• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.113-125
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• 2019

The radish skin and radish greens are an edible part of the radish. But they are removed before eating the radish and used as a byproduct or an animal feed material because of their tough and rough texture. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of supercritical heat-treated radish-extract on UV-induced HRM-2 wrinkled mouse animal model on anti-aging wrinkles. Supercritical heat-treated radish-extract was applied on the back of seven-weeks old HRM-2 mice. The effect of HRE on skin thickness, elasticity and wrinkle formation of the mice was observed by using UVB lamp to induce melanogenesis and wrinkle formation. As the result, increased depth of wrinkles was observed in the negative control group in comparison to the normal group. In contrast, decreased depth of wrinkles was observed in the radish-extract-free group compared to the negative control group. In the study of the effect of radish-extract on wrinkle-formation related gene expression and protein what protein expression, MMP-2 and MMP-9 gene expression significantly increased in the negative control group compared to the normal group. The gene expression reduced in dependence to the mass of radish-extract treated. Similar to quantitative results of mRNA expression, the expression of MMP-2 protein increased as a result of UVB-irradiation. The MMP-2 expression was inhibited in dependence to the mass of radish-extract treated. In conclusion, the supercritical heat-treated radish-extract has an effect on improving skin wrinkles not only when it is applied to the skin but also when orally ingested. Thus, it can be effectively used as a composition to health functional products. Therefore we can also conclude that radish a food that does not show any side-effects even upon long-term intake can reduce wrinkle formation as well as improve skin elasticity when taken regularly for a long period.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.20-29
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• 2019

Soy isoflavones have been reported to possess many physiological activities such as antioxidant activity and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. This study investigated the photoprotective effects of soybean extract in human fibroblast cell line and hairless mice model. Human fibroblast was treated with soybean extract before and after ultraviolet B (UVB; 290-302 nm) irradiation. In the soybean extract treated group, the cells showed better resistance to ultraviolet (UV) than control group. The amount of type I collagen recovered from the soybean treated group was higher than the vehicle group exposed to UV-induced damage. Moreover, increased expression of metalloproteinases-1 as a result of UV irradiation was suppressed by the soybean extract. Female mice were orally administered soybean extract and irradiated with UVB light for 8 weeks. The effects of the soybean extract on the skin appearance, collagen deposition and epidermal thickness in the UV-damaged mouse skin were analyzed using histopathological methods. In soybean extract treated group, the skin had a better morphology than that of the control group. Furthermore, the amount of type I collagen was increased and overexpression of MMP-1 was reduced in the soybean extract group compared to vehicle group. Additionally, up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by UV irradiation was suppressed by dietary soybean extract treatment. It appears that soybean extract had a photoprotective effect, including anti-aging and anti-inflammatory effect, from UV-induced damage in not only human fibroblast, but also hairless mice. We confirmed that these effects were possibly due to promotion of collagen synthesis and inhibition of MMP-1 expression.

• Medical Lasers
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.161-169
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• 2021

Background and Objectives Fractional microneedle radiofrequency systems are popular options to increase elasticity in aging skin. Laser-assisted drug delivery is a promising method for the epidermal injection of topically applied drugs and cosmetic ingredients. This study assesses the safety and efficacy of topical delivery of L-ascorbic acid, vitamin E, and ferulic acid after fractional microneedle radiofrequency treatment for reducing photodamage. Materials and Methods In this prospective, single-center, split-face, controlled pilot study, six women (mean age, 48.0 years; range, 35-57 years; Fitzpatrick skin types III and IV) exhibiting mild to moderate photodamage, underwent a single session of fractional microneedle radiofrequency treatment. The patients were instructed to apply the antioxidant formulation to only one side of the face. Patients were evaluated 3 days, 7 days, and 4 weeks thereafter, using three-dimensional imaging and ultrasound. Ex vivo, the full-thickness human skin was used for molecular and histological evaluation. Statistical analysis was achieved by applying t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and one-way analyses of variance. Results Compared to the untreated side, the antioxidant-treated side exhibited a significant increase in dermal thickness (10.32% vs. 17.54%, p < 0.05), but not in skin elasticity (4.76% vs. 4.69%, p > 0.05). The difference in erythema between the sides was statistically not significant (p > 0.05). In the ex vivo model, expression of FGF2 in the skin was significantly increased after application of the antioxidant formulation, as compared to results obtained subsequent to fractional microneedle radiofrequency treatment only (p < 0.01). Conclusion This study demonstrates that for the treatment of photodamaged skin, laser-assisted delivery of the antioxidant formulation is a safe and effective adjuvant modality following fractional microneedle radiofrequency.

• Medical Lasers
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.59-63
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• 2019

Background and Objectives High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been developed as an effective, non-invasive, skin-tightening method in response to the increasing demand for improvements in skin laxity and tightening with minimal risk and recovery time. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of HIFU for non-invasive skin tightening of crow's feet wrinkles, with the aim of determining how long the tightening can be maintained. Materials and Methods Between January and March 2019, 21 female patients with crow's feet wrinkles were treated with HIFU. The treatment involved 200 shots, three times every 2 weeks. Three blinded, experienced plastic surgeons and patients evaluated satisfaction at 2 weeks after the first procedure, 2 weeks after the second procedure, 2 weeks after the third procedure, and 6 weeks after the first procedure based on photographs according to the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS). The Friedman test was used to compare data. Results Of the 21 patients treated using HIFU, one was lost to follow-up for nonstudy-related reasons. Therefore, 20 patients were evaluated and ranged in age from 28 to 48 years. Plastic surgeons' GAIS scores were 2.6, 2.3, 1.7, and 1.3 and patients' GAIS scores were 2.6, 2.2, 1.8, and 1.4 at 2 weeks after the first procedure, 2 weeks after the second procedure, 2 weeks after the third procedure, and 6 weeks after the third procedure. No serious adverse effects were observed. Conclusion The aging face with crow's feet wrinkles can be improved by using HIFU, while minimizing epidermal and dermal injury.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.640-647
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• 2023

The skin, the largest organ in the body, undergoes age-related changes influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The primary external factor is photoaging which causes hyperpigmentation, uneven skin surface, deep wrinkles, and markedly enlarged capillaries. In the human dermis, it decreases fibroblast function, resulting in a lack of collagen structure and also decreases keratinocyte function, which compromises the strength of the protective barrier. In this study, we found that treatment with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) had no toxicity to skin fibroblasts and GABA enhanced their migration ability, which can accelerate skin wound healing. UVB radiation was found to significantly induce the production of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), but treatment with GABA resulted in the inhibition of MMP-1 production. We also investigated the enhancement of filaggrin and aquaporin 3 in keratinocytes after treatment with GABA, showing that GABA can effectively improve skin moisturization. In vivo experiments showed that oral administration of GABA significantly improved skin wrinkles and epidermal thickness. After the intake of GABA, there was a significant decrease observed in the increase of skin thickness measured by calipers and erythema. Additionally, the decrease in skin moisture and elasticity in hairless mice exposed to UVB radiation was also significantly restored. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of GABA as functional food material for improving skin aging and moisturizing.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2008

The layers of keratinocytes form an acid mantle on the surface of the skin. Herein, we investigated the effects of acidic pH on the membrane current and $[Ca^{2+}]_c$ of human primary keratinocytes from foreskins and human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). Acidic extracellular pH ($pH_e{\leq}5.5$) activated outwardly rectifying $Cl^-$ current ($I_{Cl,pH}$) with slow kinetics of voltage-dependent activation. $I_{Cl,pH}$ was potently inhibited by an anion channel blocker 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS, 73.5% inhibition at 1${\mu}$M). $I_{Cl,pH}$ became more sensitive to $pH_e$ by raising temperature from $24^{circ}C$ to $37^{circ}C$. HaCaT cells also expressed $Ca^{2+}$-activated $Cl^-$ current ($I_{Cl,Ca}$), and the amplitude of $I_{Cl,Ca}$ was increased by relatively weak acidic $pH_e$ (7.0 and 6.8). Interestingly, the acidic $pH_e$ (5.0) also induced a sharp increase in the intracellular [$Ca^{2+}$] (${\triangle}[Ca^{2+}]_{acid}$) of HaCaT cells. The ${\triangle}[Ca^{2+}]_{acid}$ was independent of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$, and was abolished by the pretreatment with PLC inhibitor, U73122. In primary human keratinocytes, 5 out of 28 tested cells showed ${\triangle}[Ca^{2+}]_{acid}$. In summary, we found $I_{Cl,pH}$ and ${\triangle}[Ca^{2+}]_{acid}$ in human keratinocytes, and these ionic signals might have implication in pathophysiological responses and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.173-181
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• 2016

피부 기저막(basement membrane, BM)이란 표피와 진피 사이에 존재하는 특별한 구조물로 표피와 진피를 단단히 고정시켜 피부 구조를 유지하는 데에 중요한 역할을 수행한다. 노화 및 자외선 노출에 의한 피부 기저막의 구조적 변화와 파괴는 피부 주름 형성과 탄력 저하를 포함하는 피부노화 현상의 요인으로 여겨지고 있다. Laminin-332 (LN-332)는 피부 기저막을 구성하는 주성분으로 피부에서 표피와 진피를 단단히 고정시키는데 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 연구에서는 왕불유행 헥산 분획물(Melandrium firmum hexane fraction, MFHF)이 각질형성세포에서 LN-332 발현에 미치는 효과를 확인하였다. 정량적 real-time PCR (RT-PCR)과 단백질 발현 분석을 통해서 MFHF가 LN-332의 mRNA 발현 및 단백질 발현을 촉진시키는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 MFHF가 어떤 신호전달 경로를 통해 LN-332 발현을 조절하는지 확인하기 위하여 p38 MAPK 억제제인 SB202190과 ERK1/2 억제제인 U0126을 처리한 결과, p38 MAPK 억제제에 의해서 LN-332 발현이 완벽히 억제됨을 확인하였다. 또한, 피부 기저막을 구성하고 있는 콜라겐 타입 VII과 integrin ${\alpha}6$의 mRNA 발현 역시 MFHF에 의해 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 우리는 본 연구를 통해 MFHF가 각질형성세포에 작용하여 피부 기저막을 구성하는 성분들의 생성을 촉진할 수 있는 소재로 작용할 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 기저막의 구조적, 기능적 이상에 의해 나타나는 피부노화 현상의 개선을 위해 활용할 수 있을 것이라 제안한다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.389-397
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• 2018

별불가사리(Asterina pectinifera Muller and Troschel)는 우리나라 전국 연안에서 흔히 볼 수 있는 토속종으로, 패류 양식장에 피해를 주는 불가사리류 중의 하나이다. 별불가사리 퇴치를 위해 대부분 건조하여 비료로 활용하고 있으며, 고부가가치 창출을 위한 다양한 연구가 진행되었으나 실제 활용은 미미한 실정이다. 따라서, 별불가사리로부터 피부 유용성분을 밝혀 새로운 활용 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 성분연구를 통해 별불가사리로 부터 2종의 polyhydroxysteroid와 1종의 saponin을 분리하였으며, 이의 구조를 각각 $5{\alpha}$-cholestane-$3{\beta},6{\alpha},7{\alpha},8,15{\alpha},16{\beta},26$-heptol, $5{\alpha}$-cholestane-$3{\beta},4{\beta},6{\alpha},7{\alpha},8,15{\beta},16{\beta},2$6-octol 및 asterosaponin $P_1$으로 동정하였다. 이 물질들의 피부 효능을 확인한 결과 asterosaponin $P_1$이 표피 줄기세포의 증식을 촉진시키고, 각질형성세포에서 히알루론산을 합성하는 효소인 hyaluronan synthase-2와 hyaluronan synthase-3 유전자의 발현을 증가시킴을 확인하였다. 또한, asterosaponin $P_1$은 섬유아세포에서 진피의 주요 콜라겐인 type 1 콜라겐의 생합성을 촉진하는 효능을 보였다. 이상의 결과들로부터, 별불가사리로부터 분리한 asterosaponin $P_1$은 노화에 동반되는 피부 증상을 개선하는 항노화 화장품 소재로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.175-184
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• 2019

상피세포성장인자(epidermal growth factor, EGF)는 인간의 표피 및 진피에서 세포막 수용체와 상호작용을 통하여 세포의 생장 및 증식을 유도하는 기능을 갖고 있다. 이 같은 EGF의 기능은 의료 및 화장품 분야에서 상처치유 의약품 및 노화방지 화장품의 주요원료로 사용되고 있다. 화장품 원료로서 EGF는 피부장벽으로 알려져 있는 피부 각질층의 투과가 잘 안되기 때문에 가지고 있는 본연의 효능을 구현하는 데 문제가 있다. 본 연구에서는 EGF의 경피투과 효율을 개선하기 위하여 피부 투과능이 확인된 거대분자 전송 도메인(macromolecule transduction domain, MTD) 151이 융합된 형태로 재조합 인간 상피세포성장인자 ($MTD_{151}-EGF$)를 개발하였다. $MTD_{151}-EGF$의 유전자가 coding된 vector로 형질전환된 대장균에서 $MTD_{151}-EGF$ 발현시킨 후 정제를 진행하였다. 정제된 MTD-EGF를 대상으로 세포증식시험, 세포독성시험, 생체외 피부흡수시험 그리고 인공피부를 이용한 경피투과능을 평가하였다. 99% 이상 고순도로 정제된 $MTD_{151}-EGF$의 세포증식 활성은 EGF 대비 동등 이상의 수준이었으며, 세포독성은 관찰되지 않았다. 또한, 인공피부 투과모델에서 FITC로 표지된 EGF와 $MTD_{151}-EGF$의 진피층까지의 투과를 공초점 현미경으로 관찰한 결과, $MTD_{151}-EGF$는 EGF 대비 우수한 투과능을 보였으며, 경피흡수 시스템을 이용한 투과물질의 정량분석 결과, EGF 대비 약 16 배 이상 투과량이 많은 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과들은 다양한 활성물질들의 화장품용 원료로서의 경피투과에 MTD가 기존의 물리적인 경피투과 방법을 효율적으로 개선한 대안이 될 것으로 판단된다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.641-659
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The skin is the outermost organ of the human body and plays a protective role against external environmental damages, such as sunlight and pollution, which affect anti-oxidant defenses and skin inflammation, resulting in erythema or skin reddening, immunosuppression, and epidermal DNA damage. MATERIALS/METHODS: The present study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of red orange complex H extract (ROC) against ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin photoaging in Skh:HR-2 mice. ROC was orally administered at doses of 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks, along with UV irradiation of the mice for 10 weeks. RESULTS: ROC improved UV-induced skin barrier parameters, including erythema, melanin production, transepidermal water loss, elasticity, and wrinkle formation. Notably, ROC inhibited the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α) and melanogenesis. In addition, ROC recovered the UV-induced decrease in the hyaluronic acid and collagen levels by enhancing genes expression. Furthermore, ROC significantly downregulated the protein and mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases responsible for collagen degradation. These protective effects of ROC against photoaging are associated with the suppression of UV-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and activator protein 1 activation. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, our findings suggest that the oral administration of ROC exerts potential protective activities against photoaging in UV-irradiated hairless mice.