• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.335-346
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• 1997

This study aims at examining closely the scour around a pier due to irregular water stage changes during flood. At the Sangye bridge is located lowermost downstream of the Bocheong stream in the Kum River, the IHP experimental watershed. For this purpose, we have analyzed the change of scour depths due to stage hydrographs of experimental basin by a simulation. To examine the scour phenomenon around a pier due to irregular stage change in flood, we have analyzed the change of scour depth corresponding to stage hydrograph of field watershed after verification of model channel. From this study, the following conclusions are made: First, in case of predicting the maximum scour depth around a pier with stage hydrograph in the state of steady flow, we should choose the highest stage. Second, after increasing the stage, the equilibrium scour depth became smaller than the maximum scour depth. Therefore, in case of estimating the maximum scour depth in rivers, it is recommended that we should consider additional scour depth with is reduced by infilling the sediments.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.159-164
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• 2000

In this paper, a computer simulation technique for the forging process having a floating die is presented. The penalty rigid-plastic finite element method is employed together with an iteratively force-balancing method, in which the convergence is achieved when the floating die part is in force equilibrium within the user-specified tolerance. The force balance is controled by adjusting the velocity of the floating die in an automatic manner. An application example of a three-stage cold forging process is given.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.35-40
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• 2008

Dyeing and washing fastness properties of polyurethane-impregnated polyester (PU-impregnated PET), and the distribution of two disperse dyes between PET and PU film were studied to investigate the effect of PU portion to exhaustion and washing fastness. Dyeing properties of PU-impregnated PET were quite different with those of PET: PU-impregnated PET absorbed disperse dye linearly from the early stage of dyeing to equilibrium, and it exhibited excellent build-up property up to 4 %owf dyeing. The absorbed dye on PU film at early dyeing stage migrated to more substantive PET at the temperature higher than $115^{\circ}C$. The amount of exhausted dye on PET portion was larger than on PU film and the distribution ratio was $2.08{\sim}2.34$. The grade of washing fastness of PU-impregnated PET was the same as or lower by $0.5{\sim}1$ grade than PU film whose washing fastness was lower by $0.5{\sim}1$ than PET.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.658-663
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• 2001

In this study, the axial-compressor design and performance/flow analysis program is developed. A mean-line analysis was used to determine optimum arrangement of overall geometry and its off-design performance is predicted by stage-stacking method. Three dimensional blade shape is generated using radial equilibrium equation and vortex methods. Various blade shape is generated and their performance is compared. Finally the quasi-three dimensional flow analysis is applied to investigate the detailed flow phenomena.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.127-133
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• 2016

Atom probe tomography is a time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based microanalysis technique based on the field evaporation of surface atoms of a tip-shaped specimen under an extremely high surface electric field. It enables three-dimensional characterization for deeper understanding of chemical nature in conductive materials at nanometer/atomic level, because of its high depth and spatial resolutions and ppm-level sensitivity. Indeed, the technique has been widely used to investigate the elemental partitioning in the complex microstructures, the segregation of solute atoms to the boundaries, interfaces, and dislocations as well as following of the evolution of precipitation staring from the early stage of cluster formation to the final stage of the equilibrium precipitates. The current review article aims at giving a comment to first atom probe users regarding the limitation of the techniques, providing a brief perspective on how we correctly interprets atom probe data for targeted applications.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.334-335
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• 2006

WC/WC interface in VC mono-doped WC-10mass%Co submicro-grained hardmetals of $0.5\;{\mu}m$ was investigated together with WC/Co interface by using HRTEM and XMA. The thickness of V-rich layer and the analytical value of V at WC/WC interface were almost the same as those at WC/Co interfaces. These results, etc., suggested that the V-rich layers at both interfaces were not generated by an equilibrium segregation mechanism in the sintering stage, but generated by a preferential precipitation mechanism during the solidification of Co liquid phase in the cooling stage. Based on this suggestion, we succeeded in developing a nano-grained hardmetal with 100 nm $(0.1\;{\mu}m)$.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.297-303
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• 2002

We have investigated the microstructural properties of a weakly charged polyelectrolyte modeled with both Hookean spring and Debye-Huckel potential, by employing a novel hybrid scheme of molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Although the off-lattice pivot step facilitates the earlier computations stage, it gives rise to oscillations and hinders the stable equilibrium state. In order to overcome this problem, we adopt the MC off-lattice pivot step in early stage only, and then switch the computation to a pure MD step. The result shows that the computational speed-up compared to the previous method is entirely above 10 to 50, without loss of the accuracy. We examined the conformations of polyelectrolyte in solvents in terms of the end-to-end distance, radius of gyration, and structure factor with variations of the screening effects of solvent and the monomer charges. The emphasis can favorably be given on the elongation behavior of a polyelectrolyte chain, with observing the simultaneous snapshots.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.455-470
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• 1996

Mesozoic granitic rocks in the Korean peninsula contain $H_2$, $CH_4$, CO and rare $C_2H_6$. The Jurassic Daebo granites mostly belonging to the ilmenite series are predominated in $CH_4$. Meanwhile, the magnetite series Bulguksa granites of Cretaceous age in the Kyongsang basin and Okchon zone are relatively enriched in $CO_2$. The older granites have a wide variation of $CH_4/CO_2$ ratios (0.1~1.0) compared to those of the younger ones (0.1~0.5). This characteristics of gas compositions suggest that the Jurassic granites are principally derived from the partial melting of metasedimentary rocks with much reducing materials in the lower continental crust. On the other hand, the mantle source granitic magmas might be responsible for the Cretaceous granites characterized by dominant and homogeneous $CO_2$ gas compositions. Liquid-vapor homogenization temperatures of quartz in the Jurassic and Cretaceous granites range from 108 to $539^{\circ}C$ (av. $324^{\circ}C$) and 160 to $556^{\circ}C$ (av. $358^{\circ}C$), respectively. Their salinities are between 0.2 and 16.3 wt.% NaCl for the Jurassic granites and 0.4, and 15.6 wt.% NaCl for the Cretaceous ones. Fluid inclusions with solid daughter minerals lying on or near the halite equilibrium curve represent inclusion fluids from the magmatic stage. The type I and II fluid inclusions which are plotted apart from the equilibrium curve are considered to trap in late hydrothermal alteration stage with a increasing influx of metedric water.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.208-216
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• 1991

The solidification behavior of the squeeze cast composites of aluminum alloys reinforced with boron fiber($100{\mu}m$) and silicon carbide fibers($140{\mu}m$ and $15{\mu}m$) were investigated. Al-4.5wt%Cu and Al-l0wt%Mg were chosen for the matrix phase of the composites. In the squeeze cast specimen with high thermal difference between fiber and melt, the average secondary dendrite arm spacing(DAS) in reinforced alloy is smaller than that in unreinforced alloy. It was also observed that primary ${\alpha}$ and non-equilibrium eutectic, which seems to be penetrated and solidified at the final stage of the solidification of the matrix, are irregularly distributed around fibers. It is considered that cold fibers serve as heterogeneous nucleation site. While in the remelted and resolidified specimen without temperature difference, the DAS was not changed with reinforcement and microstructure reveals non-equilibrium eutectic with relatively uniform thickness around fibers. It might be evident the nucleation starts at interfiber region. Microsegregation decreases with the decrease in cooling rate and with reinforcement in the as-squeeze cast specimen. Al-10wt% Mg alloy shows less microsegregation than Al-4.5wt%Cu alloy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.77-81
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• 2012

In a cryogenic propellant tank the pressurant is contracted due to heat loss and the propellant itself evaporates. On a restartable propulsion system such phenomena are more intensive because the propellant contacts with the pressurant on the larger surface during the coast flight. Such heat and mass transfer phenomena should be considered for estimating the amount of pressurant. On the hypothesis that the heat and mass transfer quasi-equilibrium is achieved during the coast flight, the calculation process of the equilibrium pressure is presented. On the process the amount of loaded helium on the Falcon-1 second stage is calculated.