• Title/Summary/Keyword: Era

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Accuracy evaluation of near-surface air temperature from ERA-Interim reanalysis and satellite-based data according to elevation

  • Ryu, Jae-Hyun;Han, Kyung-Soo;Park, Eun-Bin
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.29 no.6
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    • pp.595-600
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    • 2013
  • In order to spatially interpolate the near-surface temperature (Ta) values, satellite and reanalysis methods were used from previous studies. Accuracy of reanalysis Ta was generally better than that of satellite-based Ta, but spatial resolution of reanalysis Ta was large to use at local scale studies. Our purpose is to evaluate accuracy of reanalysis Ta and satellite-based Ta according to elevation from April 2011 to March 2012 in Northeast Asia that includes various topographic features. In this study, we used reanalysis data that is ERA-Interim produced by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), and estimated satellite-based Ta using Digital Elevation Meter (DEM), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), difference between brightness temperature of $11{\mu}m$ and $12{\mu}m$, and Land Surface Temperature (LST) data. The DEM data was used as auxiliary data, and observed Ta at 470 meteorological stations was used in order to evaluate accuracy. We confirmed that the accuracy of satellite-based Ta was less accurate than that of ERA-Interim Ta for total data. Results of analyzing according to elevation that was divided nine cases, ERA-Interim Ta showed higher accurate than satellite-based Ta at the low elevation (less than 500 m). However, satellite-based Ta was more accurate than ERA-Interim Ta at the higher elevation from 500 to 3500 m. Also, the width of the upper and lower quartile appeared largely from 2500 to 3500 m. It is clear from these results that ERA-Interim Ta do not consider elevation because of large spatial resolution. Therefore, satellite-based Ta was more effective than ERA-Interim Ta in the regions that is range from 500 m to 3500 m, and satellite-based Ta was recommended at a region of above 2500 m.

A Study on the Comparison Among Korea, China and Japan Food Cultures (II) - From 14C to 19C, on the Daily foods - (한(韓).중(中).일(日)의 식생활문화(食生活文化) 비교연구(比較硏究) (II) - $14{\sim}19$세기, 일상식품(日常食品)을 중심(中心)으로-)

  • Ahn, Myung-Soo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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    • v.12 no.3
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    • pp.353-364
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    • 1997
  • A study was carried out to compare the daily foods which were eaten during $14{\sim}19$ century among Korea (Chosun dynasty), China (Ming, thing dynasty), and Japan (Muromachi, Edo era). Specially, in Ming, Ching dynasty, Noodles and dumpling were cooked very often and in Muromachi, Edo era, many kinds of beans were used so much, and there were many kinds of steamed rice to compare with Korea and China. Also, in Japan at these era Woodong, Morisoba, and Somyen were used as favorite foods harbitually. 1. The crops were used as staple foods in three countries such as steamed rice, gruel, noodle, dumpling, rice cake etc. commonly. 2. In Chosun, a roe deer, deer, antelope, and wild boar were more favoite dishes than cow, chicken, and dog, generally people enjoyed to eat pork and chicken. In Ming Ching, pork, chicken, goose, dove, lamb, ass, and duck were used as food materials, also wild animals such as deer, rabbit, and monkey etc. were used. In Muromach era, wild animal as racoon dog, otter, deer, antelope, bear, were used as food materials, in early Edo era (Yayoi and Momoyama), beef and pork were used as daily foods but they were eaten decreasingly in Edo era. So in Japan at those era, the dishes prepared of fishes were more than those of meats. For example, Sushi was made from that time, people all over the world are enjoying to have Sushi at present time. 3. Also in these era, many kinds of vegetables and fruits were used in three countries, and new kinds of vegetables and fruits were introduced from foreign countries, for example, red pepper, pumpkin, sweet potato, potato in Korea, corn, sweet potato, red pepper in China, and water melon, pumpkin, corn, red pepper, marmellow, sweet potato, sugar beet in Japan.

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Impact of Meteorological Initial Input Data on WRF Simulation - Comparison of ERA-Interim and FNL Data (초기 입력 자료에 따른 WRF 기상장 모의 결과 차이 - ERA-Interim과 FNL자료의 비교)

  • Mun, Jeonghyeok;Lee, Hwa Woon;Jeon, Wonbae;Lee, Soon-Hwan
    • Journal of Environmental Science International
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    • v.26 no.12
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    • pp.1307-1319
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    • 2017
  • In this study, we investigated the impact of different initial data on atmospheric modeling results using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. Four WRF simulations were conducted with different initialization in March 2015, which showed the highest monthly mean $PM_{10}$ concentration in the recent ten years (2006-2015). The results of WRF simulations using NCEP-FNL and ERA-Interim were compared with observed surface temperature and wind speed data, and the difference of grid nudging effect on WRF simulation between the two data were also analyzed. The FNL simulation showed better accuracy in the simulated temperature and wind speed than the Interim simulation, and the difference was clear in the coastal area. The grid nudging effect on the Interim simulation was larger than that of the FNL simulation. Despite of the higher spatial resolution of ERA-Interim data compared to NCEP-FNL data, the Interim simulation showed slightly worse accuracy than those of the FNL simulation. It was due to uncertainties associated with the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) field in the ERA-Interim data. The results from the Interim simulation with different SST data showed significantly improved accuracy than the standard Interim simulation. It means that the SST field in the ERA-Interim data need to be optimized for the better WRF simulation. In conclusion, although the WRF simulation with ERA-Interim data does not show reasonable accuracy compared to those with NCEP-FNL data, it would be able to be Improved by optimizing the SST variable.

A Study on the Development of Jeogori's Structure and Changes of its Form -Focused on the Era of the Three Kingdoms to United Shilla Era (저고리 세부 구조의 발생과 그 형태 변화에 대한 연구)

  • Chae Keum-Seok
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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    • v.55 no.1 s.91
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    • pp.113-128
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    • 2005
  • To find our own individuality, there must be an active study on jeogori which is an unexplored field. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to consider artistic beauty and predominance of jeogori and recognize it as a precious culture, and also encourage interest about traditions. The range of this study is ancient times to Chosun dynasty, and in this study which will be the first part, the range is till the era of the Three Kingdoms. The study about jeogori is based on mural paintings of Goguryeo burial mounds, clay dolls and remains during Shilla, Beakjae, and United-shilla era. The contents of this study is 1. research the origin of jeogori's detail structures and changes of the form, 2. analyze the form and structure of the jeogori in each era, and therefore 3. find the predominance of Goguryeo costume by considering functional and design aspects. Therefore the conclusion of this study about the era of the Three Kingdoms are First, jeogori of the three kingdom era were developed from ancient times caftan style which Korea, China and Japan wore all together. Second, the structure of the jeogori during the Three Kingdom are ryeongeum, gil, somae and seon. Third, there is a special line that starts from the neckline and ends at the hem line which should be called ryeongeum in my opinion. Forth, while researching Goguryeo murals there were both left and right sided open jeogori. therefore, I would like to set up a new theory that during the ancient times to Three Kingdom era, not did China's clothing effected the Korean costume but the costume in east asia shared their forms all together.

The Contribution of Home Management Research to Society -Focusing on evaluation of practical characteristics of the research- (가정관리 분야연구의 사회적 기여 -실천 학문적 특성평가를 중심으로-)

  • 박명희
    • Journal of Families and Better Life
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.185-202
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    • 2000
  • The purpose of this study is to examine how Home Management era has contributed to social development in this country. For this purpose several famous research Hournals related Home Management era -Korean Journal of Home Economics(1980-1999) Journal of Korean Home Management(1983-1999) Journal of Child Development (1990-1999) Journal of Rarmily Resource Management (1996-1999) Jornal of Family Relations(1996-1999) -were analysed. On this study the evaluating criteria of the research were focused to 1) The outcome of the research can provide proper information and help for general home and families\ulcorner 2) The outcome of the research can provide the proper and helpful information for government policy of family related\ulcorner Among 2820 papers only 10% of them(partially child development era 49 family related era 68 family resource management 64 consumer related 46 and housing related 53 were selected. Conclusionally we have to have more attention to the research topics for policy oriente and helpful for welfare policy for family. For that we need to have more integrated perspectivwe for Home Management era.

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Wave Height from Satellite Altimetry and Its Comparison with a Model Product

  • Kim, Seung-Bum;Kang, Sok-Kuh
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.31-36
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    • 2003
  • We extracted significant wave height (SWH) using several altimeter missions from 1987-1995 over the Northwest Pacific ocean and compared with ECMWF (European Center for Medium- Range Forecast) reanalysis (ERA) products. For large wave heights the ERA wave heights are smaller than the altimetric ones, while for small wave heights the ERA wave heights are larger Comparison in SWH between altimetric derivations and ERA model products shows the discrepancy of 0.46-0.21$\times$SWH (m). Methods for propagating this differences into ERA wind error are presented.

A Study on the Current Trend and Implications of NARA's ERA (미국 전자기록관리체계 구축 동향 및 시사점)

  • Jo, Yi-Hyung;Kim, Young-Joo
    • Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.57-76
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    • 2011
  • It is an important issue in Korea archive field to prepare for systemic management of electronic records and transferring of electronic records in 2015. The purpose of this research is to come up with implication for Korea through the analysis of ERA of NARA. First of all, this study analyzed that the current status and history of electronic records management of NARA, the requirements document for electronic records, and use procedure of ERA. This paper suggests on the basis of these analyses that major considerations such as organization, gradual progression, and improvement of operation system are important and necessary to make a solution for electronic records management.

Characteristics of the Counter Public Sphere during the Early Modern Era in Korea (조선 후기 대항 공론장의 특성에 관한 연구)

  • Won, Suk-Kyoung;Yoon, Young-Tae
    • Korean journal of communication and information
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    • v.59
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    • pp.92-115
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    • 2012
  • The authors examine the characteristics of the counter public sphere during the late Chosun era based on three dimensions: historical, ideological, and analytical. The counter public sphere during the late Chosun era was a lively communicative sphere where the common people, who resisted the premodern ideas and foreign power, tried to overcome the oppressing social and political environment. Although the counter public sphere did not continue to grow during the Japanese colonization era, it provided a basis of the independence movement and the ideological ground for the democratic movement today.

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Development of the Structure and Changes of the Jeogori (Part II) -Focused on Goryeo Era- (저고리 세부구조의 발생과 그 형태변화에 대한 연구 (제2보) -고려시대를 중심으로-)

  • Chae, Keum-Seok
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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    • v.31 no.3 s.162
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    • pp.351-363
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    • 2007
  • Most of the proceeded research of jogories in the Goryeo era are about the total clothing system of the men and women's dress and not many have studied of the developing process of the jeogories specific structures. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to figure out the origin and the alteration of a git, gil, seop and gorem which forms a jeogori after the Unified Shilla era. The range of this study os from 918 to 1392, Goryeo era and 80 pieces 7 portraits and 5 Buddhist relics were for references. This study reached the following conclusions. First, oat git, gil, seop, somae and gorem forms the Goryeo era's jogori. Second, as the length of the joegori got shorter then the past, the ryeongem also got shorter and changed to an oatgit. Third, as most of the opening side of the jeogori started to fix on the right. Forth, an extra cloth attached on the gil developes a seep that be originates in Unified Shilla when get shoter. Fifth, there were wide and very long sleeves that came all the way down to the hand, narrow sleeves and long sleeves. Sixth, Goryeo era's jeogori had ribbons and cloth buttons to fix the form instead of a belt.

The Impact of Government Regulations on Consumers Behaviour during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study in Indonesia

  • IRIANI, Sri Setyo;NUSWANTARA, Dian Anita;KARTIKA, Ajeng Dianing;PURWOHANDOKO, Purwohandoko
    • The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.939-948
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    • 2021
  • The purpose of the research is to examine whether government regulation on Covid 19 pandemic has had a significant impact in economic sectors, particularly on consumer behavior. Thus there are three hypotheses, 1) viral marketing has an effect on online trust during the Covid-19 Pandemic Era, 2) viral marketing has an effect on impulse buying during the Covid-19 Pandemic Era, and 3) Viral marketing has an effect on impulse buying in the Covid-19 Pandemic Era through online trust. To test the hypotheses, questionnaires were distributed to 150 respondents, however, only 110 were selected due to incomplete data. There are 3 variables, namely viral marketing, online trust, and impulse buying, where online trust is also a mediating variable. Once the assumption test is completed, the researcher employs path analysis to test the hypotheses. The results are 1) there is an effect of viral marketing on online trust in the Covid-19 Pandemic Era, 2) There is no effect of viral marketing on impulse buying in the Covid-19 Pandemic Era, and 3) Viral marketing has an effect on impulse buying in the Covid-19 Pandemic Era through online trust. This means online trust succeed in mediating viral marketing-impulse buying relationship. The findings emphasized that the credibility of online trust enforce consumers in making buying decisions.