk have an strong effect on Feed Efficiency Ratio.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.11
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• pp.1634-1639
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to determine the possibility of using Kalopanax pictus leaf as natural health food source. The contents of proximate and antioxidative nutrients of Kalopanax pictus leaf were measured. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash were 41.42%, 45.23%, 3.29% and 10.07%, respectively. The calories of Kalopanax pictus leaf was 401.52 kcal/100 g and total dietary fiber was 30.37%. The percentages of water soluble dietary fiber to insoluble dietary fiber were 9.16% and 21.21%, respectively. The protein contained a total of 18 different kinds of amino acids. The contents of essential and non-essential amino acids were 10.51 g/100 g and 17.69 g/100 g. The K was the largest mineral followed by P, Ca, and Mg, which means Kalopanax pictus leaf is alkali material. The contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 1.56 g/100 g, 0.11 g/100 g and 1.84 g/100 g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of 70% ethanol extract and fractions of the Kalopanax pictus leaf has been determined by the scavenging of the stable radical DPPH; the result showed that the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active, as the amount required for 50% reduction of DPPH after 30 mins ($RC_{50}$) was $105.7\;{\mu}g$, followed by 70% ethanol extract ($247.3\;{\mu}g$), hexane fraction ($120.7\;{\mu}g$), chloroform ($107.3\;{\mu}g$), butanol fraction ($110.1\;{\mu}g$) and aqueous fraction ($491.9\;{\mu}g$).

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.27.1-27.8
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• 2016

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, energy, essential amino acids, and fatty acids in extruded pellets containing various fish meals were determined for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Eight extruded pellet diets were prepared to contain different fish meals (herring fish meal, anchovy fish meal, mackerel fish meal, sardine fish meal-A, sardine fish meal-B, tuna fish meal, pollock fish meal-A, and pollock fish meal-B) designated as HM, AM, MM, SM-A, SM-B, TM, PM-A, and PM-B, respectively. Chromic oxide ($Cr_2O_3$) was used as an inert indicator at a concentration of 0.5 % in the diet. Feces were collected from triplicate groups of fish ($151{\pm}4.0g$) using a fecal collection column attached to the fish rearing tank for 4 weeks. Dry matter ADCs of the MM, SM-A, SM-B, and PM-A diets were higher than those of all the other dietary groups, and the lowest digestibility of dry matter was observed in the PM-B diet. Fish fed the MM, SM-A, and PM-A diets showed significantly higher ADC of protein than those fed the AM, SM-B, TM, and PM-B diets. Lipid ADC of PM-B was significantly lower than that of the other diets. Energy ADCs of fish fed the MM, SM-A, and PM-A diets were significantly higher than those of the other diets. The availability of essential amino acids in the MM, SM-A, and PM-A diets were generally higher than that of the other fish meal diets, while TM showed the lowest values among all the experimental diets. ADCs of fatty acids in the AM, MM, SM-A, and PM-A diets were generally higher than those of fatty acids in the other diets, and the lowest values were recorded for the PM-B diet. These results provide information on the bioavailability of nutrients and energy in various fish meals which can be used to properly formulate practical extruded feeds for olive flounder.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.434-447
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• 2014

Though the edible bovine by-products are widely used for human consumption in most countries worldwide but the scientific information regarding the nutritional quality of these by-products is scarce. In the present study, the basic information regarding the yields, physicochemical and nutritional compositions of edible Hanwoo bovine by-products was studied. Our results showed that the yields, physicochemical and nutritional composition widely varied between the by-products examined. The highest pH values were found in rumen, reticulum, omasum and reproductive organ. Heart, liver, kidney and spleen had the lowest CIE $L^*$ values and highest CIE $a^*$ values. Liver had the highest vitamin A, B2 and niacin contents whereas the highest B1 and B5 contents were found in kidney. The highest Ca content was found in rumen, reticulum, omasum, head and leg while the highest Mn and Fe contents were found in rumen, omasum and spleen, respectively. Liver had the highest Cu content. Total essential amino acids (EAA)/amino acids (AA) ratios ranged between the by-products from 38.37% to 47.41%. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels ranged between the by-products from 2.26% to 26.47%, and most by-products showed favorable PUFA/SFA ratios. It is concluded that most of by-products examined are good sources of essential nutrients and these data will be of great importance for promotion of consumption and utilization of beef by-products in future.