• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2012

Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.), Dandelion (Taraxacum platycarpum H. DAHLST.), Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.), Gree kyllinga (Kyllinga brevifolia var.), Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), Annual lespedeza (Kummerowia striata (Thunb.)Schindl.), Mugwort (Artemisia capillaris Thunb.), Horseweed (Erigeron canadensis L.), Field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) are major weeds in turf. In this study, 23 medicinal plant extracts were tested for herbicidal activities against crabgrass and dandelion in the course of major weed in turf. In pot experiment, we implemented pre-emergence application used medicinal plant extracts showed herbicidal activity in petridish experiment. In effect, inhibition rates of germination were 61.0% at Curcuma longa extract and 62.5% at Cnidium officinale extract in crabgrass pot experiment, and 77.8% at Ailanthus altissima extract in dandelion pot experiment.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.489-494
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• 2006

For the ecosystem conservation and the effective management of naturalized plant species on 261 uninhabited islands distributed in southern and western sea in Korea, we tested the interrelationship between the pattern of distribution and dispersal of the naturalized plant species and the factors of geographical environment of uninhabited islands such as island area, distance from mainland, latitude, longitude, human impacts and habitat diversity. Out of 261 uninhabited islands surveyed, 106 species of the naturalized plants occurred on 229 (87.7%) islands. The naturalized plant species per island averaged 4.6 (SD=4.07) species, and plant species number were higher in southern group (87 species) than in western group (64 species) of islands. Plant species occurred on more than 100 islands were three species : Rumex crispus L. (153 islands), Erigeron annuus Pers. (130 islands), and Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist (121 islands), the highest grade '5' of 'degree of naturalization'. The occurrence frequency of 106 naturalized plant species was significantly correlated with island area, distance to mainland, strength of human impacts, and latitude and longitude. Correlation coefficient (r=-0.330) between occurrence frequency and distance from mainland was higher than between occurrence frequency and island area (r=-0.182). The result of path analysis confirmed that plant species number was significantly affected by island area p=0.336) and distance from mainland (p=-0.490), but in this analysis the effect of human impacts on plant species number was very weak (p=0.003). On the basis of these results, strategies on the conservation of ecosystem and the management of naturalized plant species in the uninhabited islands of Korea were discussed.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.4-10
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• 1984

This experiment was conducted to determine the change in weed flora with season and cultivated crop and land. There are 44 species in 38 genera and 18 families, consisting of 22 annual, 11 biennial and 9 perennial weeds in uplands in Jeonbug Province. Digitaria sanguinalis Scopol. occurred with the highest frequency of 67.2% and in decreasing order Portulaca oleracea L., Chenopodium album L. and Erigeron canadensis L. followed. About 60% of total sites studied indicated Simpson`s index ranging from 0.20 to 0.50. The Simpson`s index decreased from 0.65 on June 8 to 0.15 on November 10. Dominant weed species were Alopecurus aequalis Sosbol, and Polygonum hydropiper Spach in double cropping paddy field, but D. sanguinalis and P. oleracea were the dominant species in uplands. In reclaimed uplands various weed species including, 4rtemisia asiatica Nakai occurred almost equally. Average Simpson`s index for six crops studied was 0.40 and irrespective of the crops being cultivated P. oleracea and D. sanguinalis were dominant weed species and Y. hydropiper, C. album, Exolus blitum Grenier and E. canadensis were sub-dominant.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.78-83
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• 1981

This study was attempted to determine the major weed species occurring in Korean turfgrass, Zoysia japonica Steud. and to evaluate the most effective means for controlling them. More or less 40 weed species were determined to occur in Korean turfgrass. In terms of quantity and frequency of occurrence, Trifolium repens L., Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Draba nemorosa var. hebecarpa Lindbl, Erigeron canadensis L., and Cyperus amuricus Max were observed to be the major weeds. Simpson's index, 0.306 was obtained to be the major weeds. Simpson's index, 0.306 was obtained in the golf course, Jinryang, Gyungsan-gun, meaning that no specific weed species were dominant, but in Kyungpook National University campus, Trifolium repense L. was a single dominant species, indicating Simpson's index, 0.776. The most effective herbicides to control Trifolium repense L. and other broad leaf weeds were MCPP [2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) propionic acid), followed by 2,4-D (2,4-dichlolophenoxy acetic acid). Increased rates of both herbicides increased markedly their effectivity against weeds, with very slight injury against turfgrass. MCPP at 2.8 kg(a.i.)/ha gave excellent control without any injury and 2,4-D at 1.0 kg(a.i.)/ha.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.235-258
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• 2006

The monitoring of vegetation and water quality before(2003), during(2004) and after(2005) the restoration work of Cheonggye Stream indicated that $BOD_5$ concentration before the project averaged 51.1mg/L and that both the inflow of water from Hang River and the funnel of subway station water into the stream lowered the $BOD_5$ to 3.3mg/L, improving its water quality to the third grade. Species of plants slightly increased from 121 to 132 after the restoration. Specifically, perennial plant comprised 35.6%, an increase from 24.8% recorded before the restoration. Phragmites communis and Zoysia japonica communities were observed as the introduction vegetation. However, Humulus japonicus and Erigeron canadensis communities, which were classified into the first grade according to the vegetation conservation classification, were found to be still prevailing though they were dominant community before the restoration, meaning that the ecological condition of plants had not changed very significantly. An the other hand the water quality of the reference reach was classified into the first grade based on $BOD_5$, which implies the water quality of the section was better than the project reaches. Besides the section had more diverse plant species which numbered 154, and furthermore, the rate of immigrated plants comprised 13% which was lower than 28.8% recorded by the project sections. The project reaches are considered to be inferior to the reference section in terms of ecological condition. The effectiveness of the stream restoration cannot be determined only by such short-term investigation as was conducted in this study, and it is considered that the effectiveness of the restoration of Cheonggye Stream can be determined only if investigations in other major factors are conducted over the long-term period.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 1993

This study was carried out to find heavy metal contents in soil and in native plant in the regions near by zinc-mines, located at the Chilgok and Uljin Gun in Kyeongpook area. In the heavy metal contents during the to growth of native plants, Cd was contained in the order perennial > biennial > annual plant, but Cu was annual > perennial > biennial plant, and there was no difference in Zn contents. The native plants contained heavy metal highest were Osmunda japonica in Cd, Persicaria thunbergii H.G in Cu and Equisetum arvense L. in Zn. Cd was contained highest in Pteridaceae, Cu in Equisetaceae and Zn in Polygonaceae. In the heavy metal contents by the part of plant of Equisetum arvense L. and Erigeron canadensis, Cd and Zn were much contained in the order leaf > stem > root, but Cu was in the order root > leaf > stem. The average contents of Cd, Cu, Zn in soil were 1.27ppm. 12.04ppm. 64.28ppm in Chilgok, and 3.30ppm. 72.93ppm. 194.04ppm in Uljin respectively. There were positive correlations between Cd contents of heavy metals(Cd, Cu, Zn) in soil and in native plant, but not significant. It was estimated that Osmunda japonica, Pteridium aquilinum (KUHN) var and Equisetum arvense L. which most absorbed heavy metal have effect of exclusion of heavy metals near by zine-mines region.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.336-349
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• 1986

This study was conducted to examine the plant succession on the improved pasture of the mountain districts around Mt. Halla in Cheju Island. For this study, the researcher had investigated for ten years the improved pasture which had been used for grazing from 1976 to 1985. The pasture was reclaimed from native grassland. The mixed seeds of 17kgs' Dactylis glomerata, 7kgs' Festuca arundinacea, 2kgs' Lolium multiflorum and 2kgs' Trifolium repens were sowed per ha. The results of this study are the followings; The annual changes in the number of plant species were observed. 37 weed species were found in 1976 and increased year after year to 151 species in 1985. The changes in the distribution of annual and perennial plant, and one species of arbor were found in 1976 and increased respectively year by year to 56 species (annual plant), 95 species (perennial plant) and 9 species (arbor) in 1985. The average plant height of introduced grasses by year increased from 38.05cm (1976) to 47.30cm (1978) and decreased from 40.50cm (1979) to 10.36cm in 1985 (y =-0.501x$^2$+1.609x + 41.946). While the average plant height of invading weeds increased from 26.61cm to 42.84cm (y=-0.80$\chi$$^2$＋2.540$\chi$＋27.570) between 1976 and 1985. The density of introduced grasses was 70.90% in 1976 and was reduced to 0.49% in 1985 (y =-0.501$\chi$$^2$+1.609$\chi$+41.946); while that of introduing weeds was 29.10% in 1976 and was increased to 99.51% in 1985 (y=-0.080$\chi$$^2$＋2.540$\chi$＋27.570). The coverage of introduced grasses by year increased gradually from 72.8% (1976) to 74.86% (1978) and decreased from 43.01% (1979) to 1.21% in 1986 while that of intruding weeds developed a tendency to increase every year. Their coverage in 1976 was 22.09% and increased to 98.78% in 1985. The weight of introduced grasses by year increased from 2,808kg (1976) to 3,535kg (1978) per l0a and after 1979 decreased gradually from 2,326kg (1978) to 35kg per l0a in 1985. That of intruding weeds increased yearly from 308kg in 1976 to 3,178kg in 1985. The type of annual vegetation were changed as follows; Year Type 1976-1978 Dactylis glomerata / Trifolium repens type 1979 Trifolium repens / Imperata cylindrica type 1980-1982 Imperata cylindrica / Zoysia Japonica type 1983 Imperata cylindrica / Pteridium aquilinum type 1984-1985 Imperata cylindrica / Miscanthus sinensis type The plants whose plant height, coverage, density, and weight increased year after year were Imperate cylind-rica, Zoysia japonica, Pteridium equilinum, Miscanthus sinensis, Cirsium japonicum, Erigeron canadensis, Artemisia japonica, Lespedeza cuneata, Spondiopogon cotuUfer. Cymbopogon tortilis, Plantago asiatica, Rumex acetosella, etc. The vegetation of Digitaria sanguinalis, Hydrocotyl japonica, Artemisia asiatica, etc. was com-paratively remarkable in the beginning.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.3
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• pp.383-390
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of new materials with forest topsoil for hydroseeding measures that is environmentally and ecologically stable revegetation measures on rock cut-slopes. Field hydroseeding experiment was used with a completely randomized design at highway rock cut-slopes in April, 1997. Results obtained in this study were summarized as follows: Particle size distribution of 3 mixed-soil materials that consisted of forest topsoil, decomposed granite soil, compost, sludge, and bottom ash did not show a significant difference. As appending the amount of forest topsoil, soil bulk density was increased. Soil hardness was slightly increased in early period, and then decreased with the flourishing of plants. The number of individuals increased, more than $3,000seedlings/m^2$, after 1 month, and it was decreased as time passes because of competition between the seeded species and the naturally emerged species. In addition to the seeded species, seeding plot has more than 6 species (Rubus crataegifolius, Eleusine indica, Erigeron canadensis, Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme, etc.) per $m^2$ were naturally appeared in the first year. From the viewpoint of species diversity promotion, the capability of using forest topsoil as seed bank sources was high. In order to apply in the field, the investigation and analysis of topsoil availability (quantity and quality of seed source, soil texture and organic composition) should be carried out before-hand.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.528-553
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• 2020

Upland fields are characterized by dry environments, a high degree of disturbance by farming practices such as double-cropping, and a high diversity of crops compared to other field types. This study focused on the floristic composition and characteristics of upland fields in South Korea. Flora surveys were conducted in 36 areas in nine provinces at two times (June and August) in 2015. The results showed that the vascular plants in the upland fields in South Korea included 532 taxa, containing 100 families, 322 genera, 483 species, nine subspecies, 37 varieties, one form, and two hybrids. Among the 100 families, Asteraceae was the most diverse in species (75 taxa), followed by Poaceae (68 taxa), Fabaceae (34 taxa), Polygonaceae (21 taxa), Rosaceae (19 taxa), and Liliaceae (17 taxa). Based on the occurrence frequency of each species, Acalypha australis L. (100%), and Artemisia indica Willd. (100%) were the highest, followed by Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr., Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser, Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist, Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., Lactuca indica L., Commelina communis L., Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) P.Beauv., Cyperus microiria Steud., and Oxalis corniculata L. The biological type of upland fields in South Korea was determined to be Th-R₅-D₄-e type. Rare plants were found in 11 taxa: Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc, Magnolia kobus DC, Clematis trichotoma Nakai, Aristolochina contorta Bunge, Buxus sinica (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) M.Cheng var. koreana (Nakai ex Rehder) Q.L.Wang, Melothria japonica (Thunb.) Maxim, Mitrasacme indica Wight, Lithospermum arvense L., Carpesium rosulatum Miq., Allium senescens L., and Pseudoraphis sordida (Thwaites) S.M.Phillips & S.L.Chen. Ninety-seven taxa contained naturalized plants composed of 24 families, 68 genera, 97 species, one variety, and one form. The urbanization and naturalization indices were 30.5% and 18.4%, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2013

This study was carried out of investigate the effect of weed control methods on the growth of 'campbell early' grape at the vineyards which was divided into the 18 zone ($3.5m{\times}5.5m/zone$) in the grape research institute. It's investigated control effects, growth and quantity of grape and dominant weed of July~August by sprayed glufosinate ammonium and paraquat dichloride each 3 times, fabric covering, grass planting (Festuca myuros), mechanical weeding (3 times). The weed showed total of 16 species at the vineyards. Late-May to early growth stage of grape was dominated Chenopodium album and Trifolium repens, but to late growth stage of grape from mid-July was dominated Erigeron canadensis, Echinochloa crus-galli and Chenopodium album. Weed control effect of 10 day after treatment showed fabric covering 100%, grass planting (Festuca myuros L.) 95.3%, mechanical weeding 81.9%, glufosinate ammonium (3 times) 98.1% and paraquat dichloride (3 times) 90.4%, respectively. Growth of grape was higher herbicides treatment and mechanical weeding than others. Yield tended to be higher glufosinate ammonium (3 times) and paraquat dichloride (3 times) each 12.6 kg/tree, 12.3 kg/tree than others.