• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6327-6332
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• 2012

Esophageal cancer is a common malignant tumor occurring in human esophageal epithelial tissue. The primary purpose of this paper was to define the effects of ${\beta}$-carotene and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$, alone and in combination, on cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis of human esophageal cancer EC9706 cells. Treatment with different concentrations of ${\beta}$-carotene and/or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$. MTT assay showed that ${\beta}$-carotene and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$ significantly inhibited proliferation of EC9706 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Further studies also demonstrated that ${\beta}$-carotene alone or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$ alone caused a marked increase on the induction of apoptosis in EC9706 cells. The percentage of G0/G1-phase cells significantly increased on addition of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$ alone, but there were no significant changes with ${\beta}$-carotene alone. These two agents in combination synergistically inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis. Therefore, our results indicate that ${\beta}$-carotene and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$ in combination may provide a novel strategy for preventing and treating esophageal cancer.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.97-102
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• 2023

The gasdermins are a family of recently identified pore-forming effector proteins that cause membrane permeabilization and pyroptosis, a lytic pro-inflammatory type of cell death. A role in the regulation of cell proliferation and/or differentiation is suggested by the differentiation status-specific expression of gasdermin proteins in epithelial tissues. One of the GSDM protein is Gasdermin A (GSDMA), which decreased in stomach and esophageal cancers, suggesting a tumor suppressor role. GSDMA receptor antagonists have been researched as potential treatments for inflammatory diseases and baldness. GSDMA's significance in a wide range of disorders makes it an important therapeutic target. As a result, homology modelling of the GSDMA receptor was undertaken in the current study using the crystal structures of Mus musculus (GSDMA3), Human gasdermin D (GSDMD), and Murine gasdermin D (murine GSDMD). The best model was chosen based on the validation results after 20 models were developed utilising single template-based approaches. The generated structures can be used for further binding site and docking studies in the future.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.201-210
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• 2016

Allergic inflammation requires the orchestration of altered gene expression in the target tissue and in the infiltrating immune cells. The transcription factor STAT6 is critical in activating cytokine gene expression and cytokine signaling both in the immune cells and in target tissue cells including airway epithelia, keratinocytes and esophageal epithelial cells. STAT6 is activated by the cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 to mediate the pathogenesis of allergic disorders such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergy and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). In this review, we summarize the role of STAT6 in allergic diseases, its interaction with the co-factor PARP14 and the molecular mechanisms by which STAT6 and PARP14 regulate gene transcription.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 1982

Stomachs from 3,354 fattening pigs were examined at slaughter during the period from September 1980 to August 1981. Pigs of both sexes and $Landrace{\times}Hampshire$ crossbreds were included in the present studies, and they weighed about 60-120kg. Gross pathologic alterations of the stomach were classified as normal, epitnelial change, erosion, ulcer and scar formation. Representative tissue sections were taken from the stomach lesions at random and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Cut sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and examined histopathologically. The results obtained in the present studies were as follows. 1. In the seasonal prevalence of gastric ulceration, severe ulceration with erosion was shown during the Autumn and Winter, whereas mild ulceration was mainly shown during the Spring and Summer. 2. Of the 3,354 stomachs of the pigs, 20.8% were found to be normal. Of the rest, 40% had epithelial changes, followed by erosion (24.7%), ulcer (13.6%) and scar formation (0.9%), respectively. 3. In the prevalence of ulcers in the different regions of the stomach, the fundic region had the highest rate (61.6%) of ulceration, followed by cardiac (21.7%), esophageal (15.0%) and pyloric region (1.7%). 4. The principal gross changes were severe epithelial changes with keratotic proliferation in the esophageal region, and in the fundic region severe folding of the stomach wall was covered with bloody mucous exudates. 5. Main histopathological changes were inflammatory cell infiltrations in most cases, hemorrhages in acute ulcers and prominent proliferation of granulation tissues in chronic ulcers.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.12-22
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• 1990

The morphological characteristics and changes of the foregut in the grasshopper (Oxya sinuosa Mistshenko) have been studied with the special reference to the developmental stage. In light microscope level, the epithelia are seen the cuboidal shape in the 5th instar nymph and the adult. A number of pigment granules are appeared in the cuboidal epithelium of the 5th instar nymph, however the pigment granules were a few in the adult. Indistinct or undifferentiated folds of the epithelial layer were appeared in the 5th instar nymph, whereas the well-developed folds were in the adult. The well-developed muscular layers are seen in the 5th instar nymph, however in the adult the muscular layers are appeared thin or a few layer except the crop. In electron microscope level, in the foregut epithelium, a few round or oval shaped mitochondria, well-developed rER, Golgi complex, lysosome and a number of vacuoles were appeared in the cytoplasm. Two types of pigment granules, electron dense or homogenous and low electron dense or lamellar profiles, are seen in the esophageal epithelium. The crystalline profiles and plasma membrane infoldings were also appeared. In the foregut epithelium of the 5th instar nymph, however the cell organelles were generally undifferentiated and in the crop two types of pigment granules as the adult esophageal epithelium were also found.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1030-1041
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• 2016

Objectives: This study investigated the administration of Jeungmiyijin-tang (JYT) to rats with reflux esophagitis (RE) induced by pylorus and forestomach ligation operations. Methods: Twenty laboratory rats were divided into three groups with 5~7 rats in each group. The control group consisted of rats with no inflammation (CON). The RE group had rats with gastroesophageal reflux elicited by pylorus and forestomach ligation operations. The JYT group had rats that were orally administered Jeungmiyijin-tang (1.5 ml/day/300 g) once a day for 14 days before reflux esophagitis was induced by the pylorus and forestomach ligation operations. Six hours after the operations, the rats were sacrificed, morphological changes were observed, and histological examinations were done in the stomach and esophagus lesion areas. If apoptosis was observed, the apoptotic cells in the esophagus lesion areas were counted. Results: The morphological and histochemical changes consisted of various injuries from hemorrhagic erosion in the RE group, while there were significantly fewer in the JYT group. The RE group marked increases of gastric mucosa erosion and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the submucosa, as well as cell division in the epithelial layer, the proliferation and degranulation of mast cells, and increases in the IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, and MMP-9 expressions in the esophagus of the rats. The JYT group was inhibited above expression compared with the RE group. Apoptosis was statistically significantly decreased in the JYT group compared with the RE group. Conclusions: According to the above results, it appears that Jeungmiyijin-tang inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and MMP-9) and apoptosis in the esophagus mucosa, thereby preventing esophageal mucosal damage from esophageal reflux.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.112-118
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• 2004

Cowden syndrome is very rare clinical condition with characteristic mucocutaneous lesions associated with abnormalities of the breast, thyroid, and gastrointestinal tract. Here, the case of a 16-year-old girl with diverse gastrointestinal polyposis with breast and thyroid lesions is reported as a definite case of Cowden syndrome. During follow up for 4 years, changes in the characteristic lesions were observed; Esophageal acanthosis and oropharyngeal polyps were newly developed. Gastric, duodenal, rectal and ileal polyps were noted at the first visit when she was 12 years of age and revealed histologically hyperplastic polyps. Mucocutaneous lesions, the pathognomonic finding of Cowden syndrome, were not noted at the first visit or during the follow up period. Breast and thyroid masses were noted at the first visit. Breast aspiration showed highly cellular ductal epithelial fragments and fibroblastic stromal cell fragments, and a thyroid biopsy shows proliferation of irregular sized follicles, with variable colloid contents. Macrocephaly was also noted at the first visit. The characteristic lesions of Cowden syndrome change with the patient's age, and the long-term follow up is recommended in cases suspected with this syndrome.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.140-149
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• 1995

Morphology and histochemical characteristics of the alimentary tract in surfperch, Ditrema temmincki were investigated by histological observation. The relative length of gut(RLG) in surfperch, that is the postpharyngeal portion of the alimentary tract, is about 0.89 to standard length. The absence of a stomach, which is the part of expantion of the alimentary tract between esophageal end and the entrance of the bile duct into the intestine, was observed. The alimentary tract is divided into the esophagus, esophageal-intestine part, anterior intestine, mid intestine, posterior intestine, intestinorectum part, rectum, rectal-anus part, and anus by morphology and histochemical features. Morphology of mucosal folds is the most complexity in the rectum and the tunica muscularis of the esophagus and anus is more advanced than those of other parts. The epithelial layers of mucosal folds consist of columnar epithelium except for cuboidal cells of the anterior part of the esophagus. The goblet cells and polysaccharide absorptive cells were observed in the alimentary tract. Nutritive polysaccharide is mainly absorbed by the absorptive cells in the posterior intestine of the surfperch.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.167-167
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• 1969

Two groups of esophagus graft were done in canine esophagus in 34 adult mongrel dogs. For the first group segmental replacement graft was done with fresh autologous pericardium tube, and for the second, patch graft was done utilizing fresh autologous pericardium, fresh homologous pericardium,and dacron piece. All eight dogs in the first segmental replacement graft group died 2 to 5 days after operation with severe empyema caused by anastomosis disruption. Among 26 patch graft dogs 2 died during operation and 7 died 13 to 18 days after operation. For the 17 long-term patch grafted survivors esophagography and postoperative weight check were done. Postoperative stool was collected and examined for dacron patch excretion. One, two, three, and four months postoperative long-term survivors were sacrificed to obtain specimens in each group respectively and the following observations were made.I. Survival; Autologous pericardium patch group showed no mortality but in homologous pericardium and dacron patch group only two thirds were long-term survivors. II. Postoperative swallowing; There was no case which demonstrated postoperative dysphagia. About half of the cases showed postoperative weight increase and in only 3 cases weight decrease followed operation. III. Dacron patch was excreted in the stool 8 to 23 days after operation. Animals which excreted dacron patch up to 9 days after operation all died of empyema due to anastomosis disruption.IV. Postoperative esophagogram; All esophagograms in each group showed no leakage of barium, no passage disturbances and no remarkable stenotic signs.V. Morphological findings; [A] Macroscopical findings; In one month group specimens of each group dense adhesion with surrounding structures was noted and luminal surface was smooth with contraction of the patched area. In two month groups anastomosis sutures were still exposed but patched area showed lesser abnormality. In three to four months groups sutures were covered completely and patched area showed only very slight signs of contraction. [B] Microscopic findings; In one month group luminal surface of the replaced tissue [transplanted tissue] showed almost complete epithelial covering that is composed of several layers of squamous cells with no evidence of keratinization. Basement membrane was also well distinct throughout. Slight to minimal inflammatory cells comprising of large mononuclears, lymphocytes and plasma cells were observed in the subepithelial fibrous stroma consisted entirely of loose fibrous tissue containing many newly formed capillaries and fibroblastic proliferation. Scattered suture granulomas were found, few of which became acutely inflamed. In two months group repairing process progressed with lesser degree of inflammatory cell infiltration and young capillary proliferation. Fibrous tissue was more matured showing even focal collagenization.Suture granuloma persisted but with lesser reactive changes. Epithelial covering was that of a mature non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium. In three and four months groups the replaced area showed essentially similar histological findings. However, subepithelial stroma still consisted entirely of connective tissue without evidence of smooth muscle regeneration. In this group, inflammatory cell infiltration was minimal or negligible. Among these patch materials autologous pericardium group showed the most satisfactory repairing process.The above mentioned results may signify the feasibility of autogenous pericardium patch graft in clinical esophageal surgery.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.168-186
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• 1969

Two groups of esophagus graft were done in canine esophagus in 34 adult mongrel dogs. For the first group segmental replacement graft was done with fresh autologous pericardium tube, and for the second, patch graft was done utilizing fresh autologous pericardium, fresh homologous pericardium,and dacron piece. All eight dogs in the first segmental replacement graft group died 2 to 5 days after operation with severe empyema caused by anastomosis disruption. Among 26 patch graft dogs 2 died during operation and 7 died 13 to 18 days after operation. For the 17 long-term patch grafted survivors esophagography and postoperative weight check were done. Postoperative stool was collected and examined for dacron patch excretion. One, two, three, and four months postoperative long-term survivors were sacrificed to obtain specimens in each group respectively and the following observations were made. I. Survival; Autologous pericardium patch group showed no mortality but in homologous pericardium and dacron patch group only two thirds were long-term survivors. II. Postoperative swallowing; There was no case which demonstrated postoperative dysphagia. About half of the cases showed postoperative weight increase and in only 3 cases weight decrease followed operation. III. Dacron patch was excreted in the stool 8 to 23 days after operation. Animals which excreted dacron patch up to 9 days after operation all died of empyema due to anastomosis disruption. IV. Postoperative esophagogram; All esophagograms in each group showed no leakage of barium, no passage disturbances and no remarkable stenotic signs. V. Morphological findings; [A] Macroscopical findings; In one month group specimens of each group dense adhesion with surrounding structures was noted and luminal surface was smooth with contraction of the patched area. In two month groups anastomosis sutures were still exposed but patched area showed lesser abnormality. In three to four months groups sutures were covered completely and patched area showed only very slight signs of contraction. [B] Microscopic findings; In one month group luminal surface of the replaced tissue [transplanted tissue] showed almost complete epithelial covering that is composed of several layers of squamous cells with no evidence of keratinization. Basement membrane was also well distinct throughout. Slight to minimal inflammatory cells comprising of large mononuclears, lymphocytes and plasma cells were observed in the subepithelial fibrous stroma consisted entirely of loose fibrous tissue containing many newly formed capillaries and fibroblastic proliferation. Scattered suture granulomas were found, few of which became acutely inflamed. In two months group repairing process progressed with lesser degree of inflammatory cell infiltration and young capillary proliferation. Fibrous tissue was more matured showing even focal collagenization. Suture granuloma persisted but with lesser reactive changes. Epithelial covering was that of a mature non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium. In three and four months groups the replaced area showed essentially similar histological findings. However, subepithelial stroma still consisted entirely of connective tissue without evidence of smooth muscle regeneration. In this group, inflammatory cell infiltration was minimal or negligible. Among these patch materials autologous pericardium group showed the most satisfactory repairing process. The above mentioned results may signify the feasibility of autogenous pericardium patch graft in clinical esophageal surgery.